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Chenite

A valid IMA mineral species
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06552540017360473748646.jpg
Chenite

Meadowfoot Smelter slag locality, Wanlockhead, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, UK
02529850017587980258722.jpg
Chenite, etc.

Haus Baden Mine, Sehringen, Badenweiler Pb mining district, Badenweiler, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
03896910017774609679012.jpg
Chenite

Horners Vein, Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK
06032110017864965783811.jpg
Chenite

Meadowfoot Smelter slag locality, Wanlockhead, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, UK
03622680017586592677121.jpg
Chenite, etc.

Haus Baden Mine, Sehringen, Badenweiler Pb mining district, Badenweiler, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
08551550017773832921207.jpg
Chenite

Horners Vein, Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK
00156930017271922278573.jpg
Chenite

Meadowfoot Smelter slag locality, Wanlockhead, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, UK
02529850017587980258722.jpg
Chenite, etc.

Haus Baden Mine, Sehringen, Badenweiler Pb mining district, Badenweiler, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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About CheniteHide

Formula:
Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6
Colour:
Sky blue, pale blue
Lustre:
Adamantine, Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
5.98
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
Named in honor of Tzong Tzy Chen (b. 1942), mineralogist with the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, for his contributions to mineralogy.
Linarite-Chenite Group.
The Cu analogue of zincochenite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
987
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:987:6

Similar NamesHide

CaeniteA synonym of Kainite
ChiniteA variety of 'Tektite'
ChinoiteA synonym of Libethenite
CianiteA synonym of Kyanite
CoheniteA valid IMA mineral species - grandfatheredFe3C
RheniteA synonym of Pseudomalachite

IMA Classification of CheniteHide

IMA status:
Approved
IMA Formula:
Cu2+Pb2+4(S6+O4)2(OH)6
Approval year:
1983
First published:
1986

Classification of CheniteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):
7.BC.70

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 8th ed.:
30.1.16.1

30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)m(XO4)pZq, where m:p>2:1
Hey's CIM Ref.:
25.7.8

25 : Sulphates
7 : Sulphates of Pb

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
CheIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of CheniteHide

Lustre:
Adamantine, Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Sky blue, pale blue
Streak:
Pale blue
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {100}; traces of another cleavage on {001}.
Density:
5.98(2) g/cm3 (Measured)    6.044 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of CheniteHide

Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.871 nβ = 1.909 nγ = 1.927
2V:
Measured: 67° (1), Calculated: 66°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.056
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
Very strong, r >> v.
Pleochroism:
Weak

Chemistry of CheniteHide

Mindat Formula:
Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Pb69.852 %
O18.878 %
S5.405 %
Cu5.356 %
H0.510 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Pb
O
S
Cu
H
Elements listed:
Cu, H, O, Pb, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of CheniteHide

Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.791(1) Å, b = 7.940(1) Å, c = 7.976(1) Å
α = 112.02(1)°, β = 97.73(1)°, γ = 100.45(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.729 : 1 : 1.005
Unit Cell V:
326.00 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Tabular, pointed, rich in faces. Forms include dominant {132} and {221}, less dominant {100}. Also {253}, {154}, {110}, {010}, {001}, {101}, {111}, {112}.
Twinning:
Twinning observed.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0015326CheniteMereiter K (2009) Chenite, Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6, from Susanna mine, Leadhills, Scotland. Private communication 0 0-02009Susanna mine, Leadhills, Scotland0293
0014826CheniteHess H, Keller P, Riffel H (1988) The crystal structure of chenite, Pb4Cu(OH)6(SO4)2 Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1988 259-2641988Leadhills, Scotland0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
5.55 Å(70)
4.32 Å(60)
3.97 Å(30)
3.60 Å(100)
3.41 Å(90)
3.30 Å(50)
3.00 Å(50)
2.87 Å(40)
2.80 Å(70)
2.71 Å(40)
2.53 Å(30)
2.21 Å(40)
2.07 Å(60)
1.949 Å(40)
1.914 Å(30)
1.838 Å(40)
1.778 Å(50)
1.750 Å(30)
1.704 Å(30)
1.582 Å(30)
Comments:
Data from type description.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites]

Type Occurrence of CheniteHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Susanna Mine (Glennery Scar vein; Susanna vein [Scar vein]; Portobello vein; Humby vein; Lead vein), Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystals to 1 x 0.5 x 0.2 mm in size, and a twinned crystal 1.5 mm in length.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallchemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, number NM 14 (holotype).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 160384 (cotype).
Archiv der Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, number TM-83.69 (part of the holotype).
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institut fUr Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Strukturchemie der Technischen Universitat Wien, Wien, Austria.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Secondary mineral in a lead-copper deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
GalenaChalcopyriteCaledoniteLinariteLeadhillite

Synonyms of CheniteHide

Other Language Names for CheniteHide

Dutch:Cheniet
German:Chenit
Russian:Ченит
Spanish:Chenita

Relationship of Chenite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Linarite-Chenite Group
Other Members of Linarite-Chenite Group:
FranksousaitePbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
MunakataitePb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4Mon. 2/m : P21/m
SchmiederitePb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4Mon. 2/m : P21/m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
10 photos of Chenite associated with ElyitePb4Cu(SO4)O2(OH)4 · H2O
7 photos of Chenite associated with LanarkitePb2(SO4)O
5 photos of Chenite associated with CerussitePbCO3
4 photos of Chenite associated with CaledonitePb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6
4 photos of Chenite associated with LeadhillitePb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2
2 photos of Chenite associated with CovelliteCuS
2 photos of Chenite associated with LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2
2 photos of Chenite associated with MattheddleitePb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH)
1 photo of Chenite associated with Blueridgeite[Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)2(S2O3)2 · 2H2O
1 photo of Chenite associated with SteverustitePb2+5(OH)5[Cu+(S6+O3S2-)3](H2O)2

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

7.BC.ViskontitePb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6Orth. mm2 : Pmn21
7.BC.ZincochenitePb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2Tric. 1 : P1
7.BC.D'Ansite-(Mn)Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3Iso. 43m : I43d
7.BC.D'Ansite-(Fe)Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3Iso. 43m : I43d
7.BC.Acmonidesite(NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8Orth. 222 : C2221
7.BC.Adranosite(NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
7.BC.ChromviskontitePb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6Orth. mm2 : Pmn21
7.BC.BackitePb2AlTeO6ClTrig. 32 : P312
7.BC.Adranosite-(Fe)(NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I41/acd
7.BC.AgaitePb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) Orth. mm2 : Pca21
7.BC.WildcatiteCaFe3+Te6+O5(OH)Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m
7.BC.HagstromitePb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Ibam
7.BC.05D'AnsiteNa21Mg(SO4)10Cl3Iso. 43m : I43m
7.BC.07'Apatelite'Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O
7.BC.07'Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate)'Ba, Fe, V, O, H
7.BC.10JarositeKFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10DorallchariteTlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10ArgentojarositeAgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m : R3m
7.BC.10NatroaluniteNaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m : R3m
7.BC.10NatrojarositeNaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m : R3m
7.BC.10Beaverite-(Cu)Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10Beaverite-(Zn)Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10WalthieriteBa0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig.
7.BC.10HuangiteCa0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10'Natroalunite-2c'(Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m : R3m
7.BC.10PlumbojarositePb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10Karlseifertite Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10Hydroniumjarosite(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10Ammonioalunite(NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig.
7.BC.10Ammoniojarosite(NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m : R3m
7.BC.10OsarizawaitePb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.10Schlossmacherite(H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
7.BC.15Ye'elimiteCa4Al6(SO4)O12Iso. 432 : I4132
7.BC.20NabokoiteKCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OClTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/ncc
7.BC.20PuniniteNa2Cu3O(SO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.BC.20AtlasoviteK(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3ClTet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/ncc
7.BC.25ChlorothioniteK2Cu(SO4)Cl2Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
7.BC.30EuchlorineKNaCu3(SO4)3OMon. 2/m
7.BC.30FedotoviteK2Cu3(SO4)3OMon. 2/m : B2/b
7.BC.35KamchatkiteKCu3(SO4)2OClOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
7.BC.40PiypiteK4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)ClTet. 4 : I4
7.BC.45AlumoklyuchevskiteK3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2Tric. 1 : P1
7.BC.45BelousoviteKZn(SO4)ClMon. 2/m : P21/b
7.BC.45KlyuchevskiteK3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2Mon. 2
7.BC.47MülleritePb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)ClTrig. 32 : P3112
7.BC.50CaledonitePb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6Orth. mm2 : Pmn21
7.BC.50ElasmochloiteNa3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5Mon. 2/m
7.BC.52Eleomelanite(K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4Mon. 2/m
7.BC.55FalgariteK4(VO)3(SO4)5Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.BC.55WherryitePb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
7.BC.57KrasheninnikoviteKNa2CaMg(SO4)3FHex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mcm
7.BC.60WulffiteK3NaCu4O2(SO4)4Orth. mm2
7.BC.60ParawulffiteK5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8Mon. 2/m : P2/b
7.BC.60MammothitePb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2Mon. 2 : B2
7.BC.62ShuvaloviteK2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3FOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
7.BC.65SaccoiteCa2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4)Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/ncc
7.BC.65LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
7.BC.65Therasiaite(NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5Mon. m : Bb
7.BC.65FranksousaitePbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
7.BC.65MunakataitePb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4Mon. 2/m : P21/m
7.BC.65SchmiederitePb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4Mon. 2/m : P21/m
7.BC.75KrivovichevitePb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH)Trig. 3m : R3c
7.BC.80AnhydrokainiteKMg(SO4)Cl

Fluorescence of CheniteHide

In UV light:
Not fluorescent.

Other InformationHide

Notes:
Does NOT effervesce in dilute hydrochloric acid, allowing it to be distinguished from caledonite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for CheniteHide

References for CheniteHide

Localities for CheniteHide

Showing 56 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina
 
  • Río Negro Province
    • Valcheta Department
      • San Martin pluton
Herrmann et al. (2007)
Austria
 
  • Carinthia
    • Sankt Veit an der Glan District
      • Guttaring
        • Waitschach
Kolitsch et al. (2013)
      • Hüttenberg
        • Sankt Martin am Silberberg
Blaß et al. (1997)
  • Styria
    • Liezen District
      • Öblarn
        • Walchen
50. +1 other reference
Belgium
 
  • Flanders
    • Limburg
      • Dilsen-Stokkem
        • Rotem
  • Wallonia
    • Namur
      • Andenne
        • Seilles
China
 
  • Anhui
    • Hefei
      • Lujiang Co.
LIU et al. (2021)
  • Fujian
    • Longyan
      • Shanghang Co.
        • Zijinshan ore field
Long et al. (2025)
France
 
  • Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
    • Loire
      • Roanne
        • Le Crozet
Vernay (1997) +1 other reference
    • Rhône
      • Villefranche-sur-Saône
        • Poule-les-Écharmeaux
Chollet Pascal Collection
  • Brittany
    • Finistère
      • Châteaulin
        • Poullaouen
Germain C. et al. (1990)
  • Occitanie
    • Aude
      • Narbonne
        • Padern
Favreau et al. (2003)
    • Aveyron
      • Villefranche-de-Rouergue
        • Asprières
Lesénéchal.T. & Desor (04/21)
    • Lozère
      • Florac
        • Vialas
Favreau (n.d.)
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Freiburg Region
      • Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
        • Badenweiler
          • Badenweiler Pb mining district
            • Sehringen
Weiß (1990)
        • Müllheim
Schlomann et al. (1990)
      • Emmendingen
        • Freiamt
Walenta (1992)
      • Waldshut
        • St Blasien
Walenta (1992) +1 other reference
  • Lower Saxony
    • Goslar District
      • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
        • Bergstadt Altenau
inCollection Gerhard Niceus
        • Oberschulenberg
Schnorrer-Köhler (1991)
"Lithothek" collection of the ...
      • Goslar
- (n.d.)
      • Langelsheim
        • Astfeld
        • Lautenthal
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Arnsberg
      • Hochsauerlandkreis
        • Meschede
Weiß (1990)
        • Sundern
          • Bönkhausen
Wittern (2001)
    • Cologne
      • Euskirchen
        • Kall
Blaß et al. (1995)
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Neuwied
      • Unkel
        • Rheinbreitbach
Krause (1991)
Greece
 
  • Attica
    • East Attica
      • Lavreotiki
        • Lophos
          • Agrileza mines
90. +1 other reference
Italy
 
  • Tuscany
    • Grosseto Province
      • Massa Marittima
        • Valpiana - Castello della Marsiliana area slag sites
Jansen et al. (1998)
    • Livorno Province
      • Campiglia Marittima
Jansen et al. (1998)
      • Castagneto Carducci
Jansen et al. (1998)
      • Piombino
Jansen et al. (1998)
Japan
 
  • Shimane Prefecture
    • Ōda City
Akasaka (2007)
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • Jaén
      • Linares
        • La Cruz
Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022)
  • Catalonia
    • Tarragona
      • Baix Camp
        • Alforja
Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com)
Thailand
 
  • Phang Nga Province
    • Thai Mueang
      • Lam Phi
        • Chang Non
Patrice Queneau Collection First ...
UK
 
  • England
    • Cornwall
      • Porthleven
G.Curtis collection.
    • County Durham
      • Healeyfield
Norman Wilson collection +1 other reference
    • Cumbria
      • Allerdale
        • Caldbeck
          • Deer Hills
Green et al. (2008) +1 other reference
Green et al. (1996) +1 other reference
          • Roughton Gill
Green et al. (2008)
Green et al. (2008)
      • Eden
        • Mungrisdale
Briscoe et al. (2008)
  • Scotland
    • Dumfries and Galloway
      • Wanlockhead
Green (1987) +2 other references
S. Rust collection.
Ex-S Rust collection
S.Rust Collection
    • South Lanarkshire
      • Leadhills
Day (1999)
Paar et al. (1986)
        • Wanlock Dod
Steve Rust collection
S.Rust Collection
  • Wales
    • Ceredigion
      • Ceulanymaesmawr
        • Tal-y-bont
S Rust
Rust (1997)
      • Trefeirig
        • Pen-bont Rhydybeddau
Rust (1994)
USA
 
  • North Carolina
    • Haywood County
      • Waterville Lake
A. Kampf or C. Emproto PXRD and/EDS ...
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