Beaverite-(Cu)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Beaverite-(Cu)
Formula:
Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6
In the ideal end-member Fe3+:Cu is 2:1.
Colour:
Yellow
Lustre:
Earthy
Hardness:
3½ - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.36
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Originally named beaverite for its first recorded occurrence in Beaver County, Utah, USA. Redefined and renamed by Bayliss et al. (2010) as beaverite-(Cu), for its specific composition.
Originally named beaverite.
Compare beaverite-(Zn).
Forms a solid solution series with its Al analogue osarizawaite.
Can be distinguished from plumbojarosite only by accurate determination of the Fe:Cu ratio.
Other Fe members of the alunite family are also visually very similar.
Compare beaverite-(Zn).
Forms a solid solution series with its Al analogue osarizawaite.
Can be distinguished from plumbojarosite only by accurate determination of the Fe:Cu ratio.
Other Fe members of the alunite family are also visually very similar.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
591
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:591:3
Similar Names
| Ba-ferrite | BaMg2Fe163+ O27 | |
| Beaverite-(Cu)-plumbojarosite Series | A solid-solution series between two end-member minerals | |
| Beaverite-(Zn) | A valid IMA mineral species | Pb(Fe23+Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
IMA Classification of Beaverite-(Cu)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Pb2+Cu2+Fe3+2(S6+O4)2(OH)6
First published:
1911
Classification of Beaverite-(Cu)
7.BC.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
30.2.5.7
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
25.7.12
25 : Sulphates
7 : Sulphates of Pb
25 : Sulphates
7 : Sulphates of Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bvr-Cu | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Beaverite-(Cu)
Earthy
Colour:
Yellow
Hardness:
3½ - 4½ on Mohs scale
Density:
4.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.31 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Beaverite-(Cu)
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.85 nε = 1.83 - 1.87
Birefringence:
Strong.
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.020
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O= Dark yellow
E= Pale yellow
E= Pale yellow
Chemistry of Beaverite-(Cu)
Mindat Formula:
Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6
In the ideal end-member Fe3+:Cu is 2:1.
In the ideal end-member Fe3+:Cu is 2:1.
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Beaverite-(Cu)
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.2(5) Å, c = 16.994(32) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.36
Unit Cell V:
762.94 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Earthy and friable masses comprised of microscopic hexagonal plates.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014861 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Breidenstein B, Schluter J, Gebhard G (1992) On beaverite: new occurrence, chemical data and crystal structure Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1992 213-220 | 1992 | Grand Reef mine, Graham County, Arizona, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.87 Å | (100) |
| 3.054 Å | (97) |
| 3.61 Å | (45) |
| 2.280 Å | (28) |
| 3.066 Å | (26) |
| 2.932 Å | (25) |
| 1.807 Å | (22) |
Comments:
Grand Reef mine, Arizona, USA.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zone of Pb-Zn deposits in arid regions.
Type Occurrence of Beaverite-(Cu)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Occasionally found pure in small, friable masses. Minute, canary yellow, six-sided plates.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 11244 (type).
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, number BM 1912,615 (cotype).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, numbers 86986 (type), R6314.
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, number BM 1912,615 (cotype).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, numbers 86986 (type), R6314.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Secondary mineral in a polymetallic deposit.
Synonyms of Beaverite-(Cu)
Other Language Names for Beaverite-(Cu)
Relationship of Beaverite-(Cu) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Alunite Group:
| Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
| Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 17 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 13 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 11 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 9 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 8 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
| 7 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 6 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 6 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 4 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| 3 photos of Beaverite-(Cu) associated with Iodargyrite | AgI |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Chromviskontite | Pb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
| 7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
| 7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
| 7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Apatelite' | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate)' | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
| 7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Karlseifertite | Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
| 7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
| 7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
| 7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
| 7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
| 7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
| 7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.47 | Müllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
| 7.BC.50 | Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.60 | Parawulffite | K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 |
| 7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| 7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 7.BC.65 | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
| 7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
Notes:
Insoluble in water. Soluble in HCl leaving an insoluble silicious residue.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Beaverite-(Cu)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-591.html
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References for Beaverite-(Cu)
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.201
Kingsbury, Arthur W.G., Hartley, J. (1957) Beaverite from the Lake District. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 31 (239). 700-702 doi:10.1180/minmag.1957.31.239.10
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1960) Carminite and beudantite from the northern part of the Lake District and from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (249) 423-432 doi:10.1180/minmag.1960.032.249.01
Taguchi, Yasuro, Kizawa, Yoji, Okada, Noboru (1972) On Beaverite from the Osarizawa Mine. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan, 10 (5) 313-325 doi:10.2465/gkk1952.10.313
Frost, Ray L., Wills, Rachael-Anne, Martens, Wayde (2005) Raman spectroscopy of beaverite and plumbojarosite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36 (12). 1106-1112 doi:10.1002/jrs.1414
Hudson-Edwards, Karen A., Smith, Adrian M.L. Dubbin, Bennett, Andrew J., Murphy, Pamela J., Wright, Kate (2008) Comparison of the structures of natural and synthetic Pb-Cu-jarosite-type compounds. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20 (2) 241-252 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1788
Localities for Beaverite-(Cu)
Showing 204 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Dieter Mylius collcetion |
| Graham et al. (2005) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Miningdataonline |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Downes et al. (1998) |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2017) | |
| Downes et al. (2017) | |
| Jorgensen et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Auer et al. (2022) |
| Auer (2023) |
| PUTZ (2010) |
| Auer (2023) |
| C.Auer (2021) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Auer (2023) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Schachinger et al. (2012) |
Belgium | |
| Collected by Michel Blondieau - SEM-EDS ... |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (2001) |
Canada | |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
Chile | |
| Paar et al. (1980) |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... | |
| Joan Rosell. RosellMinerals |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn | |
| Kampf et al. (2006) | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
China | |
| Pengtao Yu et al. (2010) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Desor (04/2022) |
| Fengl +3 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Gineste et al. (2026) |
| Pascal Chollet collection |
| van den Berg (1987) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Blaß et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| |
| Schnorrer (1993) | |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Reinhardt (2011) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Habel et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer (1993) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
Greece | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) | |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2006) |
Hungary | |
| collector: István Horváth |
| GEODA 2013/2 |
Iran | |
| C.Auer (2021) |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
Italy | |
| SEM-EDS +2 other references |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani F. et al. (2019) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Graeser et al. (1995) |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Campostrini et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Batacchi et al. (2013) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) | |
Japan | |
| Ohnishi et al. (2011) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) +1 other reference |
| Minerals in Japan (Field Best Encyclopedia, vol. 15) |
| - (n.d.) |
| LIN et al. (2020) |
| LIN et al. (2020) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Litvinovich et al. (1960) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2016) |
| Evseev (1995) | |
Mexico | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1972 38 : ... |
Morocco | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Favreau (2026) |
| Joan Rosell - Rosellminerals.com (07/2015) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Silva et al. (2026) |
Russia | |
| Bill Shelton (2009) |
| Kartsenko (1993) |
| Belogub et al. (2008) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Mrázek Z. & Ďuďa R. (1983) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
Slovenia | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Rick Turner | |
| Woolf (2023) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Meyer et al. (1986) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| Miguel Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| García Guirado (2016) |
| Gröbner et al. (1999) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Minerals as determined by analysis by ... |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) | |
UK | |
| |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +4 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1956) +4 other references | |
| - (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Kingsbury et al. (1956) +4 other references |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1982) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Mason et al. (1997) |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Besse (1981) |
| Bideaux (1980) +1 other reference |
| Hewett (1956) +2 other references |
| Marty et al. (2010) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carlson et al. (2017) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| D. F. Hewett (1931) |
| C. Lemanski collection (7556CL) | |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Bob Werner (2009) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Collected by Robert Walstrom. XRD ... | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMMR Mineral Museum |
| Chris Emproto Collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| via xrd at NMBGMR |
| Smith (1991) |
| Butler et al. (1911) +3 other references |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Jones +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Bristol Silver Mines Inc., Bristol and Jackrabbit Mining Districts, Lincoln County, Nevada, USA