Natroalunite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Natroalunite
Formula:
NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Colour:
White, grayish, yellowish, reddish, red-brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.6 - 2.9
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
In allusion to the dominance of sodium (NATRium in Latin) in the composition and its relationship to ALUNITE.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2850
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2850:5
Similar Names
| Natroalunite-2c | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
IMA Classification of Natroalunite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
NaAl3(S6+O4)2(OH)6
Classification of Natroalunite
7.BC.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
25.6.15
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Nalu | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Natroalunite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Natroalunite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Somewhat pearly on {0001}.
Colour:
White, grayish, yellowish, reddish, red-brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
White when pure.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {0001}, distinct; on {0112}, traces.
On {0001}, distinct; on {0112}, traces.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery, Conchoidal
Density:
2.6 - 2.9 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.819 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Values measured on massive material.
Optical Data of Natroalunite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.568 nε = 1.59
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.022
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Natroalunite
Mindat Formula:
NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
K
Crystallography of Natroalunite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.97 Å, c = 16.74 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.402
Unit Cell V:
704.29 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Rarely in small crystals; as druses in massive material or as aggregates. Crystals tabular {0001} or terminated by flat vicinal rhombohedra; rhombohedral and commonly pseudo-cubic {01_12}. Lenticular based on distortion or vicinal development. Massive, granular to dense.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014771 | Natroalunite | Okada K, Hirabayashi J, Ossaka J (1982) Crystal structure of natroalunite and crystal chemistry of the alunite group Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1982 534-540 | 1982 | Sonomi-dake, Makurazaki-city, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000858 | Natroalunite | Ossaka J, Hirabayashi J, Okada K, Kobayashi R, Hayashi T (1982) Crystal structure of minamiite, a new mineral of the alunite group American Mineralogist 67 114-119 | ![]() | 1982 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.96 Å | (100) |
| 4.90 Å | (70) |
| 2.98 Å | (70) |
| 2.22 Å | (40) |
| 1.895 Å | (35) |
| 3.49 Å | (25) |
| 1.745 Å | (25) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22) |
Type Occurrence of Natroalunite
Synonyms of Natroalunite
Other Language Names for Natroalunite
Varieties of Natroalunite
| Strontium-bearing Natroalunite | Contains SrO @ 2.81%. |
Relationship of Natroalunite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Alunite Group:
| Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
| Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 9 photos of Natroalunite associated with Hotsonite | Al11(SO4)3(PO4)2(OH)21 · 16H2O |
| 7 photos of Natroalunite associated with Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 2 photos of Natroalunite associated with Zinkenite | Pb9Sb22S42 |
| 1 photo of Natroalunite associated with Bromargyrite | AgBr |
| 1 photo of Natroalunite associated with Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 1 photo of Natroalunite associated with Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 1 photo of Natroalunite associated with Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 1 photo of Natroalunite associated with Augelite | Al2(PO4)(OH)3 |
| 1 photo of Natroalunite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Chromviskontite | Pb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
| 7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
| 7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
| 7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Apatelite' | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate)' | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
| 7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Karlseifertite | Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
| 7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
| 7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
| 7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
| 7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
| 7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
| 7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.47 | Müllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
| 7.BC.50 | Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.60 | Parawulffite | K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 |
| 7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| 7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 7.BC.65 | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
| 7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
Electrical:
Strongly pyroelectric.
Notes:
Insoluble in water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Natroalunite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2850.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Natroalunite
Reference List:
Laudermilk, J. D. (1935) Soda-alunite from Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. American Mineralogist, 20 (1) 57-58 (as Soda-Alunite)
Schoch, A. E., Beukes, G. J., Praekelt, H. E. (1985) A natroalunite - zaherite - hotsonite paragenesis from Pofadder, Bushmanland, South Africa. The Canadian Mineralogist, 23 (1) 29-34
Scott, Keith M. (1987) Solid solution in, and classification of, gossan-derived members of the alunite-jarosite family, northwest Queensland, Australia. American Mineralogist, 72 (1-2) 178-187
Jambor, John L. (1999) Nomenclature of the alunite supergroup. The Canadian Mineralogist, 37 (6). 1323-1341
Sato, Eriko, Nakai, Izumi, Miyawaki, Ritsuro, Matsubara, Satoshi (2009) Crystal structures of alunite family minerals: beaverite, corkite, alunite, natroalunite, jarosite, svanbergite, and woodhouseite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 185 (3) 313-322 doi:10.1127/0077-7757/2009/0128
Murphy, P. J.; Smith, A. M.L.; Hudson-Edwards, K. A.; Dubbin, W. E.; Wright, K. (2009) Raman and IR spectroscopic studies of alunite-supergroup compounds containing Al, Cr3+, Fe3+ and V3+ at the B site. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (3). 663-681 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.3.663
Localities for Natroalunite
Showing 179 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Kammerer (2011) |
Argentina | |
| Holley (2012) |
| Bengochea +1 other reference | |
| Jovic et al. (2011) |
| Smith (2009) |
Australia | |
| Wray (2001) |
| Wormald (1993) |
| Gordon et al. (2014) |
| Nicolson et al. (2017) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2020) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Nickel (1982) |
| Peter Downes |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Blümel (1962) |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Wilson (2001) | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Botswana | |
| Brotherton (1979) |
Bulgaria | |
| Hikov et al. (2010) |
| Georgieva et al. (2012) |
Canada | |
| Duuring et al. (2009) |
| Sabina (2003) |
Chile | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Sample analysed by Dr. Tony Kampf |
| Samples analyzed by Dr. Tony Kampf +2 other references | |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz |
| BHP |
China | |
| Zheng et al. (2025) |
| Zhaoxin Han et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Zhou et al. (2022) |
| Zhou et al. (2022) | |
Costa Rica | |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) | |
| Mick et al. (2021) |
Czech Republic | |
| Varilová et al. (2011) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Torró et al. (2017) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
El Salvador | |
| Torio-Henríquez (2007) |
France | |
| Lacroix (1910) |
Germany | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) | |
| Voudouris et al. (2012) |
| - (n.d.) |
| C. Mavrogonatos et al. (2018) | |
| Voudouris (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Iceland | |
| Carson III (2015) |
| Carson et al. (2023) |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
| Scher et al. (2013) |
| King et al. (2014) |
| King et al. (2014) | |
| Sweetapple et al. (2014) |
| Mazot et al. (2007) |
Italy | |
| D’Angeli et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| D’Angeli et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Baldoni et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al (1998) +1 other reference |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| PXRD by John Attard |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
Mexico | |
| Wilson W.E. (2024) |
New Zealand | |
| Pangilinan (2005) |
| Cody et al. (1979) | |
| de Ronde +17 other references |
| Muiruru F.G. (1985) | |
| Lloyd et al. (1996) | |
| Simpson et al. (2001) |
| Unpublished drill log report to NZ Dept ... |
Nicaragua | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Pakistan | |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
| Khubab et al. (2025) |
Panama | |
| Redwood (2020) |
| I. Corral et al. (2010) +3 other references | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gena et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Petersen et al. (2002) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Russia | |
| Izbrodin et al. (2011) |
| Zelensky et al. (2004) |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) | |
Saint Lucia | |
| Goff et al. (1984) |
Slovakia | |
| Juraj ŽItňan (2011) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra P. et al. (2016) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Sejkora et al. (1998) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Beukes et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Calvo Rebollar (2003) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Van Poele et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda Graf Collection | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... | |
| José Miguel Sola Fernández and group. | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo et al. (1995) |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) |
| Rosell et al. (2006) |
Tonga | |
| Park et al. (2016) |
Turkey | |
| Yilmaz et al. (2010) |
| www.odysseyresources.com (2003) |
USA | |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| John Sobolewski collection |
| - (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Wherry (1916) +1 other reference |
| [var: Strontium-bearing Natroalunite] Lemmon (1937) +1 other reference |
| [var: Strontium-bearing Natroalunite] Lemmon (1937) +4 other references |
| Robert G. Lee et al. (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| American Mineralogist: 20: 57. +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
| Osterberg (1990) |
| Ebert et al. (1997) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Polyak +1 other reference |
| Ratté (2008) |
| Leybourne et al. (2026) |
| Mineralogy of 10 Geothermal boreholes ... |
| Marshall W. Gannett and Keith E. Bargar +1 other reference |
| Raymond L. Parker (1962) |
| Smith (2016) |
| Smith (2016) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (2016) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rye et al. (2003) |
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Sugarloaf Butte, Quartzsite, La Paz County, Arizona, USA