Caledonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Caledonite
Flag of Scotland
Formula:
Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6
Colour:
Dark blue to bluish-green; light bluish green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.75 - 5.77
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in 1832 after "Caledonia," an ancient name for Scotland, in view of the initial discovery of the species in Scotland.
Type Locality:
The carbonate analogue of viskontite.
Not to be confused with celadonite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Caledonite.
Not to be confused with celadonite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Caledonite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
865
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:865:5
Similar Names
| Caltonite | A rock subtype | |
| Celadonite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
IMA Classification of Caledonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+2Pb2+5(S6+O4)3(CO3)(OH)6
Classification of Caledonite
7.BC.50
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
32.3.2.1
32.3.2.1
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
12.2.15
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cdo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Caledonite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Dark blue to bluish-green; light bluish green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Greenish-blue to bluish-white, paler than the sample.
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}; incomplete on {100} and {101}.
Perfect on {010}; incomplete on {100} and {101}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
5.75 - 5.77 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.689 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
5.6 value on Mammoth Mine, AZ, material.
Optical Data of Caledonite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.818(3) nβ = 1.866(3) nγ = 1.909(3)
2V:
Measured: 85° , Calculated: 84°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.091
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
very weak r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Caledonite
Mindat Formula:
Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Caledonite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
Pmn21
Cell Parameters:
a = 20.085(3) Å, b = 7.141(1) Å, c = 6.563(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.813 : 1 : 0.919
Unit Cell V:
941.2 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals, elongated [001], often striated and with vicinal faces in the [001] zone. Crystals often tiny and aggregated into divergent groups; coatings; rarely massive.
Twinning:
None reported.
Comment:
a = 7.14, b = 20.06, c = 6.55 (Palache and Richmond 1939). a = 20.089(7), b = 7.146(3), c = 6.560(5) (Giacovazzo et al 1973). a = 20.085(3), b = 7.141(1), c = 6.563(1) (Schofield et al. 2009, at 293 K).
Crystallographic forms of Caledonite
Crystal Atlas:
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Caledonite no.3 - {010} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Caledonite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006294 | Caledonite | Schofield P F, Wilson C C, Knight K S, Kirk C A (2009) Proton location and hydrogen bonding in the hydrous lead copper sulfates linarite, PbCu(SO4)(OH)2, and caledonite, Pb5Cu2(SO4)3CO3(OH)6 The Canadian Mineralogist 47 649-662 |  | 2009 | Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland | 0 | 293 |
| 0009484 | Caledonite | Giacovazzo C, Menchetti S, Scordari F (1973) The crystal structure of caledonite, Cu2Pb5(SO4)3CO3(OH)6 Acta Crystallographica B29 1986-1990 |  | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.69 Å | (60) |
| 3.15 Å | (40) |
| 3.14 Å | (100) |
| 3.03 Å | (60) |
| 2.75 Å | (50) |
| 2.27 Å | (30) |
| 2.23 Å | (40) |
| 1.86 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
A rare mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper-lead deposits as a secondary mineral.
Type Occurrence of Caledonite
Synonyms of Caledonite
Other Language Names for Caledonite
Dutch:Caledoniet
German:Caledonit
Halbasurblei
Halbazurblei
Kaledonit
Kupferhaltiges schwefelkohlensaures Blei
Prismatischer Kupferbleispat
Halbasurblei
Halbazurblei
Kaledonit
Kupferhaltiges schwefelkohlensaures Blei
Prismatischer Kupferbleispat
Japanese:カレドニア石
Russian:Каледонит
Simplified Chinese:铅蓝矾
Spanish:Caledonita
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 321 photos of Caledonite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 163 photos of Caledonite associated with Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 141 photos of Caledonite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 131 photos of Caledonite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 103 photos of Caledonite associated with Susannite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 99 photos of Caledonite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 46 photos of Caledonite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 41 photos of Caledonite associated with Mattheddleite | Pb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH) |
| 34 photos of Caledonite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 25 photos of Caledonite associated with Lanarkite | Pb2(SO4)O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Chromviskontite | Pb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
| 7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
| 7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
| 7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Apatelite' | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate)' | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
| 7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Karlseifertite | Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
| 7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
| 7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
| 7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
| 7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
| 7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
| 7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.47 | Müllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
| 7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.60 | Parawulffite | K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 |
| 7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| 7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 7.BC.65 | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
| 7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
Electrical:
Piezoelectric
Notes:
Soluble in nitric acid with effervescence.
Alteration to cerussite observed.
Alteration to cerussite observed.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None
Internet Links for Caledonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-865.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Caledonite
Reference List:
Haüy, René Just (1801) Traité de Minéralogie (1st ed.) Vol. 3. Chez Louis, Paris. p.117 - as Plomb sulfato-carbonaté cuprifère)
Breithaupt, August (1823) Vollständige Charakteristik des Mineral-Systems (1st ed.). Arnoldischen Buchhandlung.p.53 - as Prismatischer Kupferbleispat
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.367
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.52
Giacovazzo, C., Menchetti, S., Scordari, F. (1973) The crystal structure of caledonite, Cu2Pb5(SO4)3CO3(OH)6. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 29 (9) 1986-1990 doi:10.1107/s056774087300590x
Giacovazzo, C., Menchetti, S., Scordari, F. (1976) X-ray powder data for caledonite. Mineralogical Magazine, 40 (313) 536 doi:10.1180/minmag.1976.040.313.20
Localities for Caledonite
Showing 443 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2023) |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| Haupt (2012) |
| M. Latham Collection 2011 |
| [Mandarino +1 other reference |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Hancock et al. (2007) |
Austria | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Meixner (1976) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Puttner (1996) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Auer (2021) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Schebesta (Autoren) +1 other reference | |
| Leikauf et al. (2013) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| Schachinger et al. (2012) |
| Hlawatsch (1924) +1 other reference |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Bauer (1997) |
Belgium | |
| |
| José Dehove collection. +1 other reference |
| |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
Bulgaria | |
| boyuan zhang Collection |
| Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ... |
Canada | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| R.D. Green collection |
Chile | |
| Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn |
| "Apuntes sobre algunas minas de la ... +2 other references |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn. | |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| A.Molina collection +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
China | |
| Personally collected David Clayton ... |
Czech Republic | |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
France | |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| Robin Fialip 2013 |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Vessely Collection |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Vessely Collection |
| Valverde J. (1999) | |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| various photographs |
| various added photos | |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| P. Le Roch collection |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysed) +1 other reference |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection and determined by Nicolas Meisser (Lausanne Geological Museum) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Mines |
| Mines | |
| Thierry Brunsperger | |
| Gineste et al. (2026) |
| Gol (2014) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| |
| collection bernard bouissac/antoine ... |
| Marcel Valladares collection |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Legrand et al. (1986) |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +2 other references |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) | |
| Steen (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Petitjean et al. (2000) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred Gross +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2009) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| Ko Jansen |
| |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Jesse Crawford specimen | |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Stieglitz et al. (1989) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Nino Martincevic Collection |
| Lapis 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Henrich (2007) | |
| www.mgas.de (2003) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Graf (1991) | |
| Noll (1984) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Paar (1983) |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Junker et al. (1991) |
| checked (SEM-EDS/XRD) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) |
| 58. +1 other reference | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) |
| Branko Rieck collection (EDS and SXRD analyses) |
| L.Rantos collection |
Iran | |
| Specimen in the University of ... |
| Bariand (1963) | |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (2007) |
| Moreton et al. (2007) |
| Russell (1907) |
| Dr Richard Unitt Collection |
Italy | |
| M. Russo & I. Campostrini (2011) +1 other reference |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Orlandi et al. (1) |
| Parola et al. (2023) |
| Pelloux (1904) +4 other references |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Olmi et al. (1995) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Antonio Gamboni collection +1 other reference | |
| Brugnatelli (1897) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2010) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Jansen et al. (1998) | |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) | |
| Jansen et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Cerutti et al. (1995) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Ohnishi et al. (2011) |
| - (Tada-ginzan article in the show guide for the 5th Osaka mineral show) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ogawa (1996) | |
| - (2006) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analythical data of ... |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (1990) |
| Braith et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Braith et al. (2001) | |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection |
| Barral et al. (2009) |
Namibia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Norway | |
| Raade (1993) +2 other references |
Pakistan | |
| Ikram Mineralogy | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
Peru | |
| Sangameshwar et al. (1983) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Okrugin (2004) |
| Wilson (2016) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Jose Francisco Castro collection |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2018) |
| Sainz de Baranda et al. (2009) |
| Sáinz de Baranda et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
Switzerland | |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) | |
Thailand | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection First ... |
UK | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Norman Wilson collection +1 other reference |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury (MS4) +1 other reference | |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +3 other references | |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +4 other references | |
| Greg et al. (1858) +14 other references | |
| comprising a familiar account of ... +10 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| |
| |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| S. Rust collection | |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Davies (1877) +1 other reference |
| Steve Burchmore collection |
| Specimen in the British Museum of ... | |
| Day (1999) |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Rust (1996) |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Ex-S Rust collection |
| S.Rust collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
| S. Rust collection |
USA | |
| Ron Layton self collected |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Jones (1980) +2 other references |
| Francis Sousa |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:55-56 +1 other reference |
| Sigurd Stordal collection |
| Allen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Yang et al. (2016) |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references | |
| Collected by |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Hall (1963) +2 other references |
| Hall (1963) +3 other references | |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:504-507. |
| [… (abstract) +4 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Raymond (1869) +6 other references |
| Knopf (1914b) +4 other references |
| Daniel Evanich Collection. +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 540 +7 other references |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Hall (1963) +3 other references |
| Keck Museum (Reno, Nevada) |
| collected by Keith Wentz |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Self collected by Bob Griffis. |
| personal communication with mine owner |
| Adams (2003) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Kampf et al. (2010) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Joe Marty specimens | |
| Rocks & Minerals 86:132-142 | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Crowley (1977) +4 other references |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Dana 6:1089. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:244 |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Chris DeGrave Collection |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:255 |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min. 70:261 +1 other reference |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) |
| The Kansas University Quarterly |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Farrington (1900) +1 other reference | |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| M Massis collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| DeMark et al. (1999) | |
| King et al. (1995) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| R&M 66:1 p56-63 | |
| Personal Collection |
| Michael Lambert II visual I.D | |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| Am Min 41:441-445 +1 other reference |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Min News 13:9 p1 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
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Reward Mine, Reward, Russ Mining District, Inyo Mts, Inyo County, California, USA