Hydroniumjarosite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Hydroniumjarosite
Formula:
(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
Colour:
Amber-yellow to dark brown.
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
2.9 - 3.26
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
In allusion to its composition with the dominant HYDRONIUM (H3O+) cation and its relationship to JAROSITE.
Typically ocherous, amber to dark brown granular masses or crystalline to earthy crusts.
May be confused with ammoniojarosite, natrojarosite, jarosite and other visually similar member of the alunite supergroup.
Identification of this mineral requires infra-red spectroscopy (IR) or Raman spectroscopy in order to confirm the dominance of hydronium ions. A combination of XRD and EDS techniques is not sufficient (Anatoly Kasatkin, pers. commun.; see: http://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-208364.html). However, modern EDS detectors can measure even minor N contents or confirm their absence.
Incorporation of the hydronium cation in synthetic jarosites seems to increase with decreasing temperature (Bigham et al., 2010).
May be confused with ammoniojarosite, natrojarosite, jarosite and other visually similar member of the alunite supergroup.
Identification of this mineral requires infra-red spectroscopy (IR) or Raman spectroscopy in order to confirm the dominance of hydronium ions. A combination of XRD and EDS techniques is not sufficient (Anatoly Kasatkin, pers. commun.; see: http://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-208364.html). However, modern EDS detectors can measure even minor N contents or confirm their absence.
Incorporation of the hydronium cation in synthetic jarosites seems to increase with decreasing temperature (Bigham et al., 2010).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1983
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1983:1
IMA Classification of Hydroniumjarosite
Classification of Hydroniumjarosite
7.BC.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
30.2.5.3
25.10.19
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hjrs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hjs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hydroniumjarosite
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Glistening.
Colour:
Amber-yellow to dark brown.
Streak:
Pale yellow
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {0001}
Distinct on {0001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.9 - 3.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.01 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydroniumjarosite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.82 nε = 1.82
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Dichroic:
O = Deep yellow
E = Light yellow
O = Deep yellow
E = Light yellow
Chemistry of Hydroniumjarosite
Mindat Formula:
(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hydroniumjarosite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.17 Å, c = 16.6 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.315
Unit Cell V:
739.06 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Tiny crystals, usually pseudo-cubic {01-13}, or tabular {0001}. Typically granular masses, crusts or coatings; may also be fibrous, nodular, concretionary, pulverent or earthy.
Twinning:
None reported.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004581 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2008) Crystal chemistry of the natrojarosite-jarosite and natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid-solution: A synthetic study with full Fe site occupancy American Mineralogist 93 853-862 |  | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004580 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2008) Crystal chemistry of the natrojarosite-jarosite and natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid-solution: A synthetic study with full Fe site occupancy American Mineralogist 93 853-862 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004579 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2008) Crystal chemistry of the natrojarosite-jarosite and natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid-solution: A synthetic study with full Fe site occupancy American Mineralogist 93 853-862 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004444 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 | | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004443 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 | | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004442 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 | | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004441 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 | | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.93 Å | (20) |
| 5.08 Å | (60) |
| 3.66 Å | (20) |
| 3.12 Å | (70) |
| 3.08 Å | (100) |
| 2.27 Å | (20) |
| 1.981 Å | (30) |
| 1.831 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
In the oxidized zones of sulfide deposits as a secondary mineral.
Type Occurrence of Hydroniumjarosite
Synonyms of Hydroniumjarosite
Other Language Names for Hydroniumjarosite
Dutch:Hydroniumjarosiet
Finnish:Borgströmite
German:Hydroniumjarosit
Carphosiderit
Hydronium-Jarosit
Karphosiderit
Gelbeisenerz (of Hausmann & Rammelsberg) (in part)
Misy (in part)
Carphosiderit
Hydronium-Jarosit
Karphosiderit
Gelbeisenerz (of Hausmann & Rammelsberg) (in part)
Misy (in part)
Russian:Гидрониоярозит
Simplified Chinese:水合氢黄铁矾
Spanish:Carphosiderita
Karphosiderita
Karphosiderita
Traditional Chinese:水合氫黃鐵礬
Relationship of Hydroniumjarosite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Alunite Group:
| Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
| Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 9 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 4 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 2 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 2 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 2 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Povondraite | NaFe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Schwertmannite | Fe3+16(OH,SO4)12-13O16 · 10-12H2O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Galena | PbS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Chromviskontite | Pb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
| 7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
| 7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
| 7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Apatelite' | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate)' | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
| 7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Karlseifertite | Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
| 7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
| 7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
| 7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
| 7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
| 7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
| 7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.47 | Müllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
| 7.BC.50 | Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.60 | Parawulffite | K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 |
| 7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| 7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 7.BC.65 | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
| 7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
Notes:
Insoluble in water. Soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None.
Internet Links for Hydroniumjarosite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1983.html
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References for Hydroniumjarosite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.65 - (on cyprusite)
Posnjak, E.; Merwin, H. E. (1922) The system, Fe2O3—SO3—H2O. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 44 (9). 1965-1994 doi:10.1021/ja01430a016(artificial material)
Hendricks, Sterling B. (1937) The crystal structure of alunite and the jarosites. American Mineralogist, 22 (6) 773-784 [artificial material]
Moss, A. A. (1957) The nature of carphosiderite and allied basic sulphates of iron. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 31 (236). 407-412 doi:10.1180/minmag.1957.031.236.08
Brophy, Gerald P., Sheridan, Michael F. (1965) Sulfate studies IV: The jarosite-natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid solution series. American Mineralogist, 50 (10) 1595-1607
Mumme, W. G., Scott, T. R. (1966) The relationship between basic ferric sulfate and plumbojarosite. American Mineralogist, 51 (3-4) 443-453
Drouet, Christophe, Navrotsky, Alexandra (2003) Synthesis, characterization, and thermochemistry of K-Na-H3O jarosites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67 (11) 2063-2076 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01299-1
Basciano, L. C., Peterson, R. C. (2007) The crystal structure of ammoniojarosite, (NH4)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6 and the crystal chemistry of the ammoniojarosite–hydronium jarosite solid-solution series. Mineralogical Magazine, 71 (4) 427-441 doi:10.1180/minmag.2007.071.4.427
Bisson, W G; Wills, A S (2008) Anisotropy-driven spin glass transition in the kagome antiferromagnet hydronium jarosite, (H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 20 (45). p.452204. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/20/45/452204
Forray, F.L., Smith, A.M.L., Drouet, C., Navrotsky, A., Wright, K., Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Dubbin, W.E. (2010) Synthesis, characterization and thermochemistry of a Pb-jarosite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74 (1) 215-224 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.033[in fact a Pb-bearing hydroniumjarosite]
Bigham, Jerry M., Jones, F. Sandy, Özkaya, Bestamin, Sahinkaya, Erkan, Puhakka, Jaakko A., Tuovinen, Olli H. (2010) Characterization of jarosites produced by chemical synthesis over a temperature gradient from 2 to 40°C. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 94 (3). 121-128 doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2010.01.005
Grey, I. E., Scarlett, N. V. Y., Bordet, P., Brand, H. E. A. (2011) Jarosite–butlerite intergrowths in non-stoichiometric jarosites: crystal chemistry of monoclinic natrojarosite–hydroniumjarosite phases. Mineralogical Magazine, 75 (6) 2775-2791 doi:10.1180/minmag.2011.075.6.2775
Wills, A S; Bisson, W G (2011) Elemental analysis and magnetism of hydronium jarosites—model kagome antiferromagnets and topological spin glasses. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 23 (16). p.164206. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/23/16/164206
Localities for Hydroniumjarosite
Showing 104 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa |
| Vennum +1 other reference | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Ron Gyllenhammer Collection | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Taucher (2012) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1956) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
Brazil | |
| Atencio et al. (2011) |
Canada | |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor +1 other reference |
| SEM-EDS and Wet Chemical by Joy Desor ... |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
China | |
| Liu et al. (2018) |
Cyprus | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Matýsek et al. (2023) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Matýsek et al. (2024) |
Finland | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Blondieau et al. (2025) |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Photo Mindat Hydroniumjarosite Id ... |
Germany | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1989) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| XRD and EDX analysis T. Witzke |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2007) |
Greenland | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Bøggild (1953) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
Iran | |
| Khorasanipour (2015) |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (1995) |
| S. MORETON et al. (1999) |
Italy | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| P. Roegner - (raggi X, EDS) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Africano et al. (2002) |
Mexico | |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (2021) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Hakkou et al. (2008) |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2021) |
Norway | |
| Johansen et al. (2022) |
Pakistan | |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Poland | |
| Jambor et al. (1963) |
| Ciesielczukk |
| Geography and Geology] 9 +2 other references |
| Nejbert et al. (2013) |
| L. Kruszewski collection |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
| Bull.Acad.polonaise et al. (1960) |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (2011) |
| Apopei et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
Spain | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Shuster et al. (2017) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2019) |
| Mingueza et al. (Min. Catalunya/Paragénesis, 2025) |
UK | |
| SEM image on Mineral Paradice Webb Site. This appears to be Hydroniumjarosite (priv com David Green) |
| Cotterell (2006) |
USA | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Granger (1969) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Bob Werner (2009) | |
| Caldwell (2018) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Environmental Geology: 45: 47. +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) | |
| ... | |
| Dana 6:1092 & A3:45 +2 other references |
| Haynes (2000) |
| Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular ... |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
Mars | |
| Johnson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Johnson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
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Fanny mine, Kruth, Thann-Guebwiller, Haut-Rhin, Grand Est, France