Pseudomalachite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Pseudomalachite
Formula:
Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4
Colour:
Blue-green, green, dark green, green-black; green to bluish green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
3.6 - 4.34
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
From the Greek ψευδής for "false" for its similarity to, but not being, malachite.
Polymorph of:
Isostructural with:
A secondary mineral found in oxidized zones of copper deposits.
The phosphate analogue of Cornwallite.
The monoclinic polymorph of Ludjibaite; a monoclinic variant polymorph of Reichenbachite. More common than both polymorphs.
Maybe be intergrown with Ludjibaite and Reichenbachite; in these cases, the pseudomalachite nearly always appears to be older and darker.
The phosphate analogue of Cornwallite.
The monoclinic polymorph of Ludjibaite; a monoclinic variant polymorph of Reichenbachite. More common than both polymorphs.
Maybe be intergrown with Ludjibaite and Reichenbachite; in these cases, the pseudomalachite nearly always appears to be older and darker.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3299
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3299:1
IMA Classification of Pseudomalachite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+5(PO4)2(OH)4
Classification of Pseudomalachite
8.BD.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4= 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4= 2:1
Dana 7th ed.:
41.4.3.1
41.4.3.1
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq
19.2.5
19 : Phosphates
2 : Phosphates of Cu
19 : Phosphates
2 : Phosphates of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pmlc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Psm | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Pseudomalachite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Blue-green, green, dark green, green-black; green to bluish green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Blue-green
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect on the {010}.
Imperfect on the {010}.
Fracture:
Splintery, Conchoidal
Density:
3.6 - 4.34 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.95 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pseudomalachite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.791 nβ = 1.856 nγ = 1.867
2V:
Measured: 48° , Calculated: 42°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.076
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v perceptible
Optical Extinction:
Z = b; X ∧ c = 21°–23°.
Chemistry of Pseudomalachite
Mindat Formula:
Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Pseudomalachite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.47 Å, b = 5.75 Å, c = 17.05 Å
β = 91.06°
β = 91.06°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.777 : 1 : 2.965
Unit Cell V:
441.14 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Usually occurs as botryoidal crusts; hemispherical aggregates of microscopic crystals; sub-parallel aggregates with a drusy surface. Individual crystals are rare, prismatic [001], usually with uneven faces; small, tabular crystals (Manto Cuba Mine, Chile). Also occurs as reniform, botryoidal or massive with a radial-fibrous structure and concentric banding, the fibers elongated [010]; foliated; microcrystalline or dense; colloform.
Twinning:
On {100}.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
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Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
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Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000600 | Pseudomalachite | Shoemaker G L, Anderson J B, Kostiner E (1977) Refinement of the crystal structure of pseudomalachite American Mineralogist 62 1042-1048 |  | 1977 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.48 Å | (100) |
| 3.46 Å | (50) |
| 3.09 Å | (40) |
| 2.97 Å | (40) |
| 2.93 Å | (30) |
| 2.72 Å | (30) |
| 2.42 Å | (60) |
| 2.39 Å | (80) |
| 2.32 Å | (50) |
| 2.23 Å | (50) |
| 2.09 Å | (30) |
| 1.763 Å | (40) |
| 1.728 Å | (50) |
| 1.559 Å | (40) |
| 1.431 Å | (30) |
| 1.419 Å | (30) |
| 1.392 Å | (40) |
| 1.335 Å | (30) |
| 1.039 Å | (30) |
| 1.014 Å | (30) |
| 0.794 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Ehl and Rheinbreitbach, Germany. Data from Berry (1950).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of copper deposits.
Type Occurrence of Pseudomalachite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Technische Universität, Bergakademie, Freiberg, Germany, T20591
Synonyms of Pseudomalachite
Other Language Names for Pseudomalachite
Dutch:Pseudomalachiet
German:Pseudomalachit
Ehlit
Kupfer-Diaspor
Kupfer-diaspore
Lunnit
Phosphorchalcit
Phosphorkupfer
Phosphor-kupfererz (in part)
Phosphorocalcit
Phosphorochalcit
Phosphorokalzit
Phosphorsaures Kupfer
Phosphorsaures Kupferoxyd
Prasin
Prasin-chalzit
Rhenit
Tagilith
Ehlit
Kupfer-Diaspor
Kupfer-diaspore
Lunnit
Phosphorchalcit
Phosphorkupfer
Phosphor-kupfererz (in part)
Phosphorocalcit
Phosphorochalcit
Phosphorokalzit
Phosphorsaures Kupfer
Phosphorsaures Kupferoxyd
Prasin
Prasin-chalzit
Rhenit
Tagilith
Portuguese:Pseudomalaquite
Russian:Псевдомалахит
Simplified Chinese:假孔雀石
Spanish:Pseudomalaquita
Relationship of Pseudomalachite to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 389 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 324 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| 129 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 102 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 99 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 62 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 55 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| 46 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Halloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · n(H2O) |
| 33 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with Ludjibaite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| 26 photos of Pseudomalachite associated with 'Chalcedony' | SiO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BD. | Antipovite | Cu5O2(PO4)2 |
| 8.BD.05 | Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BD.05 | Cornwallite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BD.10 | Gatehouseite | Mn2+5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BD.10 | Arsenoclasite | Mn2+5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BD.15 | Parwelite | Mn10Sb2As2Si2O24 |
| 8.BD.20 | Reppiaite | Mn2+5(VO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BD.25 | Ludjibaite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BD.30 | Cornubite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
Fluorescence of Pseudomalachite
None.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pseudomalachite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3299.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
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References for Pseudomalachite
Reference List:
Haüy, René Just (1809) Tableau comparatif des résultats de la Cristallographie et de l'analyse Chimique, relativement a la Classification des Minéraux.. Chez Courcier, Paris.p.92 - as Cuivre phosphaté
Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie (1st ed.). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. p.1035
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.570
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.433
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.140 - (as tagilite)
Guillemin, Claude (1956) Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates, phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. II. — Phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 79 (4). 219-275 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1956.5073
Shoemaker, Gerald L., Anderson, James B., Kostiner, Edward (1977) Refinement of the crystal structure of pseudomalachite. American Mineralogist, 62 (9-10) 1042-1048
Anderson, James B., Shoemaker, Gerald L., Kostiner, Edward, Ruszala, F. A. (1977) The crystal structure of synthetic Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4, a polymorph of pseudomalachite. American Mineralogist, 62 (1-2) 115-121
Shoemaker, Gerald L., Kostiner, Edward (1981) Polymorphism in Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4. American Mineralogist, 66 (1-2) 176-181
Jambor, John L.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Ercit, T. Scott; Grice, Joel D.; Grew, Edward S. (1988) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 73 (7-8). 927-935
Braithwaite, R. S. W., Ryback, G. (1994) Reichenbachite from Cornwall and Portugal. Mineralogical Magazine, 58 (392) 449-454 doi:10.1180/minmag.1994.058.392.09 (IR distinguishes from pseudomalachite)
Frost, Ray L, Kloprogge, Theo, Williams, Peter A, Martens, Wayde, Johnson, Therese E, Leverett, Peter (2002) Vibrational spectroscopy of the basic copper phosphate minerals: pseudomalachite, ludjibaite and reichenbachite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 58 (13) 2861-2868 doi:10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00034-3
Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A., Martens, Wayde, Kloprogge, J. Theo, Leverett, Peter (2002) Raman spectroscopy of the basic copper phosphate minerals cornetite, libethenite, pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (4). 260-263 doi:10.1002/jrs.850
Martens, Wayde N., Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A. (2003) The basic copper phosphate minerals pseudomalachite, ludjibaite and reichenbachite: an infrared emission and Raman spectroscopic study. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2003 (8) 337-362 doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2003/2003-0337
Martens, Wayde, Frost, Ray L. (2003) An infrared spectroscopic study of the basic copper phosphate minerals: Cornetite, libethenite, and pseudomalachite. American Mineralogist, 88 (1) 37-46 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0105
Kharbish, Sherif, Andráš, Peter, Luptáková, Jarmila, Milovská, Stanislava (2014) Raman spectra of oriented and non-oriented Cu hydroxy-phosphate minerals: Libethenite, cornetite, pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 130. 152-163 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.144
Majzlan, Juraj, Zittlau, Arne H., Grevel, Klaus-Dieter, Schliesser, Jacob, Woodfield, Brian F., Dachs, Edgar, Števko, Martin, Chovan, Martin, Plášil, Jakub, Sejkora, Jiří, Milovská, Stanislava (2015) Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Secondary Copper Minerals Libethenite, Olivenite, Pseudomalachite, Kröhnkite, Cyanochroite, and Devilline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53 (5) 937-960 doi:10.3749/canmin.1400066
Ciesielczuk, Justyna, Janeczek, Janusz, Dulski, Mateusz, Krzykawski, Tomasz (2016) Pseudomalachite–cornwallite and kipushite–philipsburgite solid solutions: chemical composition and Raman spectroscopy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28 (3) 555-569 doi:10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2536
Krivovichev, Sergey V., Zolotarev, Andrey A., Popova, Valentina I. (2016) Hydrogen bonding and structural complexity in the Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 polymorphs (pseudomalachite, ludjibaite, reichenbachite): combined experimental and theoretical study. Structural Chemistry, 27 (6). 1715-1723 doi:10.1007/s11224-016-0820-z
Localities for Pseudomalachite
Showing 485 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. |
| López et al. (2018) |
Australia | |
| McLean (2004) |
| Chapman et al. (2005) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets +1 other reference | |
| McLean et al. (2004) |
| McLean et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| McLean et al. (2004) | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Henderson (1981) +1 other reference |
| C J Sullivan and R S Matheson (1952) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au and ... |
| |
| Henry et al (1999) | |
| Henry et al. (1999) | |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Day (1998) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Crane et al. (2001) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Crane et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Lawrence et al. (1998) |
| Crane et al. (2001) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Costas Constantinides |
| Brown et al. (2010) | |
| Babo et al. (2017) | |
| Sharpe et al. (2002) |
| Crane et al. (2001) | |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| Collection of Mark Willoughby |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) +1 other reference |
| Francis (2010) |
| Francis (2010) | |
| [MinRec 15:106-107 +2 other references |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| Museum Victoria Specimen M47061 |
| A. Russel (2000) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Henry et al. (1988) +3 other references |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Graham Myerson |
| Nickel et al. (1994) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
| Downes et al. (2006) | |
Austria | |
| Meixner (1949) |
| Auer (2025) |
| Huber et al. (1977) |
| Ref.: P.Huber 1977 |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch (2010) |
| Kolitsch (2010) |
| - (1994, July) +1 other reference |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Belgium | |
| Davreux (1833) +1 other reference |
| Michel Blondieau. +3 other references |
| de Koninck et al. (1872) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| de Koninck et al. (1872) +2 other references | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
Brazil | |
| Santos et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Cornejo et al. (2009) |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
| Shen (n.d.) | |
Bulgaria | |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
Canada | |
| nsminerals.atspace.com (2005) |
Chile | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Bárbara Romero et al. (2011) | |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Zambra et al. (2007) |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| C. Lemanski collection (7198 & 7201CL) |
| Maurizio Dini database 2007 |
| Codelco | |
| King (n.d.) |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| Maurizio Dini collection - analysed ... | |
| A Borrelli collection |
| Yaiba Sakaguchi |
| Lieber et al. (1993) |
| Escolme et al. (2020) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| maurizio dini collection - confirmed by ... |
| Arturo Molina and Maurizio Dini ... |
| samples analysed by Dr. Hubert Putz | |
| Teck Resources Limited |
| BHP |
China | |
| Lairen Lai et al. (1995) |
| Yanbing Tang (2005) |
Czech Republic | |
| Kohout et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| Bradna |
| Journal of Geosciences 54:15-56 +2 other references |
| Malý |
| P.Pauliš |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) | |
| . Bull. mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha) +3 other references |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Zimák +5 other references |
| Kratochvíl |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
DR Congo | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Lhoest (1992) | |
| Deliens (1996) |
| Bull. Mineral. |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) | |
| Fu et al. (2026) | |
| Lhoest (1992) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (n.d.) | |
| Piret et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| C. Creekmur collection. J. Hartmann ... |
| Deliens (1996) |
| Lhoest (1992) | |
| Herve Osana photo |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| Lhoest (1992) | |
| Sośnicka et al. (2019) |
| Wilson (2018) |
| Deliens (1989) | |
| www.tenke.com (2003) | |
| Pascal Mambwe et al. (2018) | |
Egypt | |
| El Monsef et al. (2018) |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
| Afify et al. (2022) | |
Europe | |
| Jahn (2002) |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Coueille (1988) |
| N. Meisser analysis. |
| Chiappero et al. (1998) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Chiappero et al. (1995) +2 other references | |
| Bari (1982) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hervé Forner collection |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| Patureau et al. (2011) | |
| Gayraud et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (2001) |
| Fricke (1988) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (EDS- and SXRD-analysed) +3 other references |
| Walenta (1989) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| From the PETITJEAN Collection |
| Drabrick (1970) |
| Schmeltzer (1977) |
| Flügel (1986) |
| Klaus Ludwig Collection | |
| 90. +1 other reference |
| 90. +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| P Haas collection (specimen no. 72-170) | |
| S Wolfsried collection | |
| Petitjean et al. (2000) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| Blaß (2002) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Reinhardt et al. (2005) |
| Markl (1990) +1 other reference |
| W. Meyer et al. (1996) | |
| Markl (1990) |
| Poser et al. (2004) | |
| W. Meyer et al. (1996) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996) +1 other reference |
| R. Lang pers. finds | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Hans-Jürgen Haas collection |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Dana 6:837 +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Tsinidis (2024) |
Indonesia | |
| Maryono et al. (2018) |
Ireland | |
| Sir Arthur Russell (personal collection) |
| Ryback et al. (1991) |
Israel | |
| Shlomovitch et al. (1996) |
| Mohsen Manutchehr-Danai (2000) | |
| Bartura (1974) | |
Italy | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bersani et al. (2009) |
| Olmi F. et al. (1995) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Olmi et al. (1995) |
Japan | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Ohnishi et al. (2011) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Matsuo & Fujiwara (1978) |
| Nishio–Hamane et al. (2020) |
| Oohori (2001) |
| Okamoto et al. (1988) |
| SHIROSE et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Evseev (1995) | |
| Pekov (1998) |
Laos | |
| Michael Stott |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) +1 other reference |
| Behier (1960) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Braith et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Braith et al. (2001) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1972 38 : ... |
Morocco | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Verified phosphate presence via XRF |
| Favreau (2026) |
Namibia | |
| Bezing et al. (2007) |
| Niedermayr (2001) |
| New Mineral Names. Mineral News et al. (January 2012) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Robert Pecorini collection |
Norway | |
| Brastad (1980) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Miofuvhoedki (2001) |
| Yuming Chen and Kaitian Wang (2008) |
Poland | |
| Siuda +2 other references |
| Siuda (2001) | |
| Domań +2 other references |
| Konrad Pytel |
| Łukasz Kruszewski |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Rui Nunes visit 18 July 2015 |
| www.dainst.org (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Hugo Lobo Collection |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Artur Neves collection | |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Manuel Maia's mineral collection |
| Minerais de Portugal collection |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| self-find |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Romania | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Russia | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2025) |
| American Mineralogist (1991) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2018) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Berry (1950) |
| Hermann (1846) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Hyršl (1991) +2 other references |
| Hyršl (1991) | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Števko et al. (2012) | |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Števko M. et al. (2008) |
| Števko M. et al. (2020) |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Zipster (1817) | |
| Števko M. (2022) |
South Africa | |
| Arthur L. Flagg Specimen No. 3439 |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Steffen Michalski Collection - all ... |
Spain | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2020) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Minerales y Minas de España et al. (2015) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf (2026) | |
| Calvo (2015) | |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Rosell et al. (2006) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Weibel (1954) |
| Calvo et al. (2011) |
| Calvo et al. (2003) |
| Calvo (2015) |
Sudan | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) |
UK | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 11 (2) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) | |
| Virginia Maine collection |
| Virginia Maine collection |
| Virginia Maine collection | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Rudler (1905) |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references |
| Day (1999) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Chris Popham Collection |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Moreton (2006) |
| Chris Popham Collection |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| |
| Dr. Marcus Origlieri |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Hutton (1959) +1 other reference |
| Personal communication with Robert ... +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| C. Lemanski (6814CL) |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Khin (1970) +1 other reference |
| Khin (1970) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... | |
| C. Lemanski | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Cooper et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Collected and analyzed by Bob Housley. |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Foord et al. (1986) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 65:349. | |
| Wentzell (~1991) |
| Mineralogical Magazine (1996) +1 other reference |
| Specimens collected by Jeremy Zolan in ... |
| Mines of the Washington D.C Area |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Waisman (1992) +2 other references |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +2 other references |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| ncma.minresco.com (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference |
| from Jungles collection | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Jay Penn collection |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Adams (2019) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Cummings |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 84:492-500 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| New Mexico Bureau of Geology Mineral ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark et al. (1999) |
| King et al. (1995) | |
| Genth et al. (1881) |
| Dana 6:1075. |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Dana 6: 1075. |
| Dana 6: 1077. |
| Genth et al. (1881) | |
| Genth et al. (1881) | |
| Sloto (1989) |
| Montgomery (Jan, 1963) +5 other references |
| Min.Rec.:10 (5) +2 other references |
| Boucot (1949) +1 other reference | |
| Smith (1977) | |
| Smith (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. 65:349 +1 other reference | |
| Collection of Michael Lambert II |
| Barton et al. (2018) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 166. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Collected by Doug Schonewald |
| wgnhs.uwex.edu (2016) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Eilu (2003) | |
Zambia | |
| Le Sueur minerals samples at Tucson 2015 |
| Allan Ryan collection and field ... |
| Korowski et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) |
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Silberbrünnle Mine, Gengenbach, Gengenbach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany