Calamaite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Calamaite
Formula:
Na2TiO(SO4)2 · 2H2O
Colour:
Colorless (isolated crystals) , white (aggregates)
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
2.45 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after the Calama commune and the Calama city, Chile.
New structure type. Third Ti-dominant sulfate mineral after alcaparrosaite and innelite; second purely sulfate Ti-rich mineral.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
50334
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:50334:5
Similar Names
| Calamite | A synonym of Tremolite | |
| Colimaite | A valid IMA mineral species | K3VS4 |
| Colomite | A synonym of Roscoelite | |
| Columbite | A synonym of 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' | |
| Columbite-(Fe) | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| Columbite-(Fe)-Tantalite-(Fe) Series | A solid-solution series between two end-member minerals | |
| Columbite-(Mg) | A valid IMA mineral species | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| Columbite-(Mn) | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| Columbite-(Mn)-Tantalite-(Mn) Series | A solid-solution series between two end-member minerals |
IMA Classification of Calamaite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Na2Ti4+O(S6+O4)2·2H2O
Approval year:
2016
First published:
2018
Type description reference:
Pekov, Igor V., Siidra, Oleg I., Chukanov, Nikita V., Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O., Belakovskiy, Dmitry I., Turchkova, Anna G., Möhn, Gerhard (2018) Calamaite, a new natural titanium sulfate from the Alcaparrosa mine, Calama, Antofagasta region, Chile. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (4) 801-809 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2738
Classification of Calamaite
7.DF.50
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
F : With large and medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
F : With large and medium-sized cations
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Clm | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Calamaite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colorless (isolated crystals) , white (aggregates)
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On (001)
On (001)
Density:
2.45 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Calamaite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.557(2) nβ = 1.562(2) nγ = 1.671(3)
2V:
Measured: 30° (10)
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.114
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Calamaite
Mindat Formula:
Na2TiO(SO4)2 · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Calamaite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Ibam
Setting:
Ibam
Cell Parameters:
a = 16.0989(11) Å, b = 16.2399(9) Å, c = 7.0135(4) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.991 : 1 : 0.432
Unit Cell V:
1833.6 ų
Z:
8
Morphology:
Acicular to 0.01 × 2 mm; rarely prismatic to 1 × 1 × 3 mm
Twinning:
Cross-like interpenetration twins are common
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.10 Å | (100) |
| 5.04 Å | (55) |
| 3.787 Å | (26) |
| 3.619 Å | (18) |
| 3.417 Å | (27) |
| 3.185 Å | (15) |
| 2.943 Å | (20) |
| 2.895 Å | (20) |
Reference:
Pekov, Igor V., Siidra, Oleg I., Chukanov, Nikita V., Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O., Belakovskiy, Dmitry I., Turchkova, Anna G., Möhn, Gerhard (2018) Calamaite, a new natural titanium sulfate from the Alcaparrosa mine, Calama, Antofagasta region, Chile. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (4) 801-809 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2738
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] |
Type Occurrence of Calamaite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Acicular to hair-like crystals to 2 mm, in bunches or radial spherulitic clusters to 4 mm across. As prismatic crystals and cross-like twins.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration number 4883/1
Empirical Formula of Type Material:
Na1.97(Ti0.92Fe3+0.07)Σ0.99Σ2.02O9·2H2O
Chemical Analysis of Type Material:
| Na2O | 18.21 % |
|---|---|
| K2O | 0.06 % |
| Fe2O3 | 1.58 % |
| TiO2 | 21.80 % |
| SO3 | 48.25 % |
| H2O (calc) | 10.74 % |
| Total: | 100.64 % |
Geological Setting of Type Material:
oxidation zone of a pyrite orebody at a sulfate mine
Reference:
Pekov, Igor V., Siidra, Oleg I., Chukanov, Nikita V., Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O., Belakovskiy, Dmitry I., Turchkova, Anna G., Möhn, Gerhard (2018) Calamaite, a new natural titanium sulfate from the Alcaparrosa mine, Calama, Antofagasta region, Chile. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (4) 801-809 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2738
Synonyms of Calamaite
Other Language Names for Calamaite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DF. | Siligiite | [Pb(H2O)5(SO4)][Zn9(OH)18] |
| 7.DF. | Alcaparrosaite | K3Ti4+Fe3+(SO4)4O(H2O)2 |
| 7.DF. | Flaggite | Pb4Cu2+4Te6+2(SO4)2O11(OH)2(H2O) |
| 7.DF. | Bairdite | Pb2Cu2+4Te6+2O10(OH)2(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.DF. | Tzeferisite | CaZn8(SO4)2(OH)12Cl2(H2O)9 |
| 7.DF. | Cherokeeite | [Pb2Zn(OH)4](SO4) · H2O |
| 7.DF. | Ammoniomathesiusite | (NH4)5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5) · 4H2O |
| 7.DF. | Sigogglinite | [Pb6Zn(OH)8]2(SO4)6 · (H2O)8-x |
| 7.DF.X | Blueridgeite | [Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)2(S2O3)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.DF. | Erssonite | Mg7Fe3+2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.DF. | Poellmannite | Ca6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DF. | Carlsonite | (NH4)5Fe3+3O(SO4)6 · 7H2O |
| 7.DF. | Cuprocherokeeite | [Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)4 · 4H2O |
| 7.DF. | Haywoodite | [Pb(H2O)10][Zn12(OH)20(H2O)(SO4)3] |
| 7.DF. | Chromschieffelinite | Pb10Te6+6O20(OH)14(CrO4)(H2O)5 |
| 7.DF.05 | Uklonskovite | NaMg(SO4)F · 2H2O |
| 7.DF.10 | Kainite | KMg(SO4)Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.10 | Kaliochalcite | KCu2(SO4)2[(OH)(H2O)] |
| 7.DF.15 | Natrochalcite | NaCu2(SO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 7.DF.17 | Genplesite | Ca3Sn(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.17 | 'Unnamed (Ba-Sb Silicate-Sulphate-Hydroxide-Hydrate)' | Ba3Sb5+[(Si,S)O3(OH)]2(OH,O)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.20 | Sideronatrite | Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.20 | Metasideronatrite | Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH) · H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Fleischerite | Pb3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Mallestigite | Pb3Sb5+(SO4)(AsO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Schaurteite | Ca3Ge(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DF.25 | Despujolsite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.30 | Slavíkite | (H3O+)3Mg6Fe15(SO4)21(OH)18 · 98H2O |
| 7.DF.35 | Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 7.DF.40 | Lannonite | Mg2Ca4Al4(SO4)8F8 · 24H2O |
| 7.DF.40 | Vlodavetsite | AlCa2(SO4)2F2Cl · 4H2O |
| 7.DF.45 | Peretaite | Ca(SbO)4(SO4)2(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.DF.50 | Gordaite | NaZn4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 7.DF.52 | Huizingite-(Al) | [(NH4)9(SO4)2][(Al,Fe3+)3(OH)2(H2O)4(SO4)6] |
| 7.DF.52 | Scordariite | K8(Fe3+0.67◻0.33)[Fe3+3O(SO4)6]2 · 14H2O |
| 7.DF.55 | Clairite | (NH4)2Fe3(SO4)4(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.55 | Giacovazzoite | K5Fe3+3O(SO4)6 · 10H2O |
| 7.DF.57 | Magnanelliite | K3Fe3+2(SO4)4(OH)(H2O)2 |
| 7.DF.60 | Arzrunite | Cu4Pb2(SO4)(OH)4Cl6 · 2H2O (?) |
| 7.DF.60 | Evdokimovite | Tl4(VO)3(SO4)5(H2O)5 |
| 7.DF.62 | Bridgesite-(Ce) | CaCe2Cu6(SO4)4(OH)12 · 8H2O |
| 7.DF.65 | Elyite | Pb4Cu(SO4)O2(OH)4 · H2O |
| 7.DF.70 | Yecoraite | Fe3+3Bi5(Te6+O4)2(Te4+O3)O9 · 9H2O |
| 7.DF.70 | Lautenthalite | PbCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DF.75 | Riomarinaite | Bi(SO4)(OH) · H2O |
| 7.DF.80 | Dukeite | Bi3+24Cr6+8O57(OH)6 · 3H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Calamaite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-50334.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
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References for Calamaite
Reference List:
Hålenius, U., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2016) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2016, CNMNC Newsletter No. 33. Mineralogical Magazine, 80 (6) 1135-1144 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.085
Pekov, Igor V., Siidra, Oleg I., Chukanov, Nikita V., Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O., Belakovskiy, Dmitry I., Turchkova, Anna G., Möhn, Gerhard (2018) Calamaite, a new natural titanium sulfate from the Alcaparrosa mine, Calama, Antofagasta region, Chile. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (4) 801-809 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2738
Localities for Calamaite
Showing 1 localities.
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The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Chile (TL) | |
| Hålenius et al. (2016) +2 other references |
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Alcaparrosa Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile