Tobermorite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Tobermorite
Formula:
Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O
Colour:
White, light pink
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.423 - 2.458
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named after its discovery locality, Tobermory, Isle of Mull, Scotland. Tobermorite was first described by Heddle (1880) from four Scottish localities, three near Tobermory, Isle of Mull and the fourth being Dunvegan, Isle of Skye. Heddle's material was examinated with XRD by Claringbull & Hey (1952), and found that the powder XRD pattern was characterized by a 11.3 Å basal reflection. After McConnell (1954) the name tobermorite was used for the C-S-H phases having a 11 Å basal spacing. Further studies of crystal structures of "tobermorites" (Merlino et al. 1999, 2000, 2001) showed that tobermorite is actually a series between two endmembers, Ca4Si6O15(OH)2·5H2O and Ca5Si6O17·5H2O and consequently redefined into two species, kenotobermorite and tobermorite respectively, by IMA in 2014 (Biagioni et al 2015).
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Isostructural with:
Tobermorite has been redefined by IMA in 2014 as two minerals: tobermorite and kenotobermorite, forming a series.
Some specimens of Tobermorite-11 Å shrink on dehydration and are called "normal tobermorite", while others do not shrink and are therefore called "anomalous".
May appear visually similar to Tacharanite.
Note: All localities listed here under "tobermorite" should be checked if they are to be assigned to tobermorite or kenotobermorite, or other members of the tobermorite supergroup.
Typically white, massive to fibrous and botryoidal material in some skarns and zeolitic assemblages.
Some specimens of Tobermorite-11 Å shrink on dehydration and are called "normal tobermorite", while others do not shrink and are therefore called "anomalous".
May appear visually similar to Tacharanite.
Note: All localities listed here under "tobermorite" should be checked if they are to be assigned to tobermorite or kenotobermorite, or other members of the tobermorite supergroup.
Typically white, massive to fibrous and botryoidal material in some skarns and zeolitic assemblages.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3985
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3985:3
Similar Names
| Tobermorite-10Å | A synonym of Oyelite |
| Tobermorite-11Å | A synonym |
| Tobermorite-14Å | A synonym of Plombièrite |
| Tobermorite-9Å | A synonym of Riversideite |
IMA Classification of Tobermorite
Approved
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·nH2O
Approval history:
Renamed by IMA: 2014
Classification of Tobermorite
9.DG.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
72.3.2.1
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
3 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 3-, 4-, or 5-membered rings and 8-membered rings
72 : PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings
3 : Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 3-, 4-, or 5-membered rings and 8-membered rings
14.5.23
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Tbm | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Tbm | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Tobermorite
Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
silky in fibrous aggregates.
Colour:
White, light pink
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}, imperfect on {100}.
Perfect on {001}, imperfect on {100}.
Density:
2.423 - 2.458 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.49 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Tobermorite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.570(2) nβ = 1.571(2) nγ = 1.575(2)
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.005
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak r > v
Chemistry of Tobermorite
Mindat Formula:
Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mg,Na,K,H2O
Crystallography of Tobermorite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2 - Sphenoidal
Space Group:
P21
Setting:
P21
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.17 Å, b = 7.38 Å, c = 27.94 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.514 : 1 : 3.786
Unit Cell V:
2,303.22 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Comment:
14 ºA hydrate
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006833 | Tobermorite | Merlino S, Bonaccorsi E, Armbruster T (2000) The real structure of clinotobermorite and tobermorite 9 A: OD character, polytypes, and structural relationships European Journal of Mineralogy 12 411-429 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0002330 | Tobermorite | Merlino S, Bonaccorsi E, Armbruster T (1999) Tobermorites: Their real structure and order-disorder (OD) character American Mineralogist 84 1613-1621 |  | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002329 | Tobermorite | Merlino S, Bonaccorsi E, Armbruster T (1999) Tobermorites: Their real structure and order-disorder (OD) character American Mineralogist 84 1613-1621 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 14.0 Å | (100) |
| 5.50 Å | (25) |
| 3.076 Å | (65) |
| 3.001 Å | (45) |
| 2.812 Å | (30) |
| 2.798 Å | (13) |
| 1.835 Å | (35) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations |
Type Occurrence of Tobermorite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1937,1490; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 119008.
Synonyms of Tobermorite
Tobermorite-11Å (in part)
Other Language Names for Tobermorite
Dutch:Tobermoriet
German:Tobermorit
Russian:Тоберморит
Simplified Chinese:雪硅钙石
Spanish:Tobermorita
Traditional Chinese:雪矽鈣石
Relationship of Tobermorite to other Species
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 26 photos of Tobermorite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 18 photos of Tobermorite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 15 photos of Tobermorite associated with Phillipsite Subgroup | (Ca0.5,K,Na,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] . 12H2O |
| 13 photos of Tobermorite associated with Stringhamite | CaCu(SiO4) · H2O |
| 11 photos of Tobermorite associated with 'Ellestadite' | |
| 10 photos of Tobermorite associated with Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| 9 photos of Tobermorite associated with Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| 9 photos of Tobermorite associated with Gismondine-Ca | CaAl2Si2O8 · 4H2O |
| 8 photos of Tobermorite associated with Riversideite | Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 7 photos of Tobermorite associated with Scawtite | Ca7(Si3O9)2CO3 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DG. | Barrydawsonite-(Y) | Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG. | Paratobermorite | Ca5AlSi5O16(OH) · 5H2O |
| 9.DG. | Calcinaksite | KNaCa(Si4O10) · H2O |
| 9.DG. | Alvesite | NaKZrSi6O15 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.02 | Steedeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 |
| 9.DG.02 | Nolzeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.05 | Murakamiite | LiCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Serandite | NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| 9.DG.05 | Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Tanohataite | LiMn2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Dalnegorskite | Ca5Mn2+(Si3O9)2 |
| 9.DG.05 | 'Wollastonite-1A' | CaSiO3 |
| 9.DG.05 | Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| 9.DG.05 | Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| 9.DG.05 | Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.07 | Cascandite | CaScSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.08 | Plombièrite | Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 · 7H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Clinotobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Riversideite | Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.12 | Jusite | Na2Ca15Al4Si16O54 · 17H2O |
| 9.DG.12 | Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.15 | Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.20 | Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| 9.DG.20 | Kamenevite | K2TiSi3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Paraumbite | K3Zr2H(Si3O9)2 · nH2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Umbite | K2(Zr,Ti)Si3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.30 | Sørensenite | Na4SnBe2Si6O16(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.32 | Escheite | Ca2NaMnTi5[Si12O34]O2(OH)3 · 12H2O |
| 9.DG.35 | Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.40 | Hillebrandite | Ca2(SiO3)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.45 | Zorite | Na8(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 14H2O |
| 9.DG.45 | Chivruaiite | Ca4(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 13-14H2O |
| 9.DG.50 | Haineaultite | (Na,Ca)5Ca(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,F)8 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.55 | Epididymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.60 | Eudidymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Elpidite | Na2ZrSi6O15 · 3H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Patynite | NaKCa4[Si9O23] |
| 9.DG.67 | Whelanite | Cu2+2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Enricofrancoite | KNaCaSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Yusupovite | Na2Zr(Si6O15) · 2.5H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Litidionite | KNaCuSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Fenaksite | (K,Na)4(Fe,Mn)2(Si4O10)2(OH,F) |
| 9.DG.70 | Manaksite | KNaMnSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.75 | Senkevichite | CsKNaCa2TiO[Si7O18](OH) |
| 9.DG.75 | Tinaksite | K2Na(Ca,Mn2+)2TiO[Si7O18(OH)] |
| 9.DG.75 | Tokkoite | K2Ca4[Si7O18(OH)](OH,F) |
| 9.DG.80 | Fluorcanasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.80 | Canasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.85 | Miserite | K1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5(Si6O15)(Si2O7)(OH,F)2 · yH2O |
| 9.DG.90 | Frankamenite | K3Na3Ca5(Si12O30)(F,OH)4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.92 | Charoite | (K,Sr)15-16(Ca,Na)32[Si6O11(O,OH)6]2[Si12O18(O,OH)12]2[Si17O25(O,OH)18]2(OH,F)4 · ~3H2O |
| 9.DG.95 | Yuksporite | K4(Ca,Na)14(Sr,Ba)2(◻,Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb)4(O,OH)4(Si6O17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3 |
| 9.DG.97 | Eveslogite | (Na,K,Ca,Sr,Ba)48 [(Ti,Nb,Mn,Fe2+)12Si48O144(OH)12](F,OH,Cl)14 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
the 11Å phase dehydrates in the 100-300oC range; at ~300oC it is replaced by the 9Å phase, which undergoes dehydroxylation in the 300-700oC range; from here wollastonite starts to form
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Tobermorite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3985.html
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References for Tobermorite
Reference List:
Heddle, (1880) IX. Preliminary Notice of substances which may prove to be New Minerals. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 4 (18) 117-123 doi:10.1180/minmag.1880.004.18.04
Currie, James (1905) Note on some new localities for Gyrolite and Tobermorite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 14 (64) 93-95 doi:10.1180/minmag.1905.014.64.06
Claringbull, G. F., Hey, M. H. (1952) A re-examination of tobermorite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (218) 960-962 doi:10.1180/minmag.1952.029.218.10
McConnell, J. D. C. (1954) The hydrated calcium silicates riversideite, tobermorite, and plombierite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 30 (224) 293-305 doi:10.1180/minmag.1954.030.224.02
MEGAW, H. D., KELSEY, C. H. (1956) Crystal Structure of Tobermorite. Nature, 177 (4504). 390-391 doi:10.1038/177390a0
Mitsuda, T., Taylor, H. F. W. (1978) Normal and anomalous tobermorites. Mineralogical Magazine, 42 (322) 229-235 doi:10.1180/minmag.1978.042.322.09
Hamid, S. A. (1981) The crystal structure of the 11Å natural tobermorite Ca2.25[Si3O7.5(OH)1.5] · 1H2O. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 154 (3-4). 189-198 doi:10.1524/zkri.1981.154.3-4.189
Komarneni, Sridhar, Tsuji, Masamichi (1989) Selective Cation Exchange in Substituted Tobermorites. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 72 (9). 1668-1674 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb06301.x
Tsuji, Masamichi, Komarneni, Sridhar, Malla, Prakash (1991) Substituted Tobermorites: 27Al and 29Si MASNMR, Cation Exchange, and Water Sorption Studies. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 74 (2). 274-279 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb06874.x
Merlino, Stefano, Bonaccorsi, Elena, Armbruster, Thomas (1999) Tobermorites; their real structure and order-disorder (OD) character. American Mineralogist, 84 (10) 1613-1621 doi:10.2138/am-1999-1015
Merlino, Stefano, Bonaccorsi, Elena, Armbruster, Thomas (2000) The real structures of clinotobermorite and tobermorite 9 Å: OD character, polytypes, and structural relationships. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12 (2) 411-429 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0411
Shaw, S, Clark, S.M, Henderson, C.M.B (2000) Hydrothermal formation of the calcium silicate hydrates, tobermorite (Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O) and xonotlite (Ca6Si6O17(OH)2): an in situ synchrotron study. Chemical Geology, 167 (1) 129-140 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00205-3
Merlino, Stefano, Bonaccorsi, Elena, Armbruster, Thomas (2001) The real structure of tobermorite 11A: normal and anomalous forms, OD character and polytypic modifications. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13 (3) 577-590 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0577
Kikuma, Jun, Tsunashima, Masamichi, Ishikawa, Tetsuji, Matsuno, Shin-ya, Ogawa, Akihiro, Matsui, Kunio, Sato, Masugu (2009) Hydrothermal formation of tobermorite studied byin situX-ray diffraction under autoclave condition. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 16 (5). 683-686 doi:10.1107/s0909049509022080
Meller, Nicola, Kyritsis, Konstantinos, Hall, Christopher (2009) The mineralogy of the CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (CASH) hydroceramic system from 200 to 350 °C. Cement and Concrete Research, 39 (1). 45-53 doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.10.002
Localities for Tobermorite
Showing 146 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| R Bottrill unpub. Data |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| www.crocoite.com (2001) |
| Henry (1999) |
Austria | |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Exel (1993) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| Novgorodova M.I. (caspian Sea) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Stojanovic et al. (1974) |
Canada | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ... |
Chile | |
| Aguirre et al. (1998) |
China | |
| Cao Zhengmin et al. (1986) |
| Cao Zhengmin et al. (1987) |
Cuba | |
| А.Е.Задов и др. Новые ... +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Z.Dvořák (čas. Minerál 2/2009) |
| Pauliš |
France | |
| XRD analysis (B. Devouard and E. Médard, Clermont-Ferrand) |
| Boisson et al. (2014) |
| Boutry et al. (1986) |
| Favreau G. et al. (2004) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Jakob (1977) +1 other reference |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel et al. (1983) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Skrzyńska et al. (2023) | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1978) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1973) +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (2006) |
Hungary | |
| Kovács-Pálffy (2005) |
| Kónya-MÁFI |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. +1 other reference |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. +1 other reference |
Iceland | |
| Jakobsson et al. (1992) |
| JAKOBSSON et al. (1986) +2 other references | |
Israel | |
| Britvin et al. (2021) |
| Krzątała et al. (2023) | |
| Galuskin et al. (2022) |
Italy | |
| Caponera et al. (2007) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
| Pucci (2004) |
| Passaglia et al. (1982) |
| |
| Sicurella et al. (2010) |
| Sicurella et al. (2010) | |
| Exel (1980) +1 other reference |
| Gottardi G. (1965) +1 other reference |
| G. Gottardi (1967) |
| Wheeler et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Passaglia et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Fabio Tosato et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Antonio Zordan collection |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| 50. +2 other references |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| "Minerali del Vicentino - La natrolite" ... |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
| Matsuyama (2001) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Journal Vol. 13 (1986) |
| Minakawa et al. (1986) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| Kusachi et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Galuskin et al. (2023) | |
| Khoury et al. (1982) +2 other references |
Mexico | |
| Specimen in the collection of Miguel ... |
| Mitsuda et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2018) | |
Namibia | |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2011) |
New Zealand | |
| Black (1989) |
| Black (1989) |
| Baker et al. (1980) | |
| Baker et al. (1980) | |
Norway | |
| Andresen et al. (2020) |
| Raade (1983) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
Palestine | |
| Sokol et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Philippines | |
| Shimbashi +8 other references |
Poland | |
| Kruszewski et al. (2012) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
Romania | |
| Marincea +4 other references |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Marincea et al. (2011) |
| Marincea et al. (2014, September) +1 other reference |
| Marincea +2 other references |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Антонов (2003) |
| Zadov +6 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa et al. (1993) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1993) +3 other references |
Spain | |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
| Bareche (2005) |
Sweden | |
| The Swedish Museum of Natural History ... |
Taiwan | |
| Kung-Suan Ho et al (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Am Min 73:11-12 p 1497 +2 other references |
UK | |
| McConnell (1954) +2 other references |
| Henmi et al. (1973) |
| e-rocks.com (n.d.) | |
| Heddle (1880) +2 other references |
| Livingstone (1988) |
| McConnell (1954) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Sweet et al. (1961) | |
| Webb (1971) |
USA | |
| Cesbron et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Erickson +1 other reference |
| |
| Bob Walstrom | |
| American Mineralogist: 51: 56-74 +2 other references |
| Fred DeVito collection |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Bargar et al. (1996) |
| Bargar et al. (1996) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Kenny Gay message 15.09.2005 ... |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... |
| Bridge (1966) +1 other reference |
| Mitsuda et al. (1978) +2 other references |
| Mitchell et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
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Crestmore quarries, Crestmore, Jurupa Valley, Riverside County, California, USA