Claudetite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Claudetite
Frederic J. Claudet
Formula:
As2O3
Colour:
Colourless, white
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
4.14 - 4.15
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Frederic Just Claudet (24 March 1826, Choisy-le-roi, France - 19 April 1906, Cannes, France), chemist who first described the natural material. Some of his best known work focused on light-sensitive chemicals in the early years of photography.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
A synthetic, also monoclinic dimorph called "claudetite II" is metastable.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1060
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1060:9
IMA Classification of Claudetite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
As3+2O3
First published:
1868
Classification of Claudetite
4.CB.45
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4.3.10.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
7.13.2
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cdt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Claudetite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Pearly on fracture surface
Colour:
Colourless, white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Elastic
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {010}
on {010}
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
4.14 - 4.15 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.186 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Claudetite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.87 nβ = 1.92 nγ = 2.01
2V:
Measured: 58° , Calculated: 78°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.140
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
strong
Chemistry of Claudetite
Mindat Formula:
As2O3
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Claudetite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.33 Å, b = 12.98 Å, c = 4.54 Å
β = 94.27°
β = 94.27°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.411 : 1 : 0.35
Unit Cell V:
313.22 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Thin plates on {010} and elongated [001] with {111} and {111} prominent, resembling selenite.
Twinning:
On {100} as penetration or contact twins, common.
Comment:
Space Group: P21/n (synthetic)
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019397 | Claudetite | Origlieri M J, Downs R T, Carducci M D, Rosso K M, Gibbs G V (2006) Crystal structure and bonding in the new mineral AsSbO3 General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association 19 142-142 | 2006 | Jachymov, Erzgebirge, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014662 | Claudetite | Pertlik F (1975) Die kristallstruktur der monoklinen form von As2O3 (Claudetit II) Monatshefte fur Chemie 106 755-762 | 1975 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014664 | Claudetite | Pertlik F (1978) Verfeinerung der kristallstruktur des minerals claudetit Monatshefte fur Chemie 109 277-282 | 1978 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0015770 | Claudetite | Becker K A, Plieth K, Stranski I N (1951) Strukturuntersuchung der monoklinen arsenikmodifikation claudetit Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 266 293-301 | 1951 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000053 | Claudetite | Frueh A J (1951) The crystal structure of claudetite (monoclinic As2O3) American Mineralogist 36 833-850 |  | 1951 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.924 Å | (25) |
| 3.454 Å | (50) |
| 3.356 Å | (20) |
| 3.328 Å | (18) |
| 3.245 Å | (100) |
| 2.771 Å | (35) |
| 2.264 Å | (25) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Claudetite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Thin plates, resembling selenite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In seams, in arsenopyrite ore.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Claudetite
Other Language Names for Claudetite
Dutch:Claudetiet
French:Acide arsénieux prismatique
German:Claudetit
Rhombarsenit
Rhombarsenit
Russian:Клаудетит
Spanish:Claudetita
Rhombarsenita
Rhombarsenita
Varieties of Claudetite
| Antimony-bearing Claudetite | A variety containing significant Sb. Possibly identical to stibioclaudetite? |
Relationship of Claudetite to other Species
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 15 photos of Claudetite associated with Kaatialaite | Fe3+[AsO2(OH)2]3 · 5H2O |
| 12 photos of Claudetite associated with Arsenolite | As2O3 |
| 10 photos of Claudetite associated with Native Arsenic | As |
| 4 photos of Claudetite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 4 photos of Claudetite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 3 photos of Claudetite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 2 photos of Claudetite associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 1 photo of Claudetite associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 1 photo of Claudetite associated with Cuyaite | Ca2Mn3+As3+14O24Cl |
| 1 photo of Claudetite associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CB. | Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S | Mg5Al11TiO23(OH) |
| 4.CB. | Kidodite | BaMg2Fe16O27 |
| 4.CB. | Ferrohögbomite-2N2S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB. | Zhenruite | (MoO3)2 · H2O |
| 4.CB. | Fuyuanite | Mg7Nb6O18(OH)8 |
| 4.CB. | Virgilluethite | MoO3 · H2O |
| 4.CB. | Pengite | (Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35 |
| 4.CB.05 | Brizziite | NaSb5+O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Tistarite | Ti3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ecandrewsite | ZnTiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Melanostibite | Mn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6 |
| 4.CB.05 | 'UM1998-11-O-AuHSb' | Au+2Sb3+O2(OH) |
| 4.CB.05 | Karelianite | V3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Eskolaite | Cr2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Geikielite | MgTiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Akimotoite | MgSiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | 'Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)' | FeCrO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | 'Auroantimonate' | AuSbO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hemleyite | Fe2+SiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Avicennite | Tl3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.15 | Armalcolite | MgTi4+2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Ferropseudobrookite | Fe2+Ti4+2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Griffinite | Al2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite Group | |
| 4.CB.15 | Sassite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite | Fe3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincovelesite-6N6S | Zn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH) |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S | (Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)Σ=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S | (Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N6S | [(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S | [(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | 'Ferrohögbomite-6N12S' | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N2S | [(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.25 | Kleberite | FeTi6O11(OH)5 |
| 4.CB.25 | Pseudorutile | Fe3+2Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.30 | Oxyvanite | V3+2V4+O5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Berdesinskiite | V3+2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Kaitianite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.35 | Machiite | Al2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Vestaite | (Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Olkhonskite | (Cr,V)2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Schreyerite | V3+2Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.40 | Zincorinmanite-(Zn) | Zn2Sb2(Fe3+4Zn2)O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Majindeite | Mg2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Almagreraite | CuZnMn4+3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Kamiokite | Fe2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Iseite | Mn2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite | Zn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.45 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Arsenolite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.55 | Valentinite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.60 | Bismite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.65 | Sphaerobismoite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.70 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 |
| 4.CB.75 | Kyzylkumite | V3+Ti2O5(OH) |
| 4.CB.80 | 'Tietaiyangite' | Fe3+4Fe2+TiO9 |
| 4.CB.85 | Liuite | FeTiO3 |
| 4.CB.90 | Luogufengite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.95 | Wangdaodeite | FeTiO3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
Contains arsenic in a highly soluble form - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest.
See:
http://membership.acs.org/c/ccs/pubs/CLIPS/JCE20020023.pdf
See:
http://membership.acs.org/c/ccs/pubs/CLIPS/JCE20020023.pdf
Internet Links for Claudetite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1060.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Claudetite
Reference List:
Palache, Charles (1934) Contributions to crystallography: claudetite; minasragrite; samsonite; native selenium; indium. American Mineralogist, 19 (5) 194-205
Becker, K. A.; Plieth, K.; Stranski, I. N. (1951) Strukturuntersuchung der monoklinen Arsenikmodifikation Claudetit. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 266 (6). 293-301 doi:10.1002/zaac.19512660604
Becker, K. A.; Plieth, K.; Stranski, I. N. (1952) Berichtigung zur Arbeit „Strukturuntersuchung der monoklinen Arsenikmodifikation Claudetit”︁. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 269 (1-2). 92 doi:10.1002/zaac.19522690111
Becker, K. A.; Plieth, K.; Stranski, I. N. (1954) Strukturuntersuchung der monoklinen Arsenikmodifikation Claudetit II. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 275 (6). 297-300 doi:10.1002/zaac.19542750603
Karutz, I.; Stranski, I. N. (1957) Über die Verdampfung von Arsenolith und Claudetit. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 292 (5-6). 330-342 doi:10.1002/zaac.19572920510
Becker, K. A.; Karge, H.; Stranski, I. N. (1965) Über die Stabilitätsbereiche der monoklinen Arsenikphasen Claudetit I und Claudetit II. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 44 (1_2). 1-6 doi:10.1524/zpch.1965.44.1_2.001
Localities for Claudetite
Showing 48 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Hebbard et al. (2017) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
Brazil | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... |
| Oviedo et al. (1991) |
| samples analysed by Jochen Schlüter |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
China | |
| Zhu et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| 86. +1 other reference | |
France | |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Dana 7:I:547. |
Germany | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1989) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1989) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wolfgang Stoll |
| John Sobolewski collection |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (2001) |
Morocco | |
| Jean-Pierre Barral specimens |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Quantification and controls on As ... |
North Macedonia | |
| Boev et al. (2001) |
| Färber (n.d.) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Pichler et al. (1999) |
Portugal (TL) | |
| Dana 7:I:456 +2 other references |
Romania | |
| Kristály et al. (2009) |
Russia | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
Slovakia | |
| Szabó J (1888) +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1990) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| [var: Antimony-bearing Claudetite] Leppington et al. (1998) |
USA | |
| Onac +2 other references |
| Palache (1934) +3 other references |
| Palache (1934) +4 other references |
| Landon (1927) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| Gibbs (1985) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
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