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Pseudorutile

A valid IMA mineral species

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Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia

Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia

Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia

Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia

Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia

Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia

Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia

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About PseudorutileHide

Formula:

Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉

Colour:

Dark steel-gray on fresh fractures, light brown to black

Lustre:

Metallic, Sub-Metallic

Hardness:

5½

Specific Gravity:

3.8

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Name:

Named for the relation to rutile.

Type Locality:

ⓘ South Neptune Island, South Australia, Australia

Closely related to kleberite. Chemically, but not structurally, the Fe analogue of machiite and schreyerite. The Fe analogue of (the Mn dominant) UM2004-26-O:FeMnTi.
Compare the chemically similar carmichaelite.

See also Arizonite (of Palmer).

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3296

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3296:0

IMA Classification of PseudorutileHide

IMA status:

Approved

IMA status notes:

Redefined by the IMA

First published:

1966

Approval history:

Redefined 1994 s.p.: Grey et al. (1994).

Type description reference:

TEUFER, G.; TEMPLE, A. K. (1966) Pseudorutile—a New Mineral Intermediate between Ilmenite and Rutile in the Natural Alteration of Ilmenite. Nature, 211 (5045). 179-181 doi:10.1038/211179b0

Classification of PseudorutileHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

4.CB.25

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

8.4.2.1

8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
4 : A₂B₃O₉

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.9.18

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Pdrt	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Pronunciation of PseudorutileHide

Pronunciation:

Play	Recorded by	Country
	Jolyon & Katya Ralph	United Kingdom

Physical Properties of PseudorutileHide

Lustre:

Metallic, Sub-Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Dark steel-gray on fresh fractures, light brown to black

Streak:

Reddish brown

Hardness:

5½ on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Fracture:

Sub-Conchoidal

Density:

3.8 g/cm³ (Measured) 4.82 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of PseudorutileHide

Type:

Uniaxial

Pleochroism:

Weak

Comments:

very weak in reds

Comments:

n = ∼2.62

Chemistry of PseudorutileHide

Mindat Formula:

Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	36.063 %
Ti	35.965 %
Fe	27.973 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Fe, O, Ti - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of PseudorutileHide

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Class (H-M):

622 - Trapezohedral

Space Group:

P6₃22

Cell Parameters:

a = 14.375(6) Å, c = 4.615(3) Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 0.321

Unit Cell V:

825.88 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

thin, irregular plates having fibrous texture; fine-grained, massive.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0000471	Pseudorutile	Grey I E, Reid A F (1975) The structure of pseudorutile and its role in the natural alteration of ilmenite American Mineralogist 60 898-906		1975		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Pseudorutile'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Grey I E'
'Reid A F'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 60 
_journal_year 1975
_journal_page_first 898
_journal_page_last 906
_publ_section_title
;
 The structure of pseudorutile and its role in the natural alteration of ilmenite
;
_database_code_amcsd 0000471
_chemical_formula_sum 'Fe4.728 Mn.272 Ti9.67 O27'
_cell_length_a 14.375
_cell_length_b 14.375
_cell_length_c 4.615
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 825.882
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      4.721
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 63 2 2'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  'x,x-y,1/2-z'
  'x-y,x,1/2+z'
  'y,x,-z'
  '-y,x-y,z'
  '-x+y,y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,1/2+z'
  '-x,-x+y,-z'
  '-x+y,-x,z'
  '-y,-x,1/2-z'
  'y,-x+y,1/2+z'
  'x-y,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Fe1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.24000   0.01393
Mn1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.02000   0.01393
Ti1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.49000   0.01393
Fe2   0.20600   0.00000   0.00000   0.06000   0.01393
Mn2   0.20600   0.00000   0.00000   0.00400   0.01393
Ti2   0.20600   0.00000   0.00000   0.12000   0.01393
Fe3   0.40000   0.00000   0.00000   0.00600   0.01393
Ti3   0.40000   0.00000   0.00000   0.01000   0.01393
Fe4   0.59100   0.00000   0.00000   0.31000   0.01393
Mn4   0.59100   0.00000   0.00000   0.02000   0.01393
Ti4   0.59100   0.00000   0.00000   0.64000   0.01393
Fe5   0.80900   0.00000   0.00000   0.26000   0.01393
Mn5   0.80900   0.00000   0.00000   0.02000   0.01393
Ti5   0.80900   0.00000   0.00000   0.53000   0.01393
Fe6   0.18400   0.37800   0.01800   0.21000   0.01393
Mn6   0.18400   0.37800   0.01800   0.01000   0.01393
Ti6   0.18400   0.37800   0.01800   0.44000   0.01393
Fe7   0.22400   0.60500   0.01700   0.22000   0.01393
Mn7   0.22400   0.60500   0.01700   0.01000   0.01393
Ti7   0.22400   0.60500   0.01700   0.44000   0.01393
O1   0.66700   0.33300   0.25000   1.00000   0.01773
O2   0.06600   0.13200   0.25000   1.00000   0.01773
O3   0.26000   0.52000   0.25000   1.00000   0.01773
O4   0.06700   0.53350   0.25000   1.00000   0.01773
O5   0.26000   0.13000   0.25000   1.00000   0.01773
O6   0.06700   0.33900   0.27200   1.00000   0.01773
O7   0.46900   0.12900   0.26800   1.00000   0.01773

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
1.6860 Å	(100)
2.481 Å	(80)
2.187 Å	(70)
2.784 Å	(20d)
3.897 Å	(15d)
2.2993 Å	(8)
1.6253 Å	(6d)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]

Type Occurrence of PseudorutileHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ South Neptune Island, South Australia, Australia

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, M42789.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Reference:

TEUFER, G.; TEMPLE, A. K. (1966) Pseudorutile—a New Mineral Intermediate between Ilmenite and Rutile in the Natural Alteration of Ilmenite. Nature, 211 (5045). 179-181 doi:10.1038/211179b0

Other Language Names for PseudorutileHide

Dutch:Pseudorutiel

German:Pseudorutil

Varieties of PseudorutileHide

Hydroxylian Pseudorutile

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with Kleberite	FeTi₆O₁₁(OH)₅
1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with Quartz	SiO₂
1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with Bixbyite-(Mn)	Mn³⁺₂O₃
1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.CB.	Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S	Mg₅Al₁₁TiO₂₃(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.	Kidodite	BaMg₂Fe₁₆O₂₇	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6₃/mmc
4.CB.	Ferrohögbomite-2N2S	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn,Al)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.	Zhenruite	(MoO₃)₂ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.	Fuyuanite	Mg₇Nb₆O₁₈(OH)₈	Trig. 3 : P3
4.CB.	Virgilluethite	MoO₃ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.	Pengite	(Pb₈Sb³⁺₃)_Σ11Sb⁵⁺₉O₃₅	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.05	Brizziite	NaSb⁵⁺O₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Tistarite	Ti³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Hematite	Fe₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Ecandrewsite	ZnTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Melanostibite	Mn²⁺₂Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₆	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'UM1998-11-O-AuHSb'	Au⁺₂Sb³⁺O₂(OH)
4.CB.05	Karelianite	V³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Corundum	Al₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Eskolaite	Cr₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Akimotoite	MgSiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)'	FeCrO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Auroantimonate'	AuSbO₃
4.CB.05	Hemleyite	Fe²⁺SiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Fe)	(Fe,Mn)₂O₃	Iso.
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Mn³⁺₂O₃	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Ia3
4.CB.10	Avicennite	Tl³⁺₂O₃	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Ia3
4.CB.15	Armalcolite	MgTi⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.CB.15	Ferropseudobrookite	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Griffinite	Al₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite Group
4.CB.15	Sassite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.20	Zincovelesite-6N6S	Zn₃(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺,Al,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S	(Mg_8.43Fe²⁺_1.57)_Σ=10Al₂₂Ti⁴⁺₂O₄₆(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S	(Mg₆Al₂)(Al₁₈Fe³⁺₂)O₃₈(OH)₂	Trig. 3m : P3m1
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N6S	[(Zn,Mg)₇(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₁₆O₃₁(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺,Zn)₄(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₀O₁₉(OH)]₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃[Al₇(Ti,Fe³⁺)]O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	'Ferrohögbomite-6N12S'	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn)₅(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₂O₂₃(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N2S	[(Zn,Al,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.25	Kleberite	FeTi₆O₁₁(OH)₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.30	Oxyvanite	V³⁺₂V⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.30	Berdesinskiite	V³⁺₂TiO₅	Mon.
4.CB.30	Kaitianite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Machiite	Al₂Ti₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Vestaite	(Ti⁴⁺Fe²⁺)Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Olkhonskite	(Cr,V)₂Ti₃O₉	Mon.
4.CB.35	Schreyerite	V³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.40	Zincorinmanite-(Zn)	Zn₂Sb₂(Fe³⁺₄Zn₂)O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Majindeite	Mg₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Almagreraite	CuZnMn⁴⁺₃O₈	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
4.CB.40	Kamiokite	Fe₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Nolanite	V³⁺₈Fe³⁺₂O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Iseite	Mn₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Rinmanite	Zn₂Sb₂Mg₂Fe₄O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6 : P6₃
4.CB.45	Stibioclaudetite	AsSbO₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.45	Claudetite	As₂O₃	Mon. 2/m
4.CB.50	Senarmontite	Sb₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.50	Arsenolite	As₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.55	Valentinite	Sb₂O₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pccn
4.CB.60	Bismite	Bi₂O₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.65	Sphaerobismoite	Bi₂O₃	Tet.
4.CB.70	Sillénite	Bi₁₂SiO₂₀	Iso. 23 : I23
4.CB.75	Kyzylkumite	V³⁺Ti₂O₅(OH)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.80	'Tietaiyangite'	Fe³⁺₄Fe²⁺TiO₉	Hex.
4.CB.85	Liuite	FeTiO₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.CB.90	Luogufengite	Fe₂O₃	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
4.CB.95	Wangdaodeite	FeTiO₃	Trig. 3m : R3c

Other InformationHide

Notes:

magnetic

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for PseudorutileHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3296.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for PseudorutileHide

Reference List:

KARKHANAVALA, M. D., MOMIN, A. C. (1959) Subsolidus Reactions in the System Fe2O3- TiO2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 42 (8). 399-402 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb13600.x

TEUFER, G.; TEMPLE, A. K. (1966) Pseudorutile—a New Mineral Intermediate between Ilmenite and Rutile in the Natural Alteration of Ilmenite. Nature, 211 (5045). 179-181 doi:10.1038/211179b0

Larrett, M.J.W., Spencer, W.G. (1971) Contributions to Australasian Mineralogy, 3. "Pseudorutile" from South Neptune Island, South Australia. Amdel Bulletin: 12: 74-80.

Grey, Ian E., Reid, Alan F. (1975) The structure of pseudorutile and its role in the natural alteration of ilmenite. American Mineralogist, 60 (9-10) 898-906

Wort, M. J., Jones, M. P. (1980) X-ray diffraction and magnetic studies of altered ilmenite and pseudorutile. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (329) 659-663 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.329.16

Melcher, F. (1991) Fe-Ti-Oxide assemblages in the basal parts of the Central Alpine Brenner Mesozoic, Tyrol/Austria. Mineralogy and Petrology, 44 (3) 197-212 doi:10.1007/bf01166963

Mücke, A.; Bhadra Chaudhuri, J.N. (1991) The continuous alteration of ilmenite through pseudorutile to leucoxene. Ore Geology Reviews, 6 (1). 25-44 doi:10.1016/0169-1368(91)90030-b

Grey, Ian E., Watts, John A., Bayliss, Peter (1994) Mineralogical nomenclature: pseudorutile revalidated and neotype given. Mineralogical Magazine, 58 (393) 597-600 doi:10.1180/minmag.1994.058.393.07

American Mineralogist (1995): 80: 1077.

Tetsopgang, S., Koyanagi, J., Enami, M., Kihara, K. (2003) Hydroxylian pseudorutile in an adamellite from the Nkambe area, Cameroon. Mineralogical Magazine, 67 (3) 509-516 doi:10.1180/0026461036730113

Grey, I. E., Li, C. (2003) Hydroxylian pseudorutile derived from picroilmenite in the Murray Basin, southeastern Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 67 (4) 733-747 doi:10.1180/0026461036740130

(2005) Pseudorutile. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Grey, I. E., Bordet, P., Wilson, N. C., Townend, R., Bastow, T. J., Brunelli, M. (2010) A new Al-rich hydroxylian pseudorutile from Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Mineralogist, 95 (1) 161-170 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3330

Medaris, L. G., Fournelle, J. H. (2012) Pseudorutile in the Baraboo Range, Wisconsin: first recognition as a metamorphic mineral. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50 (5) 1165-1172 doi:10.3749/canmin.50.5.1165

Schulz, B., Haser, S. (2015) The ilmenite-pseudorutile-leucoxene alteration sequence in placer sediments in the view of automated SEM mineral liberation analysis. GeoBerlin: 2015: 336.

Imperial, Alexis, Pe-Piper, Georgia, Piper, David J. W., Grey, Ian E. (2022) Identifying Pseudorutile and Kleberite Using Raman Spectroscopy. Minerals, 12 (10) 1210 doi:10.3390/min12101210

Localities for PseudorutileHide

Showing 44 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Algeria
Ouargla Province Hassi Messaoud District Hassi Messaoud ⓘ Ain Taiba	Hejny et al. (2002)

Antarctica
East Antarctica Princess Elizabeth Land Ingrid Christensen Coast Prydz Bay Larsemann Hills ⓘ Brattnevet Peninsula	Grew et al. (2007)
ⓘ Lied promontory	Babenko et al. (2026)

Australia
New South Wales Taila Co. ⓘ Mineral Sands deposit	[var: Hydroxylian Pseudorutile] Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection
South Australia ⓘ South Neptune Island (TL)	Grey et al. (1994)
Tasmania King Island municipality King Island Naracoopa ⓘ Naracoopa Rutile mine (Kibuka mines; Naracoopa Mineral Sands Mine)	Bottrill & Bacon in prep
Victoria Northern Grampians Shire Carapooee ⓘ Alluvial gold mine	Birch et al. (2007) +1 other reference
Swan Hill Rural City Lake Boga ⓘ Lake Boga granite quarry	Mills (2004)

Austria
Salzburg Hallein District Scheffau am Tennengebirge Moosegg ⓘ Moosegg gypsum mine	Kolitsch et al. (2026)
Tyrol Innsbruck-Land District Fulpmes ⓘ Serles north slope	Melcher (1991) +1 other reference

Brazil
Sergipe Brejo Grande ⓘ Jiboia deposit	de Menezes et al. (2024)

Cameroon
Northwest Region Donga-Mantung Nkambe ⓘ Adamellite outcrop	[var: Hydroxylian Pseudorutile] Tetsopgang et al. (2003)

Canada
Northwest Territories ⓘ O'Grady Lake area	Ercit et al. (2003)
Ontario Parry Sound District Chapman Township ⓘ Blue Star mine	Ercit (1994)
Québec Montréal ⓘ Francon quarry	176-178. +2 other references

Czech Republic
Liberec Region ⓘ North Bohemian Uranium District	Scharm +7 other references
Vysočina Region Třebíč District ⓘ Klučov	Škoda et al. (2016) +1 other reference

Germany
Saxony-Anhalt Anhalt-Bitterfeld Bitterfeld-Wolfen Bitterfeld ⓘ Goitzsche open cast	Bautsch et al. (1978)
Saxony Leipzig District Frohburg ⓘ Roda	Bautsch et al. (1978) +1 other reference
Mittelsachsen Claußnitz Diethensdorf ⓘ Diethensdorf Quarry	www.uni-wuerzburg.de (n.d.)
Halsbrücke Hetzdorf ⓘ Landsberg	Bautsch et al. (1978) +1 other reference
Königshain-Wiederau ⓘ Alluvial sands	Bautsch et al. (1978)

Greece
North Aegean ⓘ Icaria	Iliopoulos et al. (2004)

Hungary
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Miskolc District Bükkszentkereszt ⓘ Bagoly Hill	Gál P. (2014)

Indonesia
Bangka-Belitung Province ⓘ Bangka Island	Zglinicki et al. (2021)

Kazakhstan
Ulytau Region Satpayev ⓘ Satpayevskoye deposit	Suiekpayev et al. (2019) +1 other reference

Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Kłodzko County Gmina Nowa Ruda Przygórze Bolesław Mine ⓘ Przygórze heap	Ł. Kruszewski
Pomeranian Voivodeship Człuchów County Przechlewo commune Nowa Brda ⓘ Brda-2 borehole	Godyń et al. (2002)

Russia
Krasnoyarsk Krai Yeniseisk District ⓘ Serchanskoe deposit	Dai et al. (2022)
Sakha ⓘ Kildyam volcano complex	Kostin (2021)
Tambov Oblast ⓘ Tsentral'noe Ti-Zr deposit	Patyk-Kara et al. (2008)
Zabaykalsky Krai Kalarsky District ⓘ Katugin Ta-Nb deposit	Sklyarov et al. (2016)

Senegal
Thiès Region Tivaouane ⓘ Grande Côte Operation	Delaporte (2020)

Slovakia
Trenčín Region Považská Bystrica District Stupné ⓘ Stupné quarry	Uher et al. (2015)

South Africa
Western Cape West Coast District Municipality Matzikama Local Municipality ⓘ Namakwa Sands Mine	Macdonald et al. (1997)

Ukraine
Donetsk Oblast Volnovakha Raion ⓘ Dmitrievskii quarry	Sharygin et al. (2011)

USA
Colorado El Paso County ⓘ Stove Mountain (Cookstove Mountain)	Hanson et al. (2013)
Park County ⓘ McGuire pegmatite (Lone Lode; Lonesome pegmatite)	AmMin 84:754-763
ⓘ Florida	www.smmp.net/IMA-CM/ctms_p.pdf.
New Jersey Ocean County ⓘ Lakehurst (Lakehurst Borough)	rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.)
Wisconsin Sauk County North Freedom ⓘ Drill hole	55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009)
Wyoming Crook County ⓘ Bear Lodge Mining District	Andersen et al. (2017)

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Pseudorutile

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