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Ecandrewsite

A valid IMA mineral species

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Photos of Ecandrewsite (2)Discuss Ecandrewsite

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Edit Ecandrewsite Add Synonym Edit CIF structures Clear Cache

Ecandrewsite, etc.

Sítio do Castelo Mine, Folgosinho, Gouveia, Guarda, Portugal

Ecandrewsite, etc.

Melbourne Rockwell mine, Little Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

Ecandrewsite, etc.

Sítio do Castelo Mine, Folgosinho, Gouveia, Guarda, Portugal

Ecandrewsite, etc.

Melbourne Rockwell mine, Little Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

Ecandrewsite, etc.

Sítio do Castelo Mine, Folgosinho, Gouveia, Guarda, Portugal

Ecandrewsite, etc.

Melbourne Rockwell mine, Little Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

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About EcandrewsiteHide

Ernest C. Andrews

Formula:

ZnTiO₃

Colour:

Dark brown, black

Lustre:

Sub-Metallic

Hardness:

Specific Gravity:

4.98 (Calculated)

Crystal System:

Trigonal

Member of:

Ilmenite Group

Name:

Named in 1988 by W.D. Birch, E.A.J. Burke, V.J. Wall and M.A. Etheridge in honor of Ernest Clayton Andrews (18 October 1870, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia - 1 July 1948, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia), formerly New South Wales government geologist, who mapped the Broken Hill region.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Melbourne Rockwell mine, Little Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

The zinc analogue of Geikielite, Ilmenite, and Pyrophanite. Forms series with all of the latter species.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

1346

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:1346:4

IMA Classification of EcandrewsiteHide

IMA status:

Approved

IMA Formula:

Zn²⁺Ti⁴⁺O₃

Approval year:

1978

First published:

1988

Classification of EcandrewsiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

4.CB.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

4.3.5.4

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A₂X₃

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.9.30

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Ec	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Ec	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Ecn	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of EcandrewsiteHide

Lustre:

Sub-Metallic

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Dark brown, black

Streak:

Brown-black

Hardness:

5 on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=500 - 600 kg/mm² - Vickers

Cleavage:

None Observed

Density:

4.98 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of EcandrewsiteHide

Type:

Uniaxial (+)

Anisotropism:

Strong, greenish grey to dark brownish grey

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)	R₂ (%)
470nm	17.2%	19.9%
546nm	17.2%	19.7%
589nm	17.0%	19.6%
650nm	16.8%	19.2%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 19.9%.
R₁ shown in black, R₂ shown in red

Colour in reflected light:

Greyish-white

Pleochroism:

Weak

Chemistry of EcandrewsiteHide

Mindat Formula:

ZnTiO₃

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Zn	40.547 %
O	29.767 %
Ti	29.686 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

O, Ti, Zn - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of EcandrewsiteHide

Crystal System:

Trigonal

Class (H-M):

3 - Rhombohedral

Space Group:

Cell Parameters:

a = 5.09 Å, c = 14.03 Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 2.756

Unit Cell V:

314.79 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Tabular crystals.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0006000	Ecandrewsite	Mitchell R H, Liferovich R P (2004) The pyrophanite-ecandrewsite solid-solution: crystal structures of the Mn1-xZnxSiO3 series (0.1 <= x <= 0.8) The Canadian Mineralogist 42 1871-1880		2004		0	293
0005999	Ecandrewsite	Mitchell R H, Liferovich R P (2004) The pyrophanite-ecandrewsite solid-solution: crystal structures of the Mn1-xZnxSiO3 series (0.1 <= x <= 0.8) The Canadian Mineralogist 42 1871-1880		2004		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Ecandrewsite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Mitchell R H'
'Liferovich R P'
_journal_name_full 'The Canadian Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 42 
_journal_year 2004
_journal_page_first 1871
_journal_page_last 1880
_publ_section_title
;
 The pyrophanite-ecandrewsite solid-solution: crystal structures
 of the Mn1-xZnxSiO3 series (0.1 <= x <= 0.8)
 Sample: x = .8, ilmenite structure
;
_database_code_amcsd 0006000
_chemical_formula_sum '(Mn.2 Zn.8) Ti O3'
_cell_length_a 5.08849
_cell_length_b 5.08849
_cell_length_c 13.9937
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 313.791
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      5.054
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'R -3'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '2/3+x,1/3+y,1/3+z'
  '1/3+x,2/3+y,2/3+z'
  'y,-x+y,-z'
  '2/3+y,1/3-x+y,1/3-z'
  '1/3+y,2/3-x+y,2/3-z'
  '-x+y,-x,z'
  '2/3-x+y,1/3-x,1/3+z'
  '1/3-x+y,2/3-x,2/3+z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '2/3-x,1/3-y,1/3-z'
  '1/3-x,2/3-y,2/3-z'
  '-y,x-y,z'
  '2/3-y,1/3+x-y,1/3+z'
  '1/3-y,2/3+x-y,2/3+z'
  'x-y,x,-z'
  '2/3+x-y,1/3+x,1/3-z'
  '1/3+x-y,2/3+x,2/3-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Mn   0.00000   0.00000   0.36134   0.20000   0.00507
Zn   0.00000   0.00000   0.36134   0.80000   0.00507
Ti   0.00000   0.00000   0.14687   1.00000   0.00760
O   0.31952   0.02740   0.24300   1.00000   0.00633

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.73 Å	(100)
2.53 Å	(90)
1.71 Å	(70)
2.23 Å	(60)
1.87 Å	(40)
3.69 Å	(20)
1.502 Å	(20)
1.469 Å	(20)

Comments:

San Valentin mine, Spain. Data from the type description.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits

Type Occurrence of EcandrewsiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Melbourne Rockwell mine, Little Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

General Appearance of Type Material:

Euhedral grains up to 250 x 50 µm with a tabular habit, and as intergrowths with zincian ilmenite up to 50 µm across.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Melbourne Rockwell mine at Museum of Victoria (M35700)
San Valentin occurrence are deposited in the collections of the Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Disseminated in quartz-rich metasediments of amphibolite-granulite facies.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Ilmenite

Synonyms of EcandrewsiteHide

IMA1978-082

Other Language Names for EcandrewsiteHide

Dutch:Ecandrewsiet

German:Ecandrewsit

Russian:Экандрюсит

Spanish:Ecandrewsita

Relationship of Ecandrewsite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Ilmenite Group

Other Members of Ilmenite Group:

Akimotoite	MgSiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
Hemleyite	Fe²⁺SiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
'Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)'	FeCrO₃	Trig. 3 : R3

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

1 photo of Ecandrewsite associated with 'Almandine-Spessartine Series'
1 photo of Ecandrewsite associated with Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
1 photo of Ecandrewsite associated with Frondelite	(Mn²⁺_0.5Fe³⁺_0.5)₂Fe³⁺₃(PO₄)₃(OH)₅

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.CB.	Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S	Mg₅Al₁₁TiO₂₃(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.	Kidodite	BaMg₂Fe₁₆O₂₇	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6₃/mmc
4.CB.	Ferrohögbomite-2N2S	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn,Al)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.	Zhenruite	(MoO₃)₂ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.	Fuyuanite	Mg₇Nb₆O₁₈(OH)₈	Trig. 3 : P3
4.CB.	Virgilluethite	MoO₃ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.	Pengite	(Pb₈Sb³⁺₃)_Σ11Sb⁵⁺₉O₃₅	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.05	Brizziite	NaSb⁵⁺O₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Tistarite	Ti³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Hematite	Fe₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Melanostibite	Mn²⁺₂Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₆	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'UM1998-11-O-AuHSb'	Au⁺₂Sb³⁺O₂(OH)
4.CB.05	Karelianite	V³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Corundum	Al₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Eskolaite	Cr₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Akimotoite	MgSiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)'	FeCrO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Auroantimonate'	AuSbO₃
4.CB.05	Hemleyite	Fe²⁺SiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Fe)	(Fe,Mn)₂O₃	Iso.
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Mn³⁺₂O₃	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Ia3
4.CB.10	Avicennite	Tl³⁺₂O₃	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Ia3
4.CB.15	Armalcolite	MgTi⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.CB.15	Ferropseudobrookite	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Griffinite	Al₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite Group
4.CB.15	Sassite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.20	Zincovelesite-6N6S	Zn₃(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺,Al,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S	(Mg_8.43Fe²⁺_1.57)_Σ=10Al₂₂Ti⁴⁺₂O₄₆(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S	(Mg₆Al₂)(Al₁₈Fe³⁺₂)O₃₈(OH)₂	Trig. 3m : P3m1
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N6S	[(Zn,Mg)₇(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₁₆O₃₁(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺,Zn)₄(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₀O₁₉(OH)]₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃[Al₇(Ti,Fe³⁺)]O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	'Ferrohögbomite-6N12S'	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn)₅(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₂O₂₃(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N2S	[(Zn,Al,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.25	Kleberite	FeTi₆O₁₁(OH)₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.25	Pseudorutile	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Hex. 622 : P6₃22
4.CB.30	Oxyvanite	V³⁺₂V⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.30	Berdesinskiite	V³⁺₂TiO₅	Mon.
4.CB.30	Kaitianite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Machiite	Al₂Ti₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Vestaite	(Ti⁴⁺Fe²⁺)Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Olkhonskite	(Cr,V)₂Ti₃O₉	Mon.
4.CB.35	Schreyerite	V³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.40	Zincorinmanite-(Zn)	Zn₂Sb₂(Fe³⁺₄Zn₂)O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Majindeite	Mg₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Almagreraite	CuZnMn⁴⁺₃O₈	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
4.CB.40	Kamiokite	Fe₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Nolanite	V³⁺₈Fe³⁺₂O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Iseite	Mn₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Rinmanite	Zn₂Sb₂Mg₂Fe₄O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6 : P6₃
4.CB.45	Stibioclaudetite	AsSbO₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.45	Claudetite	As₂O₃	Mon. 2/m
4.CB.50	Senarmontite	Sb₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.50	Arsenolite	As₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.55	Valentinite	Sb₂O₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pccn
4.CB.60	Bismite	Bi₂O₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.65	Sphaerobismoite	Bi₂O₃	Tet.
4.CB.70	Sillénite	Bi₁₂SiO₂₀	Iso. 23 : I23
4.CB.75	Kyzylkumite	V³⁺Ti₂O₅(OH)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.80	'Tietaiyangite'	Fe³⁺₄Fe²⁺TiO₉	Hex.
4.CB.85	Liuite	FeTiO₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.CB.90	Luogufengite	Fe₂O₃	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
4.CB.95	Wangdaodeite	FeTiO₃	Trig. 3m : R3c

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for EcandrewsiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-1346.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for EcandrewsiteHide

Reference List:

Birch, W. D., Burke, E. A. J., Wall, V. J., Etheridge, M. A. (1988) Ecandrewsite, the zinc analogue of ilmenite, from Little Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, and the San Valentin Mine, Sierra de Cartegena, Spain. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (365) 237-240 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.365.10

Jambor, John L., Puziewicz, Jacek (1989) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 74 (3-4) 500-504

Whitney, D. L., Hirschmann, M., Miller, M. G. (1993) Zincian ilmenite-ecandrewsite from a pelitic schist, Death Valley, California, and the paragenesis of (Zn,Fe)TiO3 solid solution in metamorphic rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist, 31 (2). 425-436 doi:10.3749/1499-1276-31.2.425

Liferovich, Ruslan P., Mitchell, Roger H. (2004) Geikielite–ecandrewsite solid solutions: synthesis and crystal structures of the Mg_1−xZn_xTiO₃ (0 ≤x≤ 0.8) series. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 60 (5) 496-501 doi:10.1107/s0108768104017963

Mitchell, R. H., Liferovich, R. P. (2004) Ecandrewsite — zincian pyrophanite from lujavrite, Pilansberg alkaline complex, South Africa. The Canadian Mineralogist, 42 (4) 1169-1178 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.42.4.1169

Mitchell, R. H., LIferovich, R. P. (2004) The pyrophanite-ecandrewsite solid-solution: crystal structures of the Mn_1-xZn_xTiO₃ series (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) The Canadian Mineralogist, 42 (6) 1871-1880 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.42.6.1871

(2005) Ecandrewsite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Liferovich, Ruslan P., Mitchell, Roger H. (2005) Rhombohedral ilmenite group nickel titanates with Zn, Mg, and Mn: synthesis and crystal structures. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 32 (5) 442-449 doi:10.1007/s00269-005-0020-7

Espeche, María José; Lira, Raúl (2022) Ecandrewsite (ZnTiO3) in amphibolites, Sierras de Córdoba, Argentina: Mineral chemistry and comparison with different worldwide paragenetic occurrences. The Canadian Mineralogist, 60 (4). 677-686 doi:10.3749/canmin.2100055

Localities for EcandrewsiteHide

Showing 18 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Argentina
Córdoba Province San Alberto Department Ambul District ⓘ Sierras de Córdoba	Espeche et al. (2022)

Australia (TL)
New South Wales Yancowinna Co. Broken Hill district Little Broken Hill ⓘ Melbourne Rockwell mine (TL)	Birch et al. (1988) +1 other reference
ⓘ Lady Bevys Mine (Lady Bevis Mine)	Munro-Smith (2006)
Western Australia Yalgoo Shire Golden Grove Mine ⓘ Scuddles deposit	Le Gleuher M. (2008)

Austria
Lower Austria Amstetten District Neustadtl an der Donau ⓘ Silberlucken Mine	Niedermayr et al. (2001)

China
Inner Mongolia Tongliao City (Tongliao Prefecture) Jarud Banner (Zalute Co.) ⓘ Baerzhe complex	Wu et al. (2021)

Egypt
Red Sea Governorate ⓘ Gidami deposit	Zoheir et al. (2022)

India
Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Division Chhindwara District ⓘ Koparpani prospect	Ghosh et al. (2007)

Madagascar
Atsimo-Andrefana Ampanihy District Maniry ⓘ Vohidrakitsy deposits	Dekoninck et al. (2024)

Portugal
Guarda Gouveia Folgosinho ⓘ Sítio do Castelo Mine	Alves et al. (2012)

Russia
Murmansk Oblast Belye Tundry Massif ⓘ Zirkonovoe pegmatite body (Zirkonovoye)	Voloshin et al. (2005) +1 other reference

South Africa
North West Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Moses Kotane Local Municipality ⓘ Pilanesberg Alkaline Ring Complex	Mitchell et al. (2004)
ⓘ Pilanesberg Mountain	Mitchell et al. (2004)

Spain
Murcia La Unión Portman ⓘ San José	Manteca (2013)
ⓘ San Valentín Mine	Birch et al. (1988)

UK
England Cornwall Illogan Robarts Mine (incl. East Wheal Seton; Wheal Maude) ⓘ Wheal Whitfield (North Carn Brea Mine; North Tincroft Mine)	LeBoutillier et al. (2000)

Ukraine
Donetsk Oblast Volnovakha Raion ⓘ Dmitrievskii quarry	Sharygin et al. (2011)

USA
California Inyo County Amargosa Range Black Mountains ⓘ Badwater Turtleback core complex	Whitney et al. (1993)

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