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Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USAi
Regional Level Types
Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining DistrictMining District
St. Lawrence CountyCounty
New YorkState
USACountry

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04040650017272037504884.jpg
Balmat Zinc Mine Shaft No.2

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
01681840017272037516798.jpg
Ventilation shaft near Balmat Zinc Mine Pit No 2

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
04078920017360821651527.jpg
Violan, etc.

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
02027860017272037413763.jpg
Balmat Zinc Mine Shaft No.2

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
05340750017272037421421.jpg
Ventilation shaft near Balmat Zinc Mine Pit No 2

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
04078920017360821651527.jpg
Violan, etc.

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
04040650017272037504884.jpg
Balmat Zinc Mine Shaft No.2

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
01681840017272037516798.jpg
Ventilation shaft near Balmat Zinc Mine Pit No 2

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
44° 16' 59'' North , 75° 19' 58'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
44.28331,-75.33292
GRN:
N30W39
Type:
Mining District
Köppen climate type:
Dfb : Warm-summer humid continental climate
Mindat Locality ID:
14968
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:14968:5
GUID (UUID V4):
0


Structure: Numerous Folds, Crossfolds, Drag Folds, Fault Zones Sylvia Lake Syncline Ore Deposits In Overturned Limb Of An Anticlinorium

Alteration: Dolomitization And Silicification

Tectonics: Grenville Lowlands

Deposit: Orebodies 0.5 to 15 m thick, 15 to 250 m long.

Deposit type: Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb

Development: Balmat discovered 1838, drilled 1927, productive period 1930-2001, 2004-2008. Edwards discovered 1903, productive period 1915 - 1980. Hyatt discovered 1917, productive years 1918-22, 1930-49, 1974 - 1983. Pierrepont discovered 1979, productive years 1982 - 2001.

Geology: Ore consists primarily of pyrite-sphalerite-galena replacements of metasedimentary rocks of the Proterozoic Grenville Supergroup that were metamorphosed and deformed during the Grenville orogeny. The ore bodies are found in siliceous dolomitic marbles of the Upper Marble Formation and, while massive stratabound and stratiform, are localized in channels of microbrecciations. Numerous folds, crossfolds, drag folds, and fault zones. Ore deposits are in the overturned limb on an anticlinorium.

Rock formation(s): Upper Marble Formation


Ore(s): Stratigraphic Control

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.


Mineral List


36 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded


Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Actinolite
Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Andradite
Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Anhydrite
Formula: CaSO4
ⓘ Anthophyllite
Formula: ◻Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
ⓘ Celestine
Formula: SrSO4
ⓘ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'
ⓘ Chrysotile
Formula: Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup var. Violan'
References:
James Cheshire
ⓘ Diopside
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
ⓘ Galena
Formula: PbS
ⓘ Geocronite
Formula: Pb14Sb6S23
ⓘ Goethite
Formula: Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ Greenockite
Formula: CdS
ⓘ Grossular
Formula: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Gypsum
Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘ Haüyne
Formula: Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
ⓘ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
ⓘ Hydrozincite
Formula: Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6
ⓘ Ilvaite
Formula: CaFe3+Fe2+2(Si2O7)O(OH)
ⓘ Jordanite
Formula: Pb14As6S23
ⓘ 'Limonite'
ⓘ Lopatkaite
Formula: Pb5Sb3AsS11
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Orpiment
Formula: As2S3
ⓘ Orthoclase
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘ Pargasite
Formula: NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
ⓘ Realgar
Formula: As4S4
ⓘ Rhodonite
Formula: CaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
ⓘ 'Scapolite'
ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'
Formula: D3[Si2O5](OH)4
ⓘ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
ⓘ Talc
Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'
Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S
ⓘ Tremolite
Formula: ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite
Formula: ◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘ Wurtzite
Formula: (Zn,Fe)S

Gallery:

CaCO3ⓘ Calcite
trans.png
Calcite, etc.

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Calcite, etc.

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Calcite, etc.

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6ⓘ Hydrozincite
trans.png
Hydrozincite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hydrozincite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hydrozincite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
ZnSⓘ Sphalerite
trans.png
Sphalerite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Sphalerite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Sphalerite, etc.

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Sphalerite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Sphalerite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Sphalerite, etc.

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Sphalerite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Sphalerite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2ⓘ Tremolite
trans.png
Tremolite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Tremolite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Tremolite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2ⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
trans.png
Hexagonite

Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘChalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
ⓘGreenockite2.CB.45CdS
ⓘWurtzite2.CB.45(Zn,Fe)S
ⓘPyrrhotite2.CC.10Fe1-xS
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
ⓘMarcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
ⓘRealgar2.FA.15aAs4S4
ⓘOrpiment2.FA.30As2S3
ⓘ'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'2.GB.05Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S
ⓘLopatkaite2.HC.50Pb5Sb3AsS11
ⓘGeocronite2.JB.30aPb14Sb6S23
ⓘJordanite2.JB.30aPb14As6S23
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘGoethite4.00.Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘQuartz4.DA.05SiO2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘHydrozincite5.BA.15Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘAnhydrite7.AD.30CaSO4
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
ⓘCelestine7.AD.35SrSO4
ⓘGypsum7.CD.40CaSO4 · 2H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘChrysotile9.00.Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘAndradite9.AD.25Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘGrossular9.AD.25Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘIlvaite9.BE.07CaFe3+Fe2+2(Si2O7)O(OH)
ⓘDiopside9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘAnthophyllite9.DD.05◻Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘActinolite9.DE.10◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘTremolite9.DE.10◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘvar. Hexagonite9.DE.10◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘPargasite9.DE.15NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
ⓘRhodonite9.DK.05CaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
ⓘTalc9.EC.05Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘOrthoclase9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘHaüyne9.FB.10Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Unclassified
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Chlorite Group'-
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Clinopyroxene Subgroup
var. Violan'		-
ⓘ'Scapolite'-
ⓘ'Serpentine Subgroup'-D3[Si2O5](OH)4

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ Anthophyllite◻Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Hⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Hⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6
Hⓘ IlvaiteCaFe3+Fe22+(Si2O7)O(OH)
Hⓘ PargasiteNaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Hⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Hⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
CCarbon
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6
OOxygen
Oⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Oⓘ AnhydriteCaSO4
Oⓘ Anthophyllite◻Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Oⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Oⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Oⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Oⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Oⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Oⓘ HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6
Oⓘ IlvaiteCaFe3+Fe22+(Si2O7)O(OH)
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ PargasiteNaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Oⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Oⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
FFluorine
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
NaSodium
Naⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Naⓘ PargasiteNaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ Anthophyllite◻Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Mgⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Mgⓘ PargasiteNaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Mgⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Alⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Alⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ PargasiteNaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
SiSilicon
Siⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Siⓘ Anthophyllite◻Mg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ ChrysotileMg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Siⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Siⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Siⓘ IlvaiteCaFe3+Fe22+(Si2O7)O(OH)
Siⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ PargasiteNaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Siⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Siⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ Serpentine SubgroupD3[Si2O5](OH)4
SSulfur
Sⓘ AnhydriteCaSO4
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Sⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sⓘ GalenaPbS
Sⓘ GeocronitePb14Sb6S23
Sⓘ GreenockiteCdS
Sⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Sⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Sⓘ JordanitePb14As6S23
Sⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Sⓘ OrpimentAs2S3
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
Sⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sⓘ RealgarAs4S4
Sⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Sⓘ Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S
Sⓘ Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)S
Sⓘ LopatkaitePb5Sb3AsS11
KPotassium
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Caⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Caⓘ AnhydriteCaSO4
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Caⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Caⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Caⓘ HaüyneNa3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4)
Caⓘ IlvaiteCaFe3+Fe22+(Si2O7)O(OH)
Caⓘ PargasiteNaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2
Caⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Caⓘ Tremolite◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
MnManganese
Mnⓘ RhodoniteCaMn3Mn[Si5O15]
Mnⓘ Tremolite var. Hexagonite◻{Ca2}{(Mg,Mn)5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
FeIron
Feⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feⓘ GoethiteFe3+O(OH)
Feⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Feⓘ IlvaiteCaFe3+Fe22+(Si2O7)O(OH)
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Feⓘ Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)S
CuCopper
Cuⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Cuⓘ Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S
ZnZinc
Znⓘ HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6
Znⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Znⓘ Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)S
AsArsenic
Asⓘ JordanitePb14As6S23
Asⓘ OrpimentAs2S3
Asⓘ RealgarAs4S4
Asⓘ LopatkaitePb5Sb3AsS11
SrStrontium
Srⓘ CelestineSrSO4
CdCadmium
Cdⓘ GreenockiteCdS
SbAntimony
Sbⓘ GeocronitePb14Sb6S23
Sbⓘ Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S
Sbⓘ LopatkaitePb5Sb3AsS11
BaBarium
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
PbLead
Pbⓘ GalenaPbS
Pbⓘ GeocronitePb14Sb6S23
Pbⓘ JordanitePb14As6S23
Pbⓘ LopatkaitePb5Sb3AsS11

Other Databases

Link to USGS MRDS:10073156

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

North AmericaContinent
North America PlateTectonic Plate

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

BROWN, J.S., (1947), POROSITY AND ORE DEPOSITION OAT EDWARDS AND BALMAT, NEW YORK: GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN, V. 58, P. 505-546.
Engel, A. E. J. (1962). The Precambrian geology and talc deposits of the Balmat-Edwards district, northwest Adirondack Mountains, New York (ofr No. 62-43). US Geological Survey.
LEA, E.R., AND DILL, D.B., JR., (1968), ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE BALMAT-EDWARDS DISTRICT, NEW YORK: IN RIDGE, J.D., ED., ORE DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES 1933-1967 (GRATON-SALES VOLUME) V. 1: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING, METALLURGICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERS, P. 20-48.
McLelland, James, Chiarenzelli, Jeffrey, Perham, Andrew (1992) Age, Field, and Petrological Relationships of the Hyde School Gneiss, Adirondack Lowlands, New York: Criteria for an Intrusive Igneous Origin. The Journal of Geology, 100 (1) 69-90 doi:10.1086/629572
DELORRAINE, W.F., DILL, D.B., KNIGHT, R.H., AND JOHNSON, J.T., (1993), GEOLOGY OF THE BALMAT ZINC MINES, ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY, NEW YORK: IN THOMPSON, T.B., ED., SELECTED MINERAL DEPOSITS OF VERMONT AND THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, NEW YORK: SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS GUIDEBOOK SERIES, V. 17, P. 26-48.
ONTZINC Corporation Announces St. Lawrence Zinc Company To Commence US$1.1 Million Underground Diamond Drill Program: Dec 17, (2003) press release.
Knight, Richard H., (2005), Recent zinc ore discoveries in the Balmat-Edwards district, northwest Adirondacks, New York state: a case history: Paper No. 20-6, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 64.
Brizendine, Jamison K., Stefano, Christopher J. (2025) The Balmat Zinc Mines, St. Lawrence County, New. York. The Mineralogical Record, 56 (1). 11-66
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