ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ (1842โ€“1885)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Peretz Smolenskin

    ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™, ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžืžื‘ืฉืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื ืืกื˜ื™ืจืฉืฆืณื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืœืš ืžื•ื”ื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก (ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”) ื‘ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ ืชืจืดื‘, 26 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1842* ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืง, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื›ึพ5 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืงืœื•ื‘ (ืดืฉื›ื•ืœื”ืด ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•), ื•ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ืดื”ืฉื›ืœื”ืด. ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื—ื‘ืดื“ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืฅืณ (ืดืฆื‘ื•ืขึพืืœืด) ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืกืง, ื•ื›ืฉื ื” ื ื“ื“ ื›ื“ืจืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1862โ€“1867 ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ื“ืกื”, ืœื™ืžื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ึพืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืขืข ืขื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ึพื”ืขื™ืจ. ืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืดื”ืžืœื™ืฅืด; ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืดื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืชื”ื™ื”ืด (ืชืจื›ืดื–) โ€“ ืขืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื˜ืจื™ืก ืืช ืดืคืื•ืกื˜ืด ; ืดื”ื’ืžื•ืœืด โ€“ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืื• ื”ืจืฆื‘ืจื’ึพืคืจื ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืฉืœ 1863. ื‘ึพ1867 ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื ื™ื, ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื™ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืœืงื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชึพื“ืคื•ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ึพ1874 ื™ืฆื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืณื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ืืณ.
    ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ึพ18 ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื‘ืขืžืœ ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืฉื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ืœื ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขื˜ื•. 12 ื›ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื“ืื–, ื‘ื”ื: ื™ืดืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ืžืดืœ ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืžืดื“ ื‘ืจื ื“ืฉื˜ื˜ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื, ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืจืขืช. ื‘ึพ1878 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืขืžืžื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื‘ื™ื˜, ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืดื™ืœืœืช ื”ืจื•ื—ืด (ืฉืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืช). ื‘ึพ1881 ื‘ื ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืขืดื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืดื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœื• ืขื˜ึพื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง: ืดื•ืคื“ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืณ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ื”ืด (ื™ืฉืขืณ ืœื”, ื™; ื ื, ื™ื) โ€“ ื•ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ืดื—ื™ื‘ืชึพืฆื™ื•ืŸืด ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื”, ื•ืคื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™ืดื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืดืงื“ื™ืžื”ืด ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืดื ืงื ื‘ืจื™ืชืด ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช.
    ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืคืจื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืืจื‘ืขืช ื—ืœืงื™ื• ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•. ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื•ื, ื ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื”ืดื—ื“ืจืด ื•ื”ืงื ืื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื”; ื‘ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืดื”ืฉื›ืœื”ืด; ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ โ€“ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื (ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ), ื•ื‘ื— ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ึพืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขืœ ื”ืดื”ืฉื›ืœื”ืด ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”. ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื ืฃ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื“ืกื” (ืดืืฉื“ื•ืชืด); ื”ืื—ื“ ืงืœึพื“ืขืช ื•ืจื•ื“ืฃึพืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืื—ืจ โ€” ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœ ืขืžื• ื•ื—ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื•. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืชื”, ืฉื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืงืœื•ื‘. ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืงืœึพื“ืขืช ื ืจื“ืฃ ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืดื™ ื‘ื ื™ึพืขื™ืจื• ื”ืงื ืื™ื, ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืžื“ื—ื™ ืืœ ื“ื—ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืœืฉื™ืŸ. ืจืืฉื™ึพื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื— ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ืดืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืด ื•ืืฉืชื• ืžืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื“ืชื”. ื‘ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ 10 ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ 10 ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืื ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืœื™ื’ื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื’ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™, ื•ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื• ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขื ื–ืจ ื•ืขื•ื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœืื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ึพืขืžื•. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ื“ืกื”. ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื™ืข ืืช ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื‘ืฆืข ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืฉื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ึพืื”ื‘ื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ, ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ื”ื ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื’ืžืชื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื˜ืคื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืœืกืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืกื™ื’ื ื•ื ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืœื™ืฆื™, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื– ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•. ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื ืขืฉื• ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืขืœื• ื™ืคื”, ืœืงืฆืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•. ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• โ€“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืฉืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืขื™ื˜ ืฆื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืืคื•.
    ืขืจืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืฉื ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืฉ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื” ืžืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืฉื—ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืงืจื•ื›ืžืœ, ืฉืดื“ ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื•, ืฉืดื™ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืžืฉื” ื”ืก โ€“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ึพืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื โ€“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” โ€“ ื‘ืจืžื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืงื‘ืข ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช: ืดืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืชืคืืจืช ืฉืคืช ืขื‘ืจืด, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœื™ื ืงืจื: ืดื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื, ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืคืชื ื• ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืžื ื•ืด. ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืชื™ื” (ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืดืขื ืขื•ืœืืด [ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื’ืณ] โ€“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ื•ืดืขืช ืœื˜ืขืชืด [ืฉื, ื•ืณ, ื—ืณ, ื˜ืณ] โ€“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืดืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืชืด ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ืžื‘ื™ืชึพืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืช ื“ืชื™ืช, ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชึพื”ื“ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“). ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืžื›ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชึพื›ืคื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืชืดืก ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ึพืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื™ืงื™ืžื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื–ืงื• ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืขื. ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื” ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืžืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืื˜ึพืื˜ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืคืจืฉื• ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ื ืจืชืขื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ึพืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืดืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ืืด ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
    ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืขื•ืช 1881 ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืดื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืงืจื โ€“ ื‘ึพ25 ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืจ โ€“ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืืดื™, ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉื ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืคืจื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืคืจื•ืง ื”ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืดื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืดื—ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸืด; ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืื—ื“ึพื”ืขื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื“ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจึพืžื›ืŸ.
    ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืœ ื ืงืœื” ืžืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ึพืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื”. ืžื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื ืื™ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืื—ืดื› ื ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืก, ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืœื ื›ืื•ืจื—ึพื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืืœื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืช. ืœื“ืขืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืช; ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ึพื”ืขื. ื’ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืชึพืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื ืžื™ื“. ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืชึพืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื” ืืช ืœื‘ื• ืจืง ืžืฉื ืชืื›ื–ื‘ ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื™ืดื— ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืคืจืขื•ืช 1881/2. ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื– ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืชื™ืขื•ื”ื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื’ืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืื—ืช ืจื•ืฉื ื ื—ืคื– ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืฃ ื ืืžื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืœื›ื™ึพืจื•ื— ืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื–ืžื ื• ื•ืžื’ื‘ืฉื ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืจื‘ืชึพื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ึพืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืœืฉื•ื ื ื•ืœืกื™ื’ื ื•ืŸึพืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—.
    ืงื‘ืฆื™ึพื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื (ืชืจืžืดื–โ€“ืชืจื ืดื; ืชืจืกืดื“โ€“ืชืจืกืดื” [ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ]), ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืื•ืกืฃึพืžืืžืจื™ื•, ื‘ึพ4 ื›ืจื›ื™ื (ืชืจืคืดื”โ€“ืชืจืคืดื•).
    ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 43, ื‘ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืžืดื”, 1 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1885 ื‘ืžึตืจืืŸ (ืžืจืื ื•) ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืจื•ืœ (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”) ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื•, ื•ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื™ืฉื”, ืœื™ืื•ื ื•ืจื”. ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื™ืดื‘ 1952.
* ืขืœึพืคื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืดืจ 1840.

 
ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
 

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจืกืœ, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”,
Jewish Encyclopedia,The YIVO encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, ะ•ะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั ะ‘ั€ะพะบะณะฐัƒะทะฐ ะธ ะ•ั„ั€ะพะฝะฐ, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
  • ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืื•, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื•ื ืžืขื™ืจ ืžื“ืžื ื” (ื•ื•ื™ืŸ : ื“ืคื•ืก ื™. ืฉืœืึธืกืกื‘ืขืจื’, ืชืจื›ืดื—โ€“ืชืจืœืดื)
  • ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืื•, ืžื“ื—ื™ ืืœ ื“ื—ื™ : ืกืคื•ืจ (ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืœืณ ื”ืื”ืŸ, ืชืจืœืดื“) <ืดื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืดื”ืฉื—ืจืด ืฉื ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืชืด>
  • ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืื•, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื•ื ืžืขื™ืจ ืžื“ืžื ื” ... (ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ : ื“ืคื•ืก ื’ืณ ื‘ืจืื’, ืชืจืœืดื•)
  • ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ : ืื•, ืžื“ื—ื™ ืืœ ื“ื—ื™ : ืกืคื•ืจ (ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ : ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื’ืขืึธืจื’ ื‘ืจืื’, ืชืจืžืดื’)
  • ื ืงื ื‘ืจื™ืช : ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ : ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš (ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ : ื“ืคื•ืก ื’ืขืึธืจื’ ื‘ืจืื’, ืชืจืžืดื“) <ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช: ืฆื ืดื”> ืดืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืดื”ืฉื—ืจืด ืฉื ื” ื”ืขืฉืชื™ ืขืฉืจื” [ืชืจืžืดื’], ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ืณ, ื™ืดื ื•ื™ืดื‘ืด. ืฆื ืดื”, ืกื•ืคื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื”> <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ื•ื•ืืจืฉื ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื ื‘ืชืจืกืดื, ืชืจืกืดื” ื•ืชืจืดืข>
  • ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืžืกื•ืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืขื’ืจืื‘ืขืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ / ื‘ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ (ืื™ืฉ ืงืึธื•ื•ื ืึธ) (ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง : ื”ื™ื‘ืจื• ืคืื‘ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื’ ืงืึธืžืคืื ื™, [ืชืจืดืŸ 1890 ืœืขืจืš]) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ>
  • ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืื•, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื•ื ืžืขื™ืจ ืžื“ืžื ื” (ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื : ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืชืจืกืดื)
  • ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ : ืื•, ืžื“ื—ื™ ืืœ ื“ื—ื™ : ืกืคื•ืจ (ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื : ืžืณ ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืชืจืกืดื)
  • ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื•ื˜ื ื™ื : ื”ื ื“ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขืชื™ ืฉืœื• ืณื”ืžื‘ื™ื˜ืณ ื‘ืฉื ืขืœื™ ื—ืžื“ (ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื : ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ืึธื’ืขืŸ : ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืืœืžื ื” ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจืื, ืชืจืกืดื 1901)
  • ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื ืฃ, ืื•, ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ : ืกืคื•ืจ (ื•ื•ืืจืฉืึธ : ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื, 1910)
  • ื ืงื ื‘ืจื™ืช : ืกืคื•ืจ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืชืจืขืดื—) <ืขื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ>
  • ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืื—ื™ืกืคืจ, 1929) <ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืžืืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ>
  • ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ : ืื•, ืžื“ื—ื™ ืืœ ื“ื—ื™ : ืกืคื•ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืจื•ืื™, ืชืจืฆืดื”)
  • ื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉืดื”) <ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ ืงืžื—ื™>
  • ืฆืจื•ืจ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ (ื™ืœืดื’) (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ, 1959) <ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœืงื•ืฉื™>
  • ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืื•, ืžื“ื—ื™ ืืœ ื“ื—ื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜ 1968) <ื”ื”ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืกืคืจื™ื:
  • ืกืคืจ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ  / ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉ. ื‘ืจื™ืžืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืฉื™ืดื‘ 1952)
    ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื
  • ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ.  ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ : ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืกืคืจื™ื• (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื : ืชื•ืฉื™ื” : ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ืื™ื™ื–ืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜, ืชืจื ืดื• 1896)
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ:
  • ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ.  ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงื™ ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• : ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ .... ืจื‘ื™ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืกืžืืœืขื ืกืงื™ ื–ืดืœ ืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืœืš ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืจื•ื—ื• ืขื ืชืžื•ื ืชื•  (ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื : ืžืณ ืงืืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ืื’ืขืŸ : ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืืœืžื ื” ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจืื, ืชืจืกืดื)
  • ื™ืฆื—ืงื™, ื.  ืคืจืฅ ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงื™ืŸ : ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ (ื•ื•ืืจืฉื : ืคืจืึธื’ืจืขืก, ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืดื‘ ืœื ื“ื, ืชืจืกืดื”)
  • ืคื ื™ืืœ, ื ื—.  ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื– 1957)
    ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ:
    • ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ.  ืดื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸืด ืœื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ืื”ืœื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื ืขืดื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื•), ืขืžืณ 92โ€“94.
  • ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ : ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืกืคื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืชืคื™ืกืชึพืขื•ืœืžื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื—ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืดื™ ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืฉื™ืดื‘ 1952)
  • ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื•ืงืจืœ ื ื˜ืจ : ืขื ืžืœืื•ืช 75 ืฉื ื” ืœืดืขื ืขื•ืœืืด ื•ืœืดืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœืด (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ืณ ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, 1946)
  • ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ : ื‘ืžืœืืช ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• / ืขื•ืจื›ืช โ€“ ืจื‘ืงื” ืžืขื•ื– (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ : ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ืชืฉื ืดื‘ 1992)
ืžืืžืจื™ื:
  • ืื•ืจืœืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื: ื”ืื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื”?  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 44, ื’ืœืณ ื›ืดื’ (ื›ืดื— ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื›ืดื”, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1965), ืขืžืณ 412.
  • ื‘ืจึพืกืœืข, ืฉืจื’ื.  ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช โ€“ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก.  ื“ืคื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 5โ€“6 (ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989), ืขืžืณ 287โ€“300.
  • ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆืณื‘ืกืงื™, ืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช <ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจืณ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื–ืดืœ>  ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืชืจืžืดื˜โ€“ืชืจืดืŸ), ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ึพืฉื, ืขืžืณ 111โ€“112.
  • ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ืœืงืจืืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช: ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ื•ื”ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 63, ื’ืœืณ ื‘ (ื™ืดื’ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื”, 9 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1984), ืขืžืณ 23โ€“26.
  • ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืณื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื™ืžืŸ : ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืคืณ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืฆื”ื‘ื™ / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืืคืจื™ื ื—ื–ืŸ (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื 1991), ืขืžืณ 425โ€“436.
  • ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง.  ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ื”ืก.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืจืš ื™ืดื (ืกื™ื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 49โ€“51 (379โ€“381) (ืชืฉืจื™โ€“ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื‘, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1991โ€“ื™ื•ื ื™ 1992), ืขืžืณ 57โ€“79.
  • ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ.  ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื / ื”ืžื”ื“ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸึพื ื—ื•ื ื•ื“ืณ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ (ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืงืจืŸ ื•ื™ื ืคืจึพืžื•ืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘ 1965), ืขืžืณ 81โ€“84.
  • ื‘ืจื™ืžืŸ, ืฉืœืžื”.  ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.  ืžื•ืœื“, ื›ืจืš ื˜ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 49 (ื ื™ืกืŸโ€“ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื™ืดื‘, ืืคืจื™ืœโ€“ืžืื™ 1952), ืขืžืณ 40โ€“48.
  • ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืืจื ื”. ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ. ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 27 (ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1978), ืขืžืณ 86โ€“109 <ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืกืคื—: ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื”ืฉื—ืจ (ืชืจื›ืดื˜โ€“ืชืจืžืดื“)> <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช : ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2006), ืขืžืณ 12โ€“51>
  • ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ืžื ื•ื—ื”.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.  ื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื” ืœืดื–, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื–, ื’ืœืณ 322 (ืฉื‘ื˜โ€“ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืœืดื•, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1976), ืขืžืณ 126โ€“129 ; ื’ืœืณ 323 (ื ื™ืกืŸโ€“ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœืดื•, ืืคืจื™ืœโ€“ืžืื™ 1976), ืขืžืณ 195โ€“199, 206 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1977), ืขืžืณ 66โ€“85> <ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืดื™ืœืœืช ื”ืจื•ื—ืด>
  • ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ.  ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื: ื”ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืณืกื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืณ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช : ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืžืฉื” ืคืœืื™ : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื–ืื‘ ื’ืจื‘ืจ, ืœื‘ ื—ืงืง ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฅ (ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื– 2017), ืขืžืณ 92โ€“113.
  • ื”ืœืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื.  ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช.  ืžืฆื•ื“ื”, ืกืคืจ ื (ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดื“, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1943), ืขืžืณ 153โ€“158.
  • ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“, ื“ื•ื“.  ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ : ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’.  ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื–ืณ, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 25 (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1977), ืขืžืณ 80โ€“100.
  • ื–ื”ืจื™, ืžื ื—ื.  ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื”.  ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดืš, 12 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1960 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ืขื˜ : ื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื• 1976), ืขืžืณ 49โ€“52; ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืคืจืงื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื” 1985), ืขืžืณ 30โ€“33 ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•  ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื” : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื“ 2004), ืขืžืณ 43โ€“47>
  • ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจื‘ื•ืฉ, ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•.  ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื• : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ืงืกื™.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ : ืžืืกืฃ ืœืžื“ืข ื•ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื” ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืฉื™ื / ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื โ€“ ื . ื”. ื˜ื•ืจื˜ืฉื™ื ืจ ... (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืณืืžื ื•ืชืณ, ืชืจืฆืดื–), ืขืžืณ 439โ€“448.
  • ื™ื‘ื ืืœื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืณื—ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸืณ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืณ, ื’ืœืณ ื˜ืดื• (ื›ืดื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆืดื”, 25 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1935), ืขืžืณ 1โ€“3.
  • *
  • ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ื‘ื•ื, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื• : ืžืžืืคื• ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง : ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืคืจืงื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. โ€“ ืžื”ื“ืณ ืฉื ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, 1950), ืขืžืณ 112โ€“137.
  • ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื ื” ื“ืณ, ื’ืœืณ ื”ืณ (ืžืดื) (ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆืดื”, 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1935), ืขืžืณ 2;
  • ืกื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘ [ืจ.ื˜.]  ืžืงืจื ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื•.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืณ, ื’ืœืณ ื˜ืดื– (ื›ืดื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆืดื”, 1 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1935), ืขืžืณ 2 <ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ื– ืœืขื–ืจืช ืืœืžื ืช ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช>
  • ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ืœื™ืื•ืŸ).  ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืคืจืฅ.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื™ืณ, ื’ืœืณ ื˜ืดื• (ื›ืดื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืฆืดื”, 25 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1935), ืขืžืณ 3โ€“8 <ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืœืฉืคืดืจ (ืฉืื•ืœ ืคื ื—ืก ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ)  ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ืœ>
  • ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื : ืžืืžืจื™ึพื‘ืงื•ืจืช. ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืดื“ื‘ื™ืจืด : ืกืคืจื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจืคืดื” 1925), ืขืžืณ 198โ€“221.
  • ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™.  ื”ืจื•ืžืืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื” : ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืกึทืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” : ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ... (ื•ื™ืœื ื” : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจื•ื–ื ืงืจื ืฅ ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ื–ื˜ืฆืจ, ืชืจืขืดื’), ืขืžืณ 80โ€“128.
  • ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื™ืขืงื‘.  ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืคืดื— 1928), ืขืžืณ 187โ€“193.
  • ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ื–ืœืžืŸ.  ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืงืœื•ื‘.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื—. ื . ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื— 1958), ืขืžืณ 379โ€“396.
  • ืฉืงื“, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ.  ื”ืชื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” :  ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืžื ื“ืœื™ ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืจืกืก / ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ ืืกืฃ [ื•ืื—ืจื™ื] (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืดืฉ ื™ืดืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืกืดื‘), ืขืžืณ 327โ€“340 <ื›ื•ื ืก ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžื ื“ืœื™, ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืดืฉ ื™ืดืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2004), ืขืžืณ 53โ€“66>
  • Mandel, George. Smolenskin, Ben-Yehuda, and the Jewish education of the future. In Jewish education and learning : published in honour of Dr. David Patterson on the occasion of his seventieth birthday / edited by Glenda Abramson and Tudor Parfitt (Chur, Switzerland ; Langhorne, Pa. : Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994), pp. 279โ€“285.
  • Mazor, Yair. The way of ืดThe Wail of the windโ€: Peretz Smolenskinโ€™s latent, worthy ars poetica. In: History and literature : new readings of Jewish texts in honor of Arnold J. Band / edited by William Cutter and David C. Jacobson (Providence : Brown Judaic Studies, 2002), pp. 223โ€“234. <ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืดื™ืœืœืช ื”ืจื•ื—ืด>
  • Parfitt, Tudor. Smolenskin and the revival of Hebrew education. In Jewish education and learning : published in honour of Dr. David Patterson on the occasion of his seventieth birthday / edited by Glenda Abramson and Tudor Parfitt (Chur, Switzerland ; Langhorne, Pa. : Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994), pp. 1โ€“8.
ืขืœ ืดื”ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืืด
ืขืœ ืดืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืด
  • ื‘ืจืขื ืืฉืœ, ืขื™ื ืช. ืดืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“ืด: ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ื“ื•ึพืขืจื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืจืดื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืก.  ื‘ืชื•ืš:  ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื– : ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ / ืขืจืš ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืฅ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื”ืดืก ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืดืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005), ืขืžืณ 126โ€“144.
  • ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ืžืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืกื ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื”? : ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ึพื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืณืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืณ.  ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 4 (ืชืžื•ื–โ€“ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืœืดื‘ 1972), ืขืžืณ 430โ€“443 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1977), ืขืžืณ 35โ€“58>
  • ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื”ืขืจื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืณืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืณ. ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1977), ืขืžืณ 59โ€“65.
  • ืžื–ื•ืจ, ื™ืื™ืจ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” โ€“ ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช : ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืชืณ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช : ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ, ืขื•ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘: ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืžืดื• 1986), ืขืžืณ 39โ€“65 <ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืดืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืด ืœืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืดืขื™ื˜ ืฆื‘ื•ืขืด ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืืคื•, ืดืงื•ืœ ืจื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื‘ืื”ืœื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ืืด ืœืื‘ืจื”ืึพื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืœื•ื‘ืจ>
  • ืคืœืื™, ืžืฉื”.  ืณืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืณ ืœืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ : ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”.  ื“ืคื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืจืš 10 (ืชืฉื ืดื• 1996), ืขืžืณ 183โ€“202.
  • ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”.  ืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”: ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืงืืจืกืงื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื‘ืœื.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื”ืชื ื”ืžืชื ื‘ืœ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืคื™ืงืืจืกืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืคื™ื ืชึพื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1977), ืขืžืณ 27โ€“35 <ืณื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœืณ ืœืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงืืจืกืงื™ืช, ื“ืžื•ืช ืดื”ืฆื•ืคื”ืด ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ึพื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ; ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืณืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืณ: ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื/ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืงืืจืกืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื›ื‘ื•ืช>
  • ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”.  ืขืœ ืดืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ืžื•ืจืด ืœืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” ื ืดื—, ื’ืœืณ ื™ืดื“ (ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืœืดื˜, 9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1979), ืขืžืณ 223โ€“224.
ืขืœ ืดื ืงื ื‘ืจื™ืชืด
ืขืœ ืดืฆืจื•ืจ ืื’ืจื•ืชืด ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืœ ื™ืดืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL138302A Wikidata โ€“ Q1371532 NLI โ€“ 987007268173005171 LC โ€“ no93029792 VIAF โ€“ 42066996
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 7 ื‘ืžืื™ 2025

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