ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ (1905โ€“1993)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Noah Pniel

    ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ (ืคืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ืกืงื™) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–-ื‘ืจื–ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก) ื‘ื›ืดื– ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืกืดื•, 25 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1905. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืดืชืจื‘ื•ืชืด ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืดืชืจื‘ื•ืชืด ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื ืžืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ืžืฉื ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” (1941). ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื” ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ืžื•ืกืžืš, 1945) ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ื” ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืžืฉื ืช 1947, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™. ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ืดื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืด (ืชืจืคืดื“) ื•ืžืื– ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืกืคืจื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื” (ืœื™ื˜ื) ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘-1940 (ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื).  ืคื ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื•, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืดื›ืจืžืœื™ืชืด. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืคื ื™ืืœ ื’ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืขืžืžื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ืดืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉืงื”ืด (ืดืœื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื’ืก ื•ื’ื ืชืคื•ื— ...ืด). ืคื ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ื ื ืช ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ึถืžื‘ื•, ื•ืœื”ื ื‘ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” - ืจื•ืชื™ (ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืณ ื–ืื‘ ื’ืจื™ืก ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘).
    ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืดื— ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื“, 2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1993.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื”ื˜ื‘ืข : ืกืคืจ-ืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืชื” ื“ืณ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื (114 ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืžืœื•ืŸ) (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืงืจื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, 1937) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืจืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื”ื“ืณ ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1938>
  • ืฉืžื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื ื— ืคืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ื•ื™ืœื ื” : ื“ืคื•ืก Garber, ืชืดืฉ 1940)
  • ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงื•ื”ืœืช, ืชืฉืดื•)
  • ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื™ ืชื”ื•ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืดื–)
  • ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืดื—)
  • ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื– 1957)
  • ื ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื™ืดื— 1958)
  • ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื“)
  • ื”ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื™ืง : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉื›ืดื”) <ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ืขื˜ื™ืคื” - ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืœื™ื—ื™>
  • ืฉื™ื— ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืดืœ)
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืณ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ : ืžืคืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืชืฉืœืดื‘ 1971)
  • ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืžืคืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืœืดื–)
  • ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืžืดื)
  • ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœืœื™ื•ืช : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืดืงืจืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื”ืด, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1982)
  • ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืงืจืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืชืฉืžืดื— 1988)
  • ืœืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื ืš : ืคืจืงื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืš, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1988)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืœื•ื : ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ (ื—ื™ืคื” : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื)
  • ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ ื•ื“ื‘ ื“ื›ื™ืจ : ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื (ื—ื™ืคื” : ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ืœืชื, ืชืฉื›ืดื’) <ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื>
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืžืจื ืฅ ; ื›ื™ื ืก ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ (ืชืœ- ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1966) <ื”ืขื•ืจืš - ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ>
  • ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ : ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื“ื•ื“ ืคื™ื ืกืงื™ ... / ืขืจืš ืžื ื“ืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ (ื—ื™ืคื” : ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืคื™ื ืกืงื™ : ื“ืคื•ืก ืื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜) <ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื’ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ>
  • ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื™ื•ืกืœ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื“ - ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืชื™ืจื’ื•ื  (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆืณื—ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืกืจื•ืฆืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืดืœ, ืชืฉืœืดื–) <ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื“. ืชื™ืจื’ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ - ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ>
  • ืคืœื ืื™ืฉ : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื / ืžืืฉื” ืฉื˜ื•ืงืจ-ืคืื™ื•ืง (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ, ืชืฉืœืดื˜ 1978) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื‘ื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื™ืจืฅ ; ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ืกืคื•ืจื™ื - ืืคืจื™ื ืชืœืžื™ ; ืฉื™ืจื™ื - ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ.  ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ.  ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™"ื–โ€“ื™"ื— (ืชืฉืœ"ื’โ€“ืชืฉืœ"ื“), ืขืž' 281โ€“285.
  • ืชื•ืจืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ื— ืคื ื™ืืœ.  ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™"ื–โ€“ื™"ื— (ืชืฉืœ"ื’โ€“ืชืฉืœ"ื“), ืขืž' 285โ€“287.
ืขืœ "ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืงื™ืŸ" ืขืœ ืดื ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ืืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ