Clinozoisite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Clinozoisite
Formula:
(CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Colour:
colourless, green, grey, light green, yellow-green, pale brownish, green-brown, pink
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7
Specific Gravity:
3.3 - 3.4
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally named Fouqueite by Alfred LaCroix in 1889. Renamed in 1896 by Ernst Weinschenk in allusion to its monoCLINic crystal form and the relationship to Zoisite.
Dimorph of:
May be visually similar to its dimorph zoisite.
At 550 °C, clinozoisite is considerably less stable than zoisite, and the reaction with clinozoisite, though reversible, is metastable (Jenkins et al., 1983; see also Jenkins et al., 1985); Fe-free clinozoisite becomes stable relative to zoisite below about 200 °C.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Clinozoisite.
At 550 °C, clinozoisite is considerably less stable than zoisite, and the reaction with clinozoisite, though reversible, is metastable (Jenkins et al., 1983; see also Jenkins et al., 1985); Fe-free clinozoisite becomes stable relative to zoisite below about 200 °C.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Clinozoisite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1087
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1087:6
Similar Names
| Clinozoisite-(Sr) | A synonym of Niigataite |
IMA Classification of Clinozoisite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
First published:
1896
Type description reference:
Classification of Clinozoisite
9.BG.05a
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
Dana 7th ed.:
58.2.1.4
58.2.1a.4
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
16.9.9
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Czo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Czo | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Czo | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Czo | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Czo | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Clinozoisite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, green, grey, light green, yellow-green, pale brownish, green-brown, pink
Streak:
Greyish White
Hardness:
7 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}
on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.3 - 3.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Clinozoisite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.706 - 1.724 nβ = 1.708 - 1.729 nγ = 1.712 - 1.735
2V:
Measured: 14° to 90°, Calculated: 72° to 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.006 - 0.011
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Chemistry of Clinozoisite
Mindat Formula:
(CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mn,Mg
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 37.71 % | 38.13 % | 39.04 % | 38.83 % | 37.77 % |
| TiO2 | 0.19 % | 0.14 % | 0.17 % | 0.08 % | 0.21 % |
| Al2O3 | 26.14 % | 28.58 % | 28.92 % | 31.57 % | 30.2 % |
| Cr2O3 | 0.01 % | 0.10 % | 0.09 % | ||
| FeO | 9.55 % | 5.31 % | 6.27 % | 2.79 % | 5.51 % |
| MnO | 0.19 % | 0.02 % | 0.03 % | ||
| MgO | 0.05 % | 0.32 % | 0.17 % | 0.21 % | |
| CaO | 24.49 % | 24.52 % | 24.29 % | 25.06 % | 23.07 % |
| Na2O | 0.01 % | 0.01 % | |||
| K2O | 0.02 % | 0.02 % | |||
| Total: | 98.36 % | 97.15 % | 98.89 % | 98.33 % | 97.06 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | Ca2.09(Al2.40Mn0.01Fe3+0.07Ti0.01 Cr0.01)Σ3.03Si2.94O12(OH) |
| 2 | Ca2.05 (Al2.62Mg0.04Fe0.35Cr0.01Ti0.01)Σ3.03Si2.97) O22OH |
| 3 | Ca2.00 (Al2.62Mg0.02Fe3+0.36Ti0.01)Σ3.01Si3.00 O22OH |
| 4 | Ca2.03 (Al2.82Fe3+0.16)Σ2.98Si3.00O22OH |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Eissee eclogite, Timmelbach valley, Prägraten am Großvenediger, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | EMPA analysis of clinozoisite rim on a zoisite inclusion in garnet from a kyanite-eclogite | |
| 2 | Steinsteg eclogite, Frosnitz valley, Matrei in Osttirol, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | EMPA analysisi of clinozoisite inclusion in garnet from a kyanite-eclogite | |
| 3 | Hohl-Felsen eclogite, Wernersdorf, Wies, Deutschlandsberg District, Styria, Austria | EMPA analysis (University of Vienna) of clinozoisite from eclogite matrix | |
| 4 | " " | EMPA analysis (University of Vienna) of clinozoisite from an eclogitc vein. | |
| 5 | Eclogite outcrops, Shang Sumdo région, Leh District, Ladakh, India | EMPA analysis of clinozoisite from an eclogite matrix. |
Crystallography of Clinozoisite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.879(5) Å, b = 5.583(5) Å, c = 10.155(6) Å
β = 115.50(5)°
β = 115.50(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.59 : 1 : 1.819
Unit Cell V:
454.36 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic, typically elongated and striated parallel to [010]; commonly coarse- to ̄fine-granular; also ̄fibrous. Prismatic crystals may show a pseudo-hexagonal cross-section.
Twinning:
Lamellar on {100}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004406 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004405 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004404 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004403 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004402 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004401 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004400 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004399 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004398 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004981 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | ![]() | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 873 |
| 0004982 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | ![]() | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 973 |
| 0004980 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | ![]() | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 973 |
| 0004979 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | ![]() | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 973 |
| 0001855 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | ![]() | 1997 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000185 | Clinozoisite | Dollase W A (1968) Refinement and comparison of the structures of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 53 1882-1898 | ![]() | 1968 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001856 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | ![]() | 1997 | 0.05 | 293 | |
| 0001857 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | ![]() | 1997 | 1.94 | 293 | |
| 0001858 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | ![]() | 1997 | 4.2 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.89 Å | (100) |
| 2.79 Å | (90) |
| 2.68 Å | (60) |
| 2.67 Å | (60) |
| 2.59 Å | (70) |
| 2.40 Å | (60) |
| 2.29 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 39 : High-? metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh ? facies) | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| 43 : Shear-induced minerals (including mylonite/slickensides) |
Type Occurrence of Clinozoisite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Synonyms of Clinozoisite
Other Language Names for Clinozoisite
Dutch:Clinozoisiet
German:Klinozoisit
Clinozoisit
Clinozoisit
Italian:Clinozoisite
Russian:Клиноцоизит
Simplified Chinese:斜黝帘石
Spanish:Clinozoisita
Ukrainian:Кліноцоїзит
Varieties of Clinozoisite
| Chrome-Clinozoisite | A Cr3+-bearing clinozoisite low in Fe3+. |
| Clinothulite | A pink, Mn3+-bearing variety of clinozoisite. Much so-called "thulite" (defined as a pink variety of zoisite) is actually clinothulite. Compare thulite. |
Relationship of Clinozoisite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Epidote Group:
| Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Epidote-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Hancockite | (CaPb)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Heflikite | (CaCa)(AlAlSc)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Mukhinite | (CaCa)(AlAlV3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. |
| Niigataite | (CaSr)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Piemontite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 'Unnamed (Fe3+ analogue of Piemontite-(Pb))' | (CaPb)(Fe3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | |
| 'Unnamed (Fe3+-analogue of Piemontite)' | (CaCa)(Fe3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | |
| 'Unnamed (Fe3+-analogue of Piemontite-(Sr))' | (CaSr)(Fe3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | |
| 'Unnamed (Ga-analogue of Epidote)' | (CaCa)(AlAlGa3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 136 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 58 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 51 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 45 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 39 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 32 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 32 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 31 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 26 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| 24 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.BG. | Alumovesuvianite | Ca19AlAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG. | Alnaperbøeite-(Ce) | Ca(Ce2.5Na0.5)(AlAl2Al)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG. | Zilbermintsite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Fe3+Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
| 9.BG. | Heflikite | (CaCa)(AlAlSc)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG. | Magnesiovesuvianite | Ca19MgAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG. | Zoisite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG. | Shuiskite-(Cr) | Ca2Cr3+Cr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG. | Radekškodaite Group | |
| 9.BG.05 | Dissakisite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Manganiandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Dissakisite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Sm) | (CaSm)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Hancockite | (CaPb)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Dollaseite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMg)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a v | 'Unnamed (Ga-analogue of Epidote)' | (CaCa)(AlAlGa3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Epidote-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Vanadoandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Vanadoallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(V3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | 'Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Ferriallanite-(Ce))' | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Uedaite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Åskagenite-(Nd) | (Mn2+Nd)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4]O |
| 9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Y) | (CaY)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Akasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Manganiandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Akasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Vanadoakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Khristovite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMn2+)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Ferriandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | 'Androsite-(Ce)' | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Vielleaureite-(Ce) | Mn2+Ce(MgAlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)F(OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Ferriandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | 'Unnamed (Mn3+-analogue of Ferriakasakaite-(Ce))' | (CaCe)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Vanadoakasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Niigataite | (CaSr)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriakasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Nd) | (CaNd)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | 'UM1989-32-SiO:AlCaFeHREE' | (Ca0.5◻0.5REE)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Mukhinite | (CaCa)(AlAlV3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Manganiakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.10 | Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.15 | Macfallite | Ca2Mn3+3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
| 9.BG.15 | Sursassite | Mn2+2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Al) | Ca2AlAl2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Shuiskite-(Mg) | Ca2MgCr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Okhotskite | Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Mg) | Ca2MgFe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Poppiite | Ca2V3+V3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Al2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Al2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Ca2MgAl2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Mn2+) | Ca2Mn2+Al2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.25 | Ganomalite | Pb9Ca5Mn(Si2O7)4(SiO4)O |
| 9.BG.25 | Wayneburnhamite | Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3 |
| 9.BG.30 | Rustumite | Ca10(Si2O7)2(SiO4)(OH)2Cl2 |
| 9.BG.35 | Modraite | Ca19Fe2+Al4(Al6Fe2+2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Fluorvesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(F,OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Milanriederite | (Ca18[REE])Fe3+Al4(Mg4Al4)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Manaevite-(Ce) | (Ca13Ce4[H2O]2)Mg(Al3Mg)(Mg3Ti3Fe3+2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)8(H4O4)2]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Hongheite | Ca19Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg)8(◻4)B[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH,O)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Wiluite | Ca19MgAl4(Al,Mg)8(B,◻)4◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(O,OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.40 | Vyuntspakhkite-(Y) | (Y,Yb)4Al2.5-1.5(Si,Al)1.5-2.5(SiO4)4O(OH)7 |
| 9.BG.45 | Dellaite | Ca6Si3O11(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Ferriperbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Gatelite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Ferriperbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.55 | Västmanlandite-(Ce) | CaCe3(MgAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3F(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
| 9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(Ce) | (CaCe5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Clinozoisite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1087.html
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References for Clinozoisite
Reference List:
Pistorius, Carl W. F. T. (1961) Synthesis and Lattice Constants of Pure Zoisite and Clinozoisite. The Journal of Geology, 69 (5) 604-609 doi:10.1086/626774
Strens, R. G. J. (1964) Epidotes of the Borrowdale Volcanic rocks of central Borrowdale. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (265) 868-886 doi:10.1180/minmag.1964.033.265.04
Strens, R. G. J. (1965) Stability and relations of the Al-Fe epidotes. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (271) 464-475 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.035.271.02
Strens, R. G. J. (1966) Properties of the Al–Fe–Mn epidotes. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (275) 928-944 doi:10.1180/minmag.1966.035.275.04
Dollase, W. A. (1968) Refinement and comparison of the structures of zoisite and clinozoisite. American Mineralogist, 53 (11-12) 1882-1898
Jenkins, D. M., Newton, R. C., Goldsmith, J. R. (1983) Fe-free clinozoisite stability relative to zoisite. Nature, 304 (5927). 622-623 doi:10.1038/304622a0
Jenkins, David M., Newton, Robert C., Goldsmith, Julian R. (1985) Relative Stability of Fe-Free Zoisite and Clinozoisite. The Journal of Geology, 93 (6) 663-672 doi:10.1086/628994
Franz, Gerhard, Selverstone, Jane (1992) An empirical phase diagram for the clinozoisite-zoisite transformation in the system Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2Fe3+Si3O12(OH). American Mineralogist, 77 (5-6). 631-642
Holland, T. J. B., Redfern, Simon A. T., Pawley, A. R. (1996) Volume behavior of hydrous minerals at high pressure and temperature: II. Compressibilities of lawsonite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and epidote. American Mineralogist, 81 (3). 341-348 doi:10.2138/am-1996-3-408
Pawley, A. R., Redfern, Simon A. T., Holland, T. J. B. (1996) Volume behavior of hydrous minerals at high pressure and temperature: I. Thermal expansion of lawsonite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and diaspore. American Mineralogist, 81 (3). 335-340 doi:10.2138/am-1996-3-407
Comodi, Paola, Zanazzi, Pier Francesco (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite; an X-ray diffraction study. American Mineralogist, 82 (1) 61-68 doi:10.2138/am-1997-1-208
Stergiou, A. C., Gioureli, D. K. (1998) Crystallographic study of the mineral ferroan clinozoisite from three localities of Northern Greece. Powder Diffraction, 13 (4). 222-226 doi:10.1017/s0885715600010149
Nagashima, M.; Geiger, C. A.; Akasaka, M. (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH). American Mineralogist, 94 (10). 1351-1360 doi:10.2138/am.2009.3183
Nagashima, Mariko; Armbruster, Thomas; Herwegh, Marco; Pettke, Thomas; Lahti, Seppo; Grobéty, Bernard (2011) Severe structural damage in Cr- and V-rich clinozoisite: relics of an epidote-group mineral with Ca2Al2Cr3+Si3O12(OH) composition? European Journal of Mineralogy, 23 (5). 731-743 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2153
Localities for Clinozoisite
Showing 1,477 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| TVM Specimen |
Algeria | |
| Sidali et al. (2019) | |
| Boukaoud et al. (2021) |
Antarctica | |
| Thomson (1974) |
| Thomson (1968) | |
| Dewar (1970) |
| Smellie et al. (1984, March) |
Argentina | |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Minerals acquired from Nelson Valenzuela |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Biel et al. (2010) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Vickery et al. (2010) |
| Graham et al. (2021) |
| Crocoite.com |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gulson et al. (1985) |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Teals et al. (2006) | |
| Plimer (1994) | |
| Mackie (1986) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Poblete +1 other reference |
| Rubenach et al. (1985) |
| Buckley et al. (2010) |
| P.A. Wulser - in the South Australian ... |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| |
| |
| Waterhouse (1971) |
| ISMAIL et al. (2014) |
| Griffin (1982) |
| Calver (2007) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2019) |
| Bottrill (2000) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2007) |
| R Bottrill |
| R Bottrill unpub report 2016 +1 other reference |
| |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| |
| Morvell (1976) | |
| John Haupt collection |
| Henry et al. (2022) |
| Fetherston (2007) |
| Kalleske (2010) |
| Bath et al. (2013) |
| Nepean Nickel Deposit +2 other references |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
| Kelly et al. (2024) |
| Duuring et al. (2000) |
| Mueller et al. (2008) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Hassan (2017) |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
| Dalstra et al. (2023) |
| Cox et al. (2018) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Jaques et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Mueller (1997) |
| Mueller (1997) |
| Meinert | |
Austria | |
| Analysis H. Pristacz 2009 |
| Götzinger et al. (2009) |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1994) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 154./74.:7-8 (1964) | |
| Miller et al. (2005) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Angel et al. (1953) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1952) +1 other reference |
| W. Postl: Carinthia II 186./106.:135-138 (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| peterneschen collection | |
| Annalen 1999 | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
| Wallner et al. (1983) |
| Heritsch (1933) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J.Mörtl (1985) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| K. Seifert: Der Karinthin 47:260-268 (1962) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (found by H. Strunz) |
| Himmelbauer (1909) |
| Himmelbauer (1909) | |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Brandstätter et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Himmelbauer (1909) |
| Kolitsch (2022) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Database „Minerale NÖ“ (A. Thinschmidt and co-workers) |
| Sedlacek (1949) |
| Sedlacek (1949) |
| Erwin Löffler collection |
| Beran et al. (1985) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Erwin Löffler |
| Kolitsch (2021) |
| Kobloch (2002) +1 other reference |
| Erwin Löffler collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference | |
| Kiesewetter et al. (2003) |
| Thinschmidt (2008) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Huber et al. (1977) | |
| Ertl et al. (2002) |
| Hlawatsch (1911) +1 other reference |
| Franz Dworzak collection |
| Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Uwe Kolitsch |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Gottfried Domanig collection |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) |
| Schulz et al. (2026) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Knobloch et al. (2022) |
| O Dziallas collection | |
| Schebesta (1986) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Auer et al. (2025) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Archiv f.Lagerstättenforschung | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Postl (1985) |
| Göd et al. (2010) |
| Postl et al. (2009) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) | |
| Weißensteiner (1979) |
| Alker (1956) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Postl et al. (2013) | |
| Herrmann et al. (1979) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Rogowitz et al. (2024) | |
| Miller et al. (2005) | |
| Moser (1987) |
| Postl (1978) |
| Taucher et al. (2015) |
| Kolitsch (2020) |
| Boroviczeny (1961) |
| Steir.Mineralog 25/2011 | |
| Postl et al. (2002) |
| Hoernes S. et al. (1971) |
| Miller (1970) |
| Vavtar (1986) |
| Bernhard (2008) |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) |
| Hoschek (2001) +1 other reference |
| Johann G. Raith et al. (2018) +2 other references | |
| Weinschenk (1896) +1 other reference |
| Hoschek (2004) |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) |
| Göltl (1988) |
| R Lavinsky specimen | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Mäser et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) | |
Bangladesh | |
| Rahman et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Fransolet et al. (1977) |
| Antun (1955) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Soares et al. (2025) |
| Mesquita et al. (2017) |
| Jost et al. (2001) |
| Sirqueira et al. (2018) |
| Ribeiro et al. (2026) |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
| Vial et al. (2007) |
| Souza et al. (2024) |
| Hunger et al. (2021) |
| Monteiro et al. (2008) |
| Teixeira (2014) |
| Stama et al. (2026) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Costa et al. (2024) | |
| João Adauto Souza Neto (2001) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection +10 other references |
| Petrusenko et al. (1996) | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
| Svetoslav Petrussenko et al. (2007) |
| Milenkov et al. (2022) |
| Georgieva et al. (2023) |
| Georgieva et al. (2023) | |
Burkina Faso | |
| Kříbek et al. (2016) |
| Fontaine et al. (2017) |
Canada | |
| Webster et al. (1992) |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Locock (1994) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Belik (1973) |
| Government of British Columbia |
| 150. +4 other references |
| www.em.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) |
| Ray |
| Pacific Mineral Museum collection (now at University of British Columbia) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 32: 825-837 +3 other references |
| www.em.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| correspondance with Giles Peatfied |
| B.C. Dept of Mines Reports 1970 |
| Paul (1984) |
| Phillips (1978) +1 other reference |
| Cerny et al. 2012 +2 other references |
| Richard Gunter specimen |
| Richard Gunter | |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Kontak et al. (1993) |
| Hutcheon et al. (1977) | |
| Davidson (1970) |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Can Mineral February 1 +1 other reference |
| D. D. Hogarth et al. (1973) |
| Ontario MDI Number: MDI31F04SW00036 +1 other reference |
| Noront Resources Ltd. |
| Franklin et al. (1991) |
| Sage (1988) | |
| Bennett (1978) |
| Harris (1989) +1 other reference |
| Pan et al. (1990) | |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Boyle (1968) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Pouliot et al. (1984) |
| |
| Taner et al. (1984) |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Allcock (1982) |
| Vollo (1959) |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Jeffrey de Fourestier collection |
| Sabina (2007) |
| Hogarth (1957) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| McDonald et al. (2018) |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) | |
Chile | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Bleiker (1991) |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Castelli et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Zongzhu Han et al. (1989) |
| Proyer et al. (2014) | |
| Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001) |
| Ripley et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Mao Jingwen et al. (2000) |
| Jingwen et al. (2000) |
| Qian-Jie Wang et al. (2007) |
| Jincheng Zhou et al. (2004) |
| Zhaochong Zhang et al. (1994) |
| Yonghong Zhu (2010) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2006) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (n.d.) |
| Ratschbacher et al. (2006) |
| Zhu et al. (2024) |
| Tian et al. (2026) |
| Qing-chang (1981) |
| Tongyun Song (1980) |
| Sun et al. (2025) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) | |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) |
| Chuanming Li and Xiaohui Chen (2005) |
| Zhou Guoqing (1997) | |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Shanglin Jin and Changgen Li (1984) |
| Lianxing Gu et al. (2004) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Yong-Jiang Liu et al. (2006) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Hongbing Hao and Wei Zhang (2001) |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Xue et al. (2021) |
| Xue et al. (2021) | |
| Xu et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| He et al. (2022) |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| Daxin Li et al. (2013) |
| Chunji Xue et al. (2000) |
| Chen Wen et al. (2006) | |
| Tang (2005) |
| Gao et al. (2001) |
| Tang (2005) |
| Lifei Zhang et al. (2001) |
| Cunlin Liu et al. (1987) |
| Jinwen Li et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Hongzhao Shi et al. (2011) |
Colombia | |
| Green et al. (1968) |
| Castellanos-Alarcón et al. (2016) |
Croatia | |
| Perković et al. (2024) |
Cuba | |
| Maresch et al. (2012) |
Cyprus | |
| Prüfer (2011) |
Czech Republic | |
| Zemek +5 other references |
| |
| [var: Clinothulite] Ray and Alvin Schortmann |
| Rieder |
| Litochleb +5 other references |
| Kruťa |
| Novak et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Nepejchal |
| Kruťa et al. (1968) |
| Kruťa et al. (1968) | |
| |
| Kruťa et al. (1968) | |
| Drozen |
| Novák et al. (2001) |
| Prachař +6 other references | |
| Vejnar |
| Litochleb |
| Welser +5 other references |
| Vácha et al. (2025) |
| Prokop et al. (2013) |
| Štědrá V.: Ca-Ba-Mn trhlinová ... |
| Litochleb (1997) |
| Novák et al. (2002) |
| Malỳ et al. (2019) |
| Houzar +1 other reference | |
| |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Ackerman et al. (2025) |
| Houzar |
| Houzar |
| Pauliš +5 other references |
| Houzar et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Hrazdil | |
| Houzar +5 other references | |
| Pauliš |
| Cempírek | |
| Sekanina (1965) | |
| Bačík et al. (2012) | |
Czech Republic/Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Krebs et al. (2008) |
Ecuador | |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| John et al. (2010) | |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| Alejandro Félix collection. |
Ethiopia | |
| Stephan et al. (2019) |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Rout et al. (2025) | |
Finland | |
| Kinnunen et al. (2013) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Arhe |
| Haapala +2 other references |
| Gustafsson et al. (2019) | |
| Le Vaillant et al. (2016) |
| Mutanen |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| [var: Clinothulite] Erich Berger Collection |
| Laitakari (1967) | |
France | |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... | |
| de la Paix Izerumugaba et al. (2026) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Briggs (1975) |
| Coffrant (1974) |
| Lebocey et al. (2023) |
| Berbain +2 other references |
| Lacroix (1893) | |
| Boutry Collection |
| Descouens et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| C. Derré |
| Raimbault et al. (1987) | |
| Pierrot et al. (1978) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Fortuné (1966) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| François GARRIC collection - EDX ... |
| Godard et al. (2024) |
| Périnet F. (2018) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| MAURY (S) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Habel (2009) |
| Habel (2003) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Rost (1949) |
| G. Franz and E.A. Smelik |
| Müller (1984) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=5976 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill (2008) | |
| Dill (2008) |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Meier (2005) |
| Meier (2001) |
| Weber (2013) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Baumgärtl (2014) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Kleser (2006) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| El-Kaluoby |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Hans-Jürgen Haas collection |
| Thomas Lühr |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| U. Ludwig |
| Meyer et al. (2024) |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Rieck (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Stergiou et al. (2016) |
| Christos Spiromitros (XRD and SEM analyses) |
| various added photos | |
| Wang et al. (2017) |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) |
| Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) | |
| Franz et al. (1992) |
| Avigad et al. (1992) |
Greenland | |
| Harry et al. (1964) |
| Holwell et al. (2013) |
| Sharpe (1980) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) | |
Guatemala | |
| Li et al. (2023) | |
| Harlow et al. (2011) | |
Hungary | |
| Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological ... |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary | |
| Csanad Loranth (XRD analysis) |
India | |
| Choudhuri et al. (1974) |
| Anantharamu et al. (1995) |
| Narayanan Kutty et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Taguchi et al. (2012) |
| Sachan et al. (1999) |
| Das et al. (2024) |
| Deb (1980) |
| GSA Bulletin +4 other references |
| Akhter et al. (1986) |
Indonesia | |
| Setiawan |
Iran | |
| Majid Ghaderi (2001) |
| Iranmanesh et al. (2018) |
Ireland | |
| Johnston (1949) |
Italy | |
| Gramaccioli (1975) +3 other references |
| Panseri et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Castello et al. (2016) | |
| Novo M. et al. (1989) | |
| Novo M. et al. (1989) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| - (2004) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Silvana Martin et al. (2025) |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1967) +2 other references |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) |
| Pagani G. (1973) |
| Martin et al. (1989) |
| Martin et al. (1989) | |
| Della Ventura et al. (1996) | |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Belkin et al. (2024) |
| Belkin et al. (2024) |
| Russo (1996) +1 other reference |
| Panikorovskii et al. (2017) | |
| Scacchetti et al. (2023) |
| Anelli M. (1942) |
| luigi mattei |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) | |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection | |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) | |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) | |
| T. Kampf +1 other reference | |
| Passarino (2020) |
| |
| Natale Calanchi (1980) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Maida (2002) | |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| F. Carasi et al. (1990) |
| Garzanti et al. (1998) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) | |
| Caucia et al. (2021) | |
| [var: Clinothulite] ... | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Wilhelm (1921) |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (1978) |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli (2002) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2021) |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Nisio et al. (1987) |
| Compagnoni et al. (1976) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| |
| Vola (2020) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Prete (1995) |
| Balzac (1916) +2 other references |
| Barresi A.A. et al. (Piemonte) |
| Gramaccioli (1975) | |
| Alessandro Cantamessa collection | |
| Balestro et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Andreoli et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Bortolami et al. (1968) |
| Maletto G. et al. (1976) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Barresi (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Zuccali et al. (2010) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Viterbo (1959) |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Monte Soglio-Rocca Canavese +3 other references | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Sandrone et al. (2004) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
| G. Castaldo (editors) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2021) |
| Silvio Bianco et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Roggiani (1970a) |
| Franco Vanini & Paolo Bosio finds | |
| Roggiani (1970) |
| Mattioli V. - La Vigezzite |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.20 |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Michele Verdi et al. (2025) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Mattioli (1979 a) +4 other references |
| Appiani et al. (1995) +2 other references | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Savia et al. (2023) |
| Bertolani et al. (1964) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Mattioli (1979) |
| Rossi (1968) |
| Franciosi et al. (2019) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Billows (1941) |
| Marini et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Cocco et al. (2022) |
| Alfonso Frías Forcada Collection |
| Boscardin et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| SEM-EDS analysis (AMI UK Service) |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Gerdes M.L. et al. (1995) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| Orlandi P. & Pezzotta (1996) |
| Orlandi P. & Pezzotta (1996) | |
| Orlandi P. & Pezzotta (1996) | |
| Nannoni R. et al. (Isola d'Elba) |
| Marinai V. et al. (Livorno) |
| Giuliano bettini collection +1 other reference | |
| Garofalo et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Sammartino (2014) | |
| |
| Tucci (1988) |
| Tucci (1988) |
| Orlandi (2005) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
Japan | |
| Hori +1 other reference |
| [var: Clinothulite] Petrov (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| kato (2009) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Go Ito |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| Miyajima et al. (2003) |
| Katou (1925) |
| Katou (1925) | |
| Matsueda (1980) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Suzuki (2009) |
| Imai (1978) |
| Tomioka et al. (2025) |
| Norimasa SHIMOBAYASHI (2004) |
| Kato et al. (1981) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Mikhno et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Uranium One |
Madagascar | |
| [var: Clinothulite] Lacroix (1940) +1 other reference |
| www.fonjatany-mth.com (2016) |
Malawi | |
| H.G. Dill |
Mali | |
| Masurel et al. (2017) |
| Masurel et al. (2017) | |
Mexico | |
| Panzcer (1987) |
| Panzcer (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panzcer (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Garcia y Barragan (1975) |
| Alejandro Felix Gutierrez Collection |
Morocco | |
| El Ghorfi et al. (2006) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) | |
| Nörtemann et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Steven et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Drüppel et al. (2004) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Dunn (1991) |
| Cavosie et al. (2022) |
Nazca Plate | |
| Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
Nepal | |
| Aaron J. Martin et al. (2009) |
New Zealand | |
| R. Martin collection |
| Smale D. 1982. Heavy minerals from ... |
| Skinner et al. (1999) |
| Mac Beggs (1978) |
| Youngson et al. (2002) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Lowery (1979) |
| Service (1937) |
| Watson (1973) | |
| Auton |
| Auton | |
| Turner (1938) |
| Youngson et al. (2002) | |
| An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +1 other reference |
| Leach et al. (1978) |
| Bradley |
| Pirajno et al. (1985) |
| Happy et al. (1970) |
| Mason (1959) |
North Korea | |
| Takeo Kato: "Two Types of Nickeliferous Pyrrhotite Deposits Found in Korea." (9 pp) |
North Macedonia | |
| Strmić Palinkaš et al. (2012) |
Norway | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Collection of the Iveland Municipality ... |
| Frigstad (1999) |
| Collection of Iveland Municipality # ... | |
| Hansen (2001) | |
| Hansen (2001) | |
| Garmo (2003) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2021) |
| Karstensen (2009) |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
| Larsen et al. (2013) |
| Ljøstad (2022) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Wilke (1976) +1 other reference |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| Garmo (1983) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Ljøstad (2022) | |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Terry et al. (2000) |
| Svensen et al. (2001) |
| Mysen et al. (1971) |
| Holstad (2006) |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| Engvik et al. (2023) |
| Rosenberg et al. (2000) |
| Gust et al. (1979) |
| Garmo (1996) | |
| Garmo et al. (2017) |
| - (2006) |
| Nordrum (2000) | |
| 65.6675970 |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Hansen (1985) |
| Kjeholt (199?) +2 other references |
| Størseth (2003) |
| Størseth (2003) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Nordrum (2007) |
| Manby (1983) |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 439 |
| Kristiansen (1998) |
| Neumann et al. (1955) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Nordrum et al. (2006) |
| Sturt et al. (1965) |
| - (2008) |
| Bøe (1976) |
| Bøe (2001) | |
| Kullerud et al. (2012) |
| Ravna et al. (2017) | |
| Larsen (2016) |
| Garmo et al. (2017) | |
| Garmo et al. (2017) |
| Witsø (1994) |
| Witsø (1995) | |
| Witsø (2005) |
| Nordrum (2008) |
| Størseth (2019) |
| Nielsen (2017) |
| Nordrum (2002) | |
| Ihlen (1983) |
| BINGEN (2001) |
| Boundy et al. (2002) |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Porter (2014) | |
| Porter (2014) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 297 | |
| Carswell et al. (2003) |
| Berget (2006) |
| Cotkin (1997) |
| Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Nordrum et al. (2005) |
Pakistan | |
| imported from Neelum Valley |
| Blauwet et al. (2004) | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 43 (2010) |
| Wilson (2006) | |
| Blauwet (2006) | |
| Blauwet (2004) +1 other reference |
| Dudley Blauwet | |
| imported from Shigar District +1 other reference | |
| Ahmed (1991) |
| Zahid et al. (2013) |
| Herb Obodda collection | |
Peru | |
| Teodocio Ramos specimens |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
| Steinmüller et al. (2000) |
| Moore (2018, June 5th) |
Poland | |
| Błocisz et al. (2015) |
| Gil et al. (2022) |
| Szełęg E. (2008) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Matyszczak et al. (2016) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Gil et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Harańczyk C. (1970) |
| Körber et al. (2005) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Pieczka et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Galuskin et al. (2003) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Ilnicki et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Heflik et al. (1987) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Koszowska E. 2002: ... |
Portugal | |
| Borrajo et al. (2024) |
| Gaspar et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Leal et al. (2022) |
| Ramos et al. (2024) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Hîrtopanu et al. (2003) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) | |
Russia | |
| Rakhimov (2024) |
| Leech et al. (2000) | |
| Gottman et al. (2018) |
| Kislov (2024) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Zhmodik et al. (2022) |
| Spiridonov (2020, September) |
| Orsoev (2019) | |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
| Filina et al. (2019) | |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Alexei Kuznetsov data |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis of Dmitry Tonkacheev sample ) |
| Amplieva (2008) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Rasskazov et al. (2007) | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2009, February) |
| Bortnikova et al. (2009, February) | |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Burlakov (1999) | |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Filimonova et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Strujkov et al. (1996) |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Groshev +6 other references |
| Mokrushin et al. (2021) |
| Y.A. et al. (2019) |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2008) |
| |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Semenov et al. (2008) |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Антонов (2003) |
| Kislov et al. (2026) |
| Lebedev et al. (2019) |
| Svetlitskaya et al. (2022) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| El-shafei et al. (2020) |
Senegal | |
| Schwartz et al. (2004) |
Serbia | |
| Mineco Limited |
Slovakia | |
| Vlasáč J. et al. (2018) |
| Jeleň et al. (2006) |
| Ondrejka et al. (2020) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2022) |
| Ložiská nerastných surovín ... |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Števko M. (2015) |
| unpublished | |
| Rybárik M. et al. (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Uher et al. (2008) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Ružička P. et al. (2017) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Bacsó |
| Bacik et al. (2019) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Bačík et al. (2018) |
| Ozdín D. & Rojkovič I. |
South Africa | |
| Maier et al. (2023) |
| Anhaeusser et al. (1976) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Netshidzivhe et al. (2025) |
| Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (1991) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Van der Merwe (2011) |
| Mutele et al. (2025) |
| Giester et al. (1994) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Miguel Angel Fernandez Periz (2006) |
| Puga et al. (2002) |
| Puga et al. (2025) | |
| Jiménez-Millán et al. (1993) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Carlos Utrera (2008) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Ahijado et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Rodríguez-Losada et al. (1998) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| - (1998) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) |
| Joan Rosell-Riba |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| Mellado et al. (2022) |
| Aufschluss 1975 (6) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Josep Sanchez Lafuente i Mariol ... |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Specimens field collected by Josep ... | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2026) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| Fernando Gascón collection | |
| Tánago et al. (2012) | |
| [var: Clinothulite] ANGEL ORTIZ MAELLAS AOM |
| Collection of the Geominero Museum of ... |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Tornos et al. (2006) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Arias et al. (2021) |
| Williams (1983) | |
| Manuel Echevarria Rodriguez |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
Sweden | |
| Bergström (1959) |
| |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Makvandi et al. (2024) |
| Jansson et al. (2013) |
| Troëng (1982) |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Zenzén (1927) |
| |
| www.gvc.gu.se (2003) |
| Andersson et al. (2022) |
| Natural History Museum Stockholm ... +1 other reference |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Gustafsson (1992) | |
| Nysten (1996) |
| Grensman (1991) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Sandström et al. (2009) | |
| Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| |
| Rincon (2022) |
| |
| |
| |
| Turner (2020) +1 other reference |
| Jansson (2022) | |
| Stenberg (2006) | |
Switzerland | |
| Romani E. (2000) |
| Romani (2000) |
| Romani (2000) | |
| Romani (2000) |
| Wenk et al. (2019) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Dill (2008) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) | |
| Friedländer (1930) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Mittelholzer (1936) |
| Trommsdorf (1968) +4 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß et al. (2018) |
| Weiß et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß (1992) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cannon (2005) +1 other reference |
| Mestrom (2023) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Graeser S. (2005) |
| Weibel et al. (1990) | |
Taiwan | |
| Wan et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| |
| Huang (2018) |
| Juan et al. (1959) |
| Ichimura (1944) +1 other reference |
Tanzania | |
| Maaskant et al. (1980) |
Thailand | |
| Charusiri et al. (1990) |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| Coll. G. Brandstetter |
| Scott et al. (1999) | |
Turkey | |
| Kaya et al. (2023) |
| Oberhänsli et al. (2013) |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) |
| Okay et al. (2000) |
UK | |
| [Robson |
| Day (1999) |
| Tarmac |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| [BMS] |
| Gilbey |
Ukraine | |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| USGS OFR 2004-1200 (Hawley,2004) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998) |
| Simpson (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Miller et al. (1983) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Bob Jenkins | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references | |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +1 other reference |
| Schwartz (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Peterson (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Peterson (1954) +2 other references |
| Peterson et al. (1946) +5 other references |
| Haxel et al. (2023) |
| Heinrich (1960) |
| Gilluly (1946) +1 other reference |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Ronald Render |
| Schwartz (1953) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Creasey (1952) +1 other reference |
| Rose (1959) |
| Chesterman (1966b) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Switzer (1951) +2 other references |
| Tsujimori | |
| Kelley (1938) +3 other references |
| Martin et al. (2020) |
| [var: Clinothulite] Barton (2000) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Murdock et al. (1938) +3 other references |
| Rowland (1984) | |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Sharp (1959) +2 other references | |
| Pelletier | |
| Morgan (1975) +2 other references |
| Morgan (1975) +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| 'Charles I. Trantham' collection |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Cooney (1956) +3 other references |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Richmond (1939) +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Parrish (1960’s) |
| San Diego Mining Company (2011) |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| San Diego Mining Company | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Hutton (1956) |
| Taylor et al. (2022) |
| Armstrong et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bush | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Agar (1933) | |
| Walter D. Munson (of Southbury) | |
| Murphy et al. (1966) |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Shannon (1921b) +1 other reference | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Jeremy Zolan | |
| [var: Clinothulite] Eric Briggs collection |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Schooner (circa 1990) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| former Ronald Januzzi collection. |
| Long et al. (1959) |
| Cook (1978) |
| gamineral.org (2000) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Fisher (1936) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) | |
| |
| Doug Watts |
| King et al. (1994) |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) |
| |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
| |
| |
| Leavitt et al. (1993) |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| Bernstein (1976) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 18:206. |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| |
| P Cristofono collection |
| Lincks (1978) |
| Lincks (1978) | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Brownlow (MIT thesis) | |
| Cook (1974) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Cook | |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| Cook |
| P Cristofono collection |
| USGS Open File Report 02-433 (2002) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| Paul Senn Collection +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Boudreau et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Peter G. Vikre (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Jensen (1993) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| 10XMinerals | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| R&M 79:1 p44-54 |
| R&M 79:1 p44-54 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (1976) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Smith (2005) |
| P Cristofono collection 2010 | |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Rumble et al. (1988) |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| [var: Clinothulite] Cristofono (n.d.) +2 other references |
| P. Cristofono collection | |
| Walsh & Clark (USGS Open-File Report 99-8) |
| Palache (1935) |
| Rutgers Univ. Bull. #5 |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR OFR 370 |
| XRD data from the New Mexico Bureau of ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| USGS Bull 945C | |
| USGS Bull 945C |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Jensen (1978) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 19554 |
| Januzzi |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| - (2005) |
| Arthur R.Kinkel. |
| P.G Fess et al. (1983) |
| |
| Robert D.Hatcher Jr. and Brendan R.Bean (2002) |
| Lawrence et al. (1993) | |
| Barmarin (2009-2010) |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Southeastern Geology (3) +1 other reference |
| Zeitner |
| Absher and McSween H.Y Jr |
| - (2005) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| [var: Clinothulite] Pink Zoisite and Clinozoisite from ... | |
| [var: Clinothulite] various added photos |
| |
| [var: Clinothulite] Richard C. Erd | |
| [var: Clinothulite] Richard C. Erd |
| [var: Clinothulite] Richard C. Erd |
| Dockal et al. (2007) | |
| [var: Clinothulite] Richard C. Erd | |
| Wood et al. (1996) | |
| Zen (1961) |
| GSA Southeastern Section - 60th Annual Meeting (23–25 March 2011) |
| J.Wright Horton et al. (2006) | |
| Lawrence et al. (1993) | |
| Stephen Brewer Harper | |
| Harper et al. (1977) |
| Harper et al. (1977) | |
| Conrad |
| [var: Clinothulite] "Mineralogy of the Ray Mica Mine |
| [var: Clinothulite] Richard C. Erd |
| [var: Clinothulite] Richard C. Erd |
| - (1952) |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| - (2005) |
| George (1969) |
| |
| S.K. Mittwede and E.S. Schandl |
| Long et al. (1959) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Rankin (2002) |
| Whetten (1965) | |
| Am Min 50:752 | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| USGS OFR 45-14 +1 other reference | |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Nolan et al. (1935) +1 other reference |
| various added photos |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Chidester et al. (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Yale Peabody Museum | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
| Ross (1941) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Glass et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| - (2005) |
| Cannon Microprobe ID |
| Cannon (1991) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Cordura |
| Leighton (1954) | |
| Lambe et al. (1987) |
| Greenberg (1983) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| William S. Cordua collection |
| Wyoming State Geological Survey +1 other reference |
| Wilmarth et al. (1954) |
Zambia | |
| Master et al. (2015) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Asa Resource Group plc |
| Kisters et al. (1998) |
| Metallion Resources |
| Eales (1964) |
| Sminia et al. (2006) |
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Lemie, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy