ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ (1941โ€“2017)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

David Schรผtz

    ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืดื, 5 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1941 ื‘ืฉื ื“ื™ื˜ืžืจึพืื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื™ืœื ืจึพื‘ืื•ืืจึพืฉื™ืฅ (Schรผtz). ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืดืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจืด, ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืœืžื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” (1969), ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื•ื›ืžืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืžึพ1968 ืคื™ืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืงืฉืช. ืคืจื™ืฆืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื ืคืจืกื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ (ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1978). ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืจื‘ื™ึพื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ืžื•ึพื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™, ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืกื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื˜ื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืชื•, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื›ืคืจื™ ื ื™ืื•ืคื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืœื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช ืžื›ืคืจื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืจืช, ื•ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื•ื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื‘ืชื”, ืœื•ื˜ื” ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื•ืจืœื”. ื—ื˜ื ื”ื ื™ืื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื˜ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื˜ื” ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื˜ืฉืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ืฉื›ื ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืช ื”ืื.
    ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื”ืื, ื”ืจืขื™ื”, ื”ืžืื”ื‘ืช, ื”ื–ื•ื ื”) ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืจื‘ึพืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืฉืฉื™ืฅ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ืฉื•ืžืข ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืืช ืžืœืžื•ืœื™ื”ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
    ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (1980), ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืืš ืคื•ืจืกื ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ึพืกืžืœื ื™, ืœืขืชื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืื”ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจึพืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืจื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ, ืจืฆื—, ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืงืจื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืงืข ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืื” ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื™ื: ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื›ื” (1987) ื•ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ื (1988) ื•ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ (1989).
    ื‘ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื›ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื•ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ืชืคืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช. ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืงื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™; ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ืืคืœื” ื•ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื”.
    ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฅ: ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ (1989); ืฉื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื (1995); ื•ื›ืžื• ื ื—ืœ (1997), ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”ื. ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ (1991) ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื ืขืจื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ืžืกืคืจ, ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฅ, ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื”: ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื”.
    ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื–ืจื ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื–ืขืงื” ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื, ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื• ื”ืืคืœื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™, ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื, ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช) ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ื” ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื•ืจื ืงื ื™ื•ืง, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืจึพืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸึพืฉื’ื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืงืคื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”, ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื•ืช, ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืคืš ืคืจื•ื“ื™ึพืกืจืงืกื˜ื™.
    ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ื, ืฉืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฅ ืืช ืคืจืก ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (1988). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื” (1991). ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื. ืฉื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืดื”ืงืฉืจื™ืืด ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื˜ืจื ื›ื•ื ืกื• โ€“ ื—ืœืงื ืœื ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995 ืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ืœื‘ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช Claassen, ืฉืชืจื’ืžื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื” ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชึพื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1945โ€“1948, ื•ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื” ื›ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืžื ื” ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืื—ืชึพืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืžืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื, ืฉื ื—ื™ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืื—ืชึพืขืฉืจื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขึพืขืฉืจื”. ืฉื™ืฅ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืชื ืขืจืš ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื: ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืืžื• ื•ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืกืคืจื™ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื. ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฅ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืกืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื›ืชื‘ึพื”ืืฉืžื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืืฆื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื”ืžืขื•ึผื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ืฅ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”, ืžื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื•ืื™ืชื ื”, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืœืึพืžืชืคืงื“ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืืžื• ื”ื ื•ื˜ืฉืช, ื”ืขืจื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืขืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื’ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฅ, ืฉืžืงืฆืชื ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ึพืขืช ื•ืžืงืฆืชื ืœื ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ. ื’ื ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ืขื•ืœื ืงื•ื“ืจ, ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœืžื’ืข, ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืกื•ืื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฅ ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื™. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ืจื•ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื‘ืื™ึพืžื“ื‘ืจื™, ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ืฅ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื•, ื•ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื•. ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืœืœ, ื‘ื•ื’ื“ ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืœืœืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื. ืฉื™ืฅ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื“ืžื ื˜ื™ืชึพื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื“ืขื™ื›ืชื• ื•ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืžื•ื ื”ึพืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื”. ื‘ึพ1974 ื ื™ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ืœืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื• ื•ืœื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•, ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืคืจืช, ื‘ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืณ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืขืดื–, 14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017.

       

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื” ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ (ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸึพื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘), ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื’ื•ื•ื™ื“ื• ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื™]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ืืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ (ืž.ื.)โ€”ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜>
  • ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœืดื— 1978) <ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช>
  • Lืณherbe et le sable : roman / David Schรผtz ; traduit de lืณhรฉbreu par Liliane Servier (Paris : Hachette, 1981)
  • Gras und Sand : roman / aus dem Hebrรคischen von Judith Brรผll-Assan und Ruth Achlama (Hildesheim : Claassen, 1992)
  • ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืดื) <ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื>
  • ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื›ื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื–ืžื•ืจื”ึพื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉืžืดื– 1987) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืกื—>
  • ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1988) <ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช>
  • Trilogie des Abschieds : roman / David Schรผtz ; aus dem Hebrรคischen von Barbara Linner (Hildesheim : Classen, 1993)
  • ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดืŸ 1989)
  • ืื‘ื™ืฉื’ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1990) <ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช>
  • Avischag : Roman / aus dem Hebrรคischen von Mirjam Pressler (Hildesheim : Claassen, 1996)
  • ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•, 1991) <ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื> <ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช>
  • Das goldene Tagebuch / aus dem Hebrรคischen von Mirjam Pressler (Frankfurt/Main : Ali-Baba-Verlag , 1993)
  • ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1992) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ืชึพื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ื™ื’ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ: ืดืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅืด>
  • Das Herz der Wassermelone : deutsch-israelische Erfahrungen / aus dem Hebrรคischen von Pavel C. Goldenberg. Mit einem Nachwort von Wolf Biermann (Hildesheim : Claassen, 1995)
  • ืฉื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1995)
  • ื›ืžื• ื ื—ืœ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 1997)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืื’ื•ื– : ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉื›ืดื—) <ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื โ€“ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ื•ืœืื” ื“ื•ื‘ื‘>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืกืคืจื™ื
  • ื‘ืŸึพื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืจื™. ืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” : ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, 1994) <ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืดืžื•ืกืžืšืด. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, 1994>
  • ืกืชืจ, ืชืžืจ. ืชื• ื”ื—ึฒืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ : ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• (ืจืขื ื ื” : ืœืžื“ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืชืฉืคืดื“ 2023)
ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืดื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืด
  • ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืŸึพืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืกื•ืขืจืช โ€“ ืื• ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืงืคืงืื™ืช? ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 12โ€“14 (1982), ืขืžืณ 312โ€“313.
  • ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื•.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ึผืช ื•ืžืžื ื” : ืืžื”ื•ึผืช ื•ืืžื”ื•ึนืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืขืดื“ 2014), ืขืžืณ 16โ€“37.
  • ื‘ืŸึพืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืดื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืด. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืžืดื— (1979), ืขืžืณ 307โ€“309.
  • ื‘ืจืžื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืขื ืœื•ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ ื”ืœื ื” ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื•ืขื™ืžื ื•ืืœ. ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืงื™ื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 39โ€“40 (1979), ืขืžืณ 345โ€“349.
  • ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”. ืขืœ ืดื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืด. ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 12โ€“14 (1982), ืขืžืณ 310โ€“311.
  • ื™ืฆื—ืงื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”. ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช : ืขืœ ืดื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืด ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ. ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 12โ€“14 (1982), ืขืžืณ 303โ€“309.
  • ืžื•ืกืงื•ื ื”ึพืœืจืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ืœื™. ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ืงื• ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื ืดื‘, 13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืžืณ 60.
  • ืžืœืžื“, ืืจื™ืื ื”. ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื ืดื‘, 13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืžืณ 43.
  • ืจื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื”. ืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช? ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 10 (1980), ืขืžืณ 467โ€“470.
  • ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ื™ื’ืืœ. ืžื“ื•ืข ืื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืดื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืด. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืดื– ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื ืดื, 6 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืžืณ 56โ€“56.
  • ืฉื™ืฅ, ื“ื•ื“. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืดื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืด. ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 15โ€“16 (1982), ืขืžืณ 299โ€“301 <ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืจ ืดืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืด ื‘ืดืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ืด 12โ€“14 ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืดืœ>
  • ืฉืงื“, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ.  ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืงื™ื™ื”.  ืžืฉื (ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืณืœืžืจื—ื‘ืณ), ื›ืดื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœืดื˜, 25 ื‘ืžืื™ 1979, ืขืžืณ   <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื’ืœ ืื—ืจ ื’ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1985), ืขืžืณ 147โ€“150>
  • ืฉืงืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืจื—ืœ.  ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื—.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช : ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืกื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 1988), ืขืžืณ 171โ€“180 ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื : 35 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 1996), ืขืžืณ 95โ€“106.
  • Schwartz, Yigal. The past unsheathed : motivation and artistic expression in The Grass and the Sand.   Modern Hebrew Literature, N.S., nos. 8โ€“9 (Spring/Fall 1992), pp. 36โ€“39.
ืขืœ ืดื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”ืด
  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, 1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1980, ืขืžืณ 4.
  • ื‘ืŸึพืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืดื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”ืด. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื ืดื (1980), ืขืžืณ 170.
  • ืœื‘ื•ืึพื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื’ื ืœืžื•ื–ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ : ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ. ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 2 (1980), ืขืžืณ 26โ€“27.
  • ืขื™ื ืช, ืขืžืœื”. ื”ื™ืกื—ืคื•ืช ืœืœื ื‘ืงืจื”. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 20 (1980), ืขืžืณ 47โ€“48.
  • ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ื™ื’ืืœ. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืฆื•ืจื”. ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 11 (1980), ืขืžืณ 139โ€“141.
ืขืœ ืดืขื“ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื›ื”ืด
  • ืื‘ื™ืฉื™, ืžืจื“ื›ื™. ื”ืืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืืชื•. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1987, ืขืžืณ 18.
  • ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืคืขื โ€“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ื—ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1987, ืขืžืณ 20.
  • ืื—ื™ึพื ืขืžื™, ืืžื ื•ืŸ. ื ืคืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœืณ 240 (8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1987), ืขืžืณ 40, 41.
  • ืื•ืจืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ื•ื”. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 31 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1987, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 6.
  • ื‘ื•ืฉืก, ื”ื“ื”. ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”. ื”ืืจืฅ, 27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1987, ืขืžืณ 12.
  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉ. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื›ืดื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืžืดื—, 15 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1988, ืขืžืณ 6.
  • ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืจื•ืžืŸ ืจื•ื—ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ืจืืžื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืขืœ โ€“ ืดืขื“ ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื›ื”ืด, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1987, ืขืžืณ 1.
  • ื ื‘ื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืŸ. ืจื•ืžืืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 31 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1987, ืขืžืณ 22โ€“23.
  • ืคืจืœื™ืก, ืื™ื–ื”. ืฉื™ื‘ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ืฆื—. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื™ืณ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืžืดื–, 4 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1987, ืขืžืณ 15.
  • ืฆื™ืคืจ, ื‘ื ื™. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื: ืžืงื•ืจ. ื”ืืจืฅ, 19 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1987, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 7.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ืืด
  • ืื•ืจืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ืคืกืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื (ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืกืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™). ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื“, ื’ืœืณ 3โ€“4 (ื—ืฉื•ืŸโ€“ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืดืŸ, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจโ€“ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1989), ืขืžืณ 54โ€“59 <ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืดื”ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืด ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืžื’ื“, ืดืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืฉื”ืด ืœืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื– ื•ืดืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ืืด ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ>
  • ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ืณ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 19 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1988, ืขืžืณ 3.
  • ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืื ื˜ื™ึพืžื™ืชื•ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 103โ€“104 (1988) ืขืžืณ 16โ€“17.
  • ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืชืœื•ืฉื™ื. ืžืงืจื ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ: ื›ืชื‘ึพืขืช ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 63 (88)(1993), ืขืžืณ 41โ€“49.
  • ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ. ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืงืœื™ื“ื•ืกืงื•ืค: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ืดืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ืืด. ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 26 (ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989), ืขืžืณ 69โ€“76 <ื ื•ืกื— ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืกืดื• 2006), ืขืžืณ 588โ€“596>
  • ื”ืจืฆื™ื’, ื—ื ื”. ืงื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 18 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1988, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 6.
  • ื•ื•ืœืžืŸ, ื”ื“ืกื”. ืดื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืืด : ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ, ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืดืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ืืด. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืณ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1988, ืขืžืณ 20.
  • ื–ื”ื‘ื™, ืืœื›ืก. ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ื–ื”. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 12 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1988, ืขืžืณ 2.
  • ื–ื ื“ื‘ื ืง, ืจื—ืœื”. ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืคืช. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ืœืณ 287 (1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1988), ืขืžืณ 30, 31.
  • ืœืื•ืจ, ื“ืŸ. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื: ืžืงื•ืจ. ื”ืืจืฅ, 19 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1988, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 7.
  • ืžื•ืงื“, ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ.  ืงืกืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื.  ืจืžื–ื•ืจ, 1988 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ : 96 ืžืกื•ืช, ืžืืžืจื™ื, ืจืฆื ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจึพื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื›ืฉื™ื• : ื›ืชื‘ : ืขืžื“ื”, ืชืฉืขืดื 2011), ืขืžืณ 255โ€“256>
  • ืฉื ื™ืจ, ืœืื”. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ืช ื’ืจื–ืŸ : ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืคืกื—, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื—, 1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1988, ืขืžืณ 24โ€“25.
  • ืฉื ื™ืจ, ืœืื”. ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื‘, ื’ืœืณ 4 (1988), ืขืžืณ 59โ€“60.
  • ืฉื ื™ืจ, ืœืื”. ืขืœ ืดืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืื“ื•ืืด ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ. ืืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื’ืœืณ 13 (1989), ืขืžืณ 31โ€“33.
ืขืœ ืดืื‘ื™ืฉื’ืด
  • ืื‘ื™ืฉื™, ืžืจื“ื›ื™. ื”ืืฉื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 16 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990, ืขืžืณ 21.
  • ืื•ืจ, ืืžื™ืจ. ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”: ืœื ืืชื” โ€“ ืœื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืกืดื“, ื’ืœืณ 8 (1990), ืขืžืณ 36โ€“38.
  • ืื•ืจืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืฉื’. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ื™ืดื— ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1990, ืขืžืณ ื” 8.
  • ื‘ื•ืฉืก, ื”ื“ื”. ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฅ. ื”ืืจืฅ, 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 7.
  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื›ืณ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืดืŸ, 13 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1990, ืขืžืณ 6.
  • ื’ื•ื˜ืงื™ื ื“, ื ืขืžื™. ืดืื‘ื™ืฉื’ืด ื›ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืื• ื›ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990, ืขืžืณ 6.
  • ื’ื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื™ื”. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, 2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 9.
  • ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ.  ืื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื•ื˜ื—ืช.  ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, 2005), ืขืžืณ 63โ€“65 <ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืณื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืจื“ื™ื• ืœืกืคืจื•ืชืณ, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990)
  • ื•ืœื“, ืื‘ื™. ื—ื™ื“ืชื” ื”ืœื ืžืคื•ืขื ื—ืช. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 14 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990, ืขืžืณ 33.
  • ื™ืฆื—ืงื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”. ืื‘ื•ืช ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื•ืกืจ: ืขืœ ืดืื‘ื™ืฉื’ืด ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ. ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—, ื—ื•ื‘ืณ 27โ€“28 (1990), ืขืžืณ 173โ€“174.
  • ืžืœืžื“, ืืจื™ืื ื”. ืจื•ืžืŸ ืœืžืฉืจืชื•ืช. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, 23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1990, ืขืžืณ 24.
  • ืฆื•ืจ, ื™ื’ืืœ. ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžืฉืžื™ืžื”. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 16 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990, ืขืžืณ 21.
  • ืจื™ื™ื›ืจื˜, ืจื‘ื™ื‘. ืื‘ื™ืฉื’, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืฉื™ืฅ. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื’ืœืณ 2741 (14 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990), ืขืžืณ 31, 36.
  • ืฉื—ืจึพืœื•ื™, ื™ื•ื ื”. ืื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืคืœื˜ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1990, ืขืžืณ 21.
  • ืฉื ื™ืจ, ืœืื”. ื”ืืจื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืกืคืจื• ืณืื‘ื™ืฉื’ืณ. ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืดื• ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 23 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990, ืขืžืณ 19โ€“20.
ืขืœ ืดื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ืด
  • ื‘ืŸึพืฉืœื•ื, ืฆื‘ื™ื”. ืคื ื™ืžื™ื” ื ื™ื“ื—ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืžืณ 15.
  • ื“ืื•ืจ, ื“ืŸ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฅ. ื“ื‘ืจ, 21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1991, ืขืžืณ 27.
  • ืžืœืžื“, ืืจื™ืื ื”. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื”ื‘ื”. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืžืณ 29.
  • ืฆื•ืจ, ื™ื’ืืœ. ืดื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ืด. ื”ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1991, ืขืžืณ 30โ€“31.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ืืด
  • ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ. ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, 2005), ืขืžืณ 158โ€“159 <ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืณืžื•ืกืฃ ืจื“ื™ื• ืœืกืคืจื•ืชืณ, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1995>
  • ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ืืœื™. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, 30 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1995, ืขืžืณ 22
  • ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืขืœ.  ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ.  ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 189 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื ืดื•, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1995), ืขืžืณ 8.
  • ื›ืกืคื™, ืขื•ืคืจ. ืžื” ืฉื‘ืข? ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืขืณ, ื’ืœืณ 3 (1995), ืขืžืณ 19โ€“20.
ืขืœ ืดื›ืžื• ื ื—ืœืด
  • ื™ื’ื™ืœ, ืจืŸ. ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืคื•ืจืชื. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 221 (1998), ืขืžืณ 12.
  • ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืฉื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื™. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื™ืดื˜ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื ืดื—, 15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1998, ืขืžืณ 26.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL4180984A Wikidata โ€“ Q4250448 J9U โ€“ 987007267831805171 NLI โ€“ 000119453 LC โ€“ nr88006097 VIAF โ€“ 211674465
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