ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก (1925โ€“2012)

 

Hedda Boshes

    ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืคืดื”, 23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1925, ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืจื”, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื™ืžื™ืžื” ื•ื ื›ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืœืื” ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”. ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืฉืจืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื (ATS). ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืณืงืฉืชืณ, ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืžื™ืจ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื–, ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืณืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชืณ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืณื”ืืจืฅืณ, ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื”. ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืžื•ืดืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืื•ืคื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืณืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืชืณ ืฉื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ืขื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืณื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชืณ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื“ืดืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืžื–ื•, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืกื•ืคื— ื’ื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉืก, ืฉื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ืดืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืฆื“ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ืชืด (ืข. ืืœืžื•ื’ ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืจื•ืœื™ืง, 2004, ืขืžืณ 198). ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืณื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชืณ ื•ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื ืืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืขืดื‘, 14 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012 ื•ื ื˜ืžื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจื”.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”. ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ืจืื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืณื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืชืณ]
[ืชืฆืœื•ื: ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืจืŸ]

ืกืคืจื™ื”:

  • ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื  (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉืžืดื 1981)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”: ืขืœ ืดื”ื”ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืด
  • ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืจื [ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืจืฉืช]. ืดื”ื”ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืด ืžืืช ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื˜ืดื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืžืดื, 17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1981, ืขืžืณ 19 (ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ืณืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ืืณ)
  • ืขื™ื ืช, ืขืžืœื”. ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœืงืืชืืจื–ื™ืก. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืดื— ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืžืดื, 28 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1981, ืขืžืณ 18.
  • ืจื–ื™ืืœ, ื•ืจื“ื”. ืดืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืชืด ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืœืœื ืขื•ืฆืžื”. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœืณ 31 (1982), ืขืžืณ 56.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

  • ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืก  ื‘ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ืณื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืชืณ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.

Wikidata โ€“ Q12406432 J9U โ€“ 987007305059205171 NLI โ€“ 000285265 LC โ€“ n83071796 VIAF โ€“ 75226124
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ