ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ (1940)

Yosef Oren

    ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ (ืื•ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื), ื—ื•ืงืจ, ืžืกืื™ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ-ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื‘, ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืดืฉ, 14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1940. ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข. ืžืื– 1950 ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืดื—ื‘ื™ื‘ืด ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1963 ืขื“ 1976 ืœื™ืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืž-1977 ืขื“ ืœืฆืืชื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืฆื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™-ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืคื™ืจืกื ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืจื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘, ืœื“ืขืชื•. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื: ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ื”ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, 1983; ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, 2007); ืกืคืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื (ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, 2001); ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, 2008); ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”; ืกืคืจื•ืช ืืชื ื™ืช; ืกืคืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ืช; ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื•-ืœืกื‘ื™ืช; ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช; ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ. ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื•: ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (1997), ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” (2005), ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช (2006), ื”ืฉืื ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (2010), ื ื™ืชื•ืฅ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (2012). ืคื™ืจืกื ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ืก ื•ืขืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืจื™ื›ื (1982) ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื– (1990). ื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (1989).ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืดืฉ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (1981 ื•-1989) ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื˜ืขื ืจืืฉ-ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (ื‘-1989). ืกืคืจื• ื”ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืดื—ื ื•ืด ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื• (1983). ืขืจืš ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ืขืช ื‘ืขื“ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื“ (1972โ€“1980).


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื”ืจืฆืœ ื—ืงืง]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš:
  • ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ื™ื—ื“, ืชืฉืžืดื“ 1984)
  • ื”ืžื—ื ืš ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช-ื”ื›ื™ืชื” : ืื™ืš ืžื’ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช-ื›ื™ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช? (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ื™ื—ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื’ 1993)
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
  • ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื / ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืจื™ื›ื ; ืœื™ืงื˜, ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉืžืดื‘ 1982)
  • ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื : ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ / ื”ืขื•ืจืš, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืžืดื˜ 1989)
  • ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื– ; ืœื™ืงื˜, ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืชืจ, 1990)
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
  • ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ ืดืžื™ ืžืงื•ืคื—ืช ื›ืืŸ, ืžื™ืด, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืณืžืขืจื™ื‘ืณ, ื–ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื, 27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2001. ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื•: ืดืžื‘ืงืจ-ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืชืด, ืณืžืขืจื™ื‘ืณ, ื›ืดื ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื, 10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2001.
    • ื‘ืจืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืคื”. ืœืžื” ืžืคื—ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช? ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื, 3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2001, ืขืžืณ 28.
    • ื›ื”ื ื-ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืขืžืœื™ื”. ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›ืดื ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื, 10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2001, ืขืžืณ 25โ€“26.
  • ื—ืงืง, ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ. ืดื”ืกื•ื’ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืืžื™ืฆื™ืืด. ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 12 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2008 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ  ืฆื•-ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ื™ื—ื“, ืชืฉืกืดื˜ 2009), ืขืžืณ 177โ€“192>
ืขืœ ืดืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžืืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืด ืขืœ ืดื”ืขื˜ ื›ืฉื•ืคืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืด
  • ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืื™ื“ื™ืื™, ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื ืดื’, 2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1992, ืขืžืณ 23.
  • ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ืฉืจื”. ื™ื—ืกื™-ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื”. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกืคืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืดื” ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื ืดื’, 16 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1993, ืขืžืณ 29โ€“30.
  • ื–ื™ื•, ื™ื•ืกื™. ืžื™ ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช? ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื›ืดื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื ืดื’, 18 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1992, ืขืžืณ 18, 20.
ืขืœ ืดื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืด
  • ืจื, ืื•ืจื™. ื”ืžืคืœื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื˜ื™. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, 24 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1994, ืขืžืณ 6.
ืขืœ ืดืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืด
  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื”ืžืกืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื ืดื—, 20 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1998, ืขืžืณ 6.
ืขืœ ืดืจื‘ื™ ืžื›ืจ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืด
  • ืžืœืฆืจ, ื™ื•ืจื. ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ืณ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืก, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2000, ืขืžืณ 28.
  • ื ื’ื™ื“, ื—ื™ื™ื. ืงื•ืจื, ื›ื•ืชื‘, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ : ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช - ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืณ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืก, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2000, ืขืžืณ 26.
ืขืœ ืดืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืด
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืื•ืœ, ืžืฉื”.  ืœื ืจืง ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื ... ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืขืดื—, ื’ืœืณ 5 (ืื‘ ืชืฉืกืดื“, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2004), ืขืžืณ 37.
ืขืœ ืดื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื”ืด ืขืœ ืดืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืด
  • ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื”. ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืคืดื‘, ื’ืœืณ 2 (ืชืฉืจื™-ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืกืดื˜, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2008), ืขืžืณ 47โ€“49.
ืขืœ ืดืฆื•-ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืด

ืขืœ ืดื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืืด ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืจืŸ
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจ, ืื”ื•ื“. ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื“ืณ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืŸ, 30 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1990, ืขืžืณ ื‘ 8.
  • ืชื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ืจืœื™. ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืžืดื˜, 23 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1989, ืขืžืณ 23.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

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ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 16 ื‘ืžืื™ 2021

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