ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™ (1939โ€“2021)

Zisi Stavi

    ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™ (ื–ืกื˜ื‘ืงืจ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืดื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืฆืดื˜, 13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1939, ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืณืœื ื•ื‘. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืณ. ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• (ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช) ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืงืจื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื—ืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืฆืคืจื•ื ื™. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงืจื•ื (ืงืจื•ืคื ื™ืง) ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืกืชื•ื™ ื’ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ  ืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืชื ืดืš ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื˜ืณ ื•ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฆื”ืดืœ. ืž-1966 ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1973โ€“2004 ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2005.  ืกืชื•ื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ  ืืช ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื (1982โ€“1983), ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” (ืขื ื—ื ื•ืš ืจื•ืŸ, 1987โ€“1988), ืืช ื’ื™ืชื™ืช, ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (1990) ื•ืืช  ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (1997โ€“1998).
    ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืคืจืกื ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื‘, ืขืžืœื™ื” ื›ื”ื ื-ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ, ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืขื–ืจื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืจ, ืžื ื—ื ืคืจื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“, ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืชืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.  ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช: ืดื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืชืด ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืดืกืคืจื™ื, ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืกืคืจื™ืืด (ื™ืกื“ ื•ืขืจืš ืขื ืฆื™ืคื™ ื’ื•ืŸ-ื’ืจื•ืก) ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”ืดืœ, ืดืกื™ืคื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืด ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืดืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”ืด ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 2 ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ืขื•ืจืš ืดืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืด ืžื˜ืขื ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2005. ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”ืดืœ. ืœื™ืžื“ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื”ื ื—ื” ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื•ืขืจืš ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื. ืขืจืš ืฉืฉ ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช: ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (1993); ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื›ื™ื ืืช ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ (1995); 66 ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” (1996); ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืžื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• (1998); ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืจื™ืื™ื ืœืื˜: ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžื‘ื—ืจ (1999); ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื”ื‘ื”? ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (2000). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘. ื‘-2007 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื–ืดืœ.   ืกืชื•ื™  ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืจืžืช-ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืกืคืจื ื™ืช; ืื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื; ื•ืกื‘ ืœืฉืชื™ ื ื›ื“ื•ืช, ืœื™ืจื™ ื•ืจื•ื ื™. ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืดื– ื‘ึฐึผื›ึดืกึฐืœึตื• ืชืฉืคืดื‘, 1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืจื“ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”] 
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™]

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • 30 ืฉื ื”, 30 ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 1993) <ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกื” ืžืืช ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ>
  • ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 1995) <ืืœื‘ื•ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ>
  • 66 ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 1996)
  • ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืžื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 1998)
  • ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืจื™ืื™ื ืœืื˜ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 1999)
  • ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื”ื‘ื”? : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2000)
  • ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ; ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข : ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ืชืฉืขืดื“ 2014) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ื’ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืดืจื’ืขื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ืืด.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืดื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืกืดื”, 7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2005, ืขืžืณ 24 <ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™ ืขื ืฆืืชื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช>
  • ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ.  ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืณื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชืณ, ืžืจ ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™, ืขืจื‘ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ.  ื”ื“ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืฉืกืดื– 2006, ืขืžืณ 200โ€“203 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ : ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืืคืœืคืœื“ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืดืข 2010), ืขืžืณ 332โ€“336>
ืขืœ ืด66 ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”ืด
  • ื ื’ื‘, ืื™ืœืช. ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ื™ืžื™ื, ื–ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื ืดื–, 20 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1996, ืขืžืณ 44.
ืขืœ ืดื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” - ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืืด
  • ื›ื ืขืŸ-ืงื™ื™ืคืŸ, ืจื—ืœ. ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” - ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.  ื”ื“ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 77, ื’ืœืณ ื˜ืดื– (ื‘ืณ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื ืดื—, 26 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1998), ืขืžืณ 25.
ืขืœ ืดืžื” ื–ืืช ืื”ื‘ื”?ืด
  • ื ื’ื‘, ืื™ืœืช. ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ื™ืžื™ื, ื˜ืณ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืดืก, 14 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2000, ืขืžืณ 78โ€“79, 81โ€“82, 84 <ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืดืžื” ื–ืืช ืื”ื‘ื”?: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”ืด ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื–ื™ืกื™ ืกืชื•ื™ (ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื)>
ืขืœ ืดืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q6601251 J9U โ€“ 987007268406305171 NLI โ€“ 000126327 LC โ€“ no93009016 VIAF โ€“ 90737444
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ