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Killalaite

A valid IMA mineral species
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Type Locality Outcrop

Inishcrone, Killala Bay, Sligo County, Connacht, Ireland
Formula:
Ca6.4(H0.6Si2O7)2(OH)2
Originally assumed to be Ca3(Si2O7).0.5H2O.
Colour:
White, colorless in thin section
Specific Gravity:
2.94 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
The mineral is named after the name of the locality, Killala Bay, and should be pronounced as killalahite.
Related to dellaite and trabzonite.


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Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
2206
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2206:0

Similar NamesHide

KalliliteA mixture of two or more distinct mineral species

IMA Classification of KillalaiteHide

IMA status:
Approved
IMA Formula:
Ca3.2[H0.6Si2O7](OH)
Approval year:
1973
First published:
1974
Approval history:
IMA1973-033
Type description reference:
Nawaz, R. (1974) Killalaite, a new mineral from Co. Sligo, Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (305) 544-548 doi:10.1180/minmag.1974.039.305.06

Classification of KillalaiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):
9.BE.85

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
E : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
Dana 8th ed.:
56.2.9.2

56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
14.5.17

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
KilIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
KilThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of KillalaiteHide

Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
White, colorless in thin section
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {100}. Poor on {010} and {001}.
Density:
2.94 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of KillalaiteHide

Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.634 - 1.635 nβ = 1.646 nγ = 1.642 - 1.648
2V:
Measured: 26° (2), Calculated: 38°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.008 - 0.013
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v

Chemistry of KillalaiteHide

Mindat Formula:
Ca6.4(H0.6Si2O7)2(OH)2

Originally assumed to be Ca3(Si2O7).0.5H2O.
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Ca40.840 %
O40.759 %
Si17.887 %
H0.514 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Ca, H, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of KillalaiteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Setting:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.807 Å, b = 15.459 Å, c = 6.811 Å
β = 97.76°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.44 : 1 : 0.441
Unit Cell V:
710.15 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Elongated on [010]
Twinning:
Complex penetration twinning, the composition plane of which
includes [010].

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0018997KillalaiteArmbruster T, Lazic B, Galuskina I O, Galuskin E V, Gnos E, Marzec K M, Gazeev V M (2012) Trabzonite, Ca4[Si3O9(OH)]OH: crystal structure, revised formula, new occurrence and relation to killalaite Mineralogical Magazine 76 455-4722012Northern Caucasus, Russia0293
0014467KillalaiteTaylor H F W (1977) The crystal structure of killalaite Mineralogical Magazine 41 363-3691977Killala Bay, Ireland0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.03 Å(80)
2.824 Å(100)
2.724 Å(60)
2.275 Å(45)
2.224 Å(45)
1.688 Å(35)
1.413 Å(40)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations

Type Occurrence of KillalaiteHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Inishcrone, Killala Bay, Sligo County, Connacht, Ireland
General Appearance of Type Material:
Well formed crystals to 2 mm.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Ulster Museum, Belfast, Ireland.
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1973,484.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 128672.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Thermally metamorphosed limestone
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
AfwilliteCalciteSpurriteWollastonite
Reference:
Nawaz, R. (1974) Killalaite, a new mineral from Co. Sligo, Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (305) 544-548 doi:10.1180/minmag.1974.039.305.06

Synonyms of KillalaiteHide

Other Language Names for KillalaiteHide

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.BE.ZinkgruvaniteBa4Mn2+4Fe3+2(Si2O7)2(SO4)2O2(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.Calciomurmanite(Na,◻)2Ca(Ti,Mg,Nb)4[Si2O7]2O2(OH,O)2(H2O)4Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.CámaraiteBa3Na(Fe2+,Mn)8Ti4(Si2O7)4O4(OH,F)7Tric. 1
9.BE.AlfredcaspariteSr2TiO(Si2O7)Tet. 4mm : P4bm
9.BE.Batievaite-(Y)Y2Ca2Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)4Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.Nacareniobsite-(Y)Na3Ca3YNb(Si2O7)2OF3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.Alexkuznetsovite-(Ce)Ce2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.BobshannoniteNa2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2Tric.
9.BE.ParalomonosoviteNa6◻4Ti4(Si2O7)2[PO3OH][PO2(OH)2]O2(OF)Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.MadeiraiteNa2Ca2Fe2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.BortolaniteCa2(Ca1.5Zr0.5)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.Longshoushanite-(Ce)Ce4MgAl2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.MoxuanxueiteNaCa6Zr(Si2O7)2OF3Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.Delhuyarite-(Ce)Ce4Mg(Fe3+,W)3◻(Si2O7)2O6(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.Christofschäferite-(Ce)Ce3CaMnTiFe3+Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 Mon. 2/m : P21/m
9.BE.XAsimowiteFe2+4O(Si2O7)Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Imma
9.BE.Biraite-(La)La2Fe2+(CO3)(Si2O7)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.PilanesbergiteNa2Ca2Fe2Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.02WadsleyiteMg4O(Si2O7)Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Imma
9.BE.02Ohtaniite Mg3(Si0.5◻0.5)Si2O8Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Imma
9.BE.05LawsoniteCaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BE.05HennomartiniteSrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BE.05CortesognoiteCaV2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BE.05NoelbensoniteBaMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2OOrth. mm2
9.BE.05ItoigawaiteSrAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BE.07IlvaiteCaFe3+Fe2+2(Si2O7)O(OH)Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
9.BE.07Amamoorite CaMn2+2Mn3+(Si2O7)O(OH)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.07ManganilvaiteCaFe2+Fe3+Mn2+(Si2O7)O(OH)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.10SuoluniteCa2(H2Si2O7) · H2OOrth. mm2 : Fdd2
9.BE.12JaffeiteCa6(Si2O7)(OH)6Trig. 3 : P3
9.BE.15FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)OTet. 4mm : P4bm
9.BE.17Janhaugite(Na,Ca)3(Mn2+,Fe2+)3(Ti,Zr,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
9.BE.17BurpaliteNa2CaZr(Si2O7)F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.17Niocalite(Ca,Nb)4(Si2O7)(O,OH,F)2Mon. m
9.BE.17NormanditeNaCa(Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb,Zr)(Si2O7)OFMon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.17HiortdahliteNa2Ca4(Ca0.5Zr0.5)Zr(Si2O7)2OF3Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.17LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.17CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.17WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3FMon. 2 : P21
9.BE.17BaghdaditeCa6Zr2(Si2O7)2O4Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.20Nacareniobsite-(Ce)Na3Ca3(Ce,REE)Nb(Si2O7)2OF3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.20Roumaite(Ca,Na,REE,◻)7(Nb,Ti)[Si2O7]2OF3Mon. m : Bb
9.BE.20Rinkite-(Ce)(Ca3Ce)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.20Nacareniobsite-(Nd) Ca2(CaNd)Na3Nb(Si2O7)2(OF)F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.20Rinkite-(Y)Na2Ca4YTi(Si2O7)2OF3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.20Mosandrite-(Ce)(Ca3REE)[(H2O)2Ca0.5◻0.5]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.22Hainite-(Y)Na2Ca4(Y,REE)Ti(Si2O7)2OF3Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.22RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.22GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.22Fogoite-(Y)Na3Ca2Y2Ti(Si2O7)2OF3Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.22KochiteNa3Ca2MnZrTi(Si2O7)2OF3Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.23DovyreniteCa6Zr(Si2O7)2(OH)4Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm
9.BE.25Lamprophyllite(Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2Mon. 2/m
9.BE.25SeidozeriteNa4MnZr2Ti(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : P2/b
9.BE.25Nabalamprophyllite(BaNa)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P2/m
9.BE.25SchülleriteBa2Na(Mn,Ca)(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2(O,F)4Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.25EricssoniteBaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH)Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.25GrenmariteNa4MnZr3(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : P2/b
9.BE.25KazanskyiteBaNa3Ti2Nb(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.25SaamiteBa◻Na3Ti2Nb(Si2O7)2O2(OH)F(H2O)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.25EmmerichiteBa2Na(Na,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Mg)Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.25Barytolamprophyllite(Ba,Na)2(Na,Ti,Fe3+)4Ti2(Si2O7)2O(OH,F)Mon.
9.BE.25'Ericssonite-2O'BaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH)Orth.
9.BE.25Fluorbarytolamprophyllite(Ba,Sr)2[(Na,Fe2+)3(Ti,Mg)F2][Ti2(Si2O7)2O2]Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.25FluorlamprophylliteNa3(SrNa)Ti3(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.25LileyiteBa2(Na,Fe,Ca)3MgTi2(Si2O7)2O2F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.27KolskyiteCaNa2Ti4(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)7Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.27VigrishiniteNaZnTi4(Si2O7)2O3(OH)(H2O)4Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.27SelivanovaiteNaFe3+Ti4(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.27MurmaniteNa2Ti2(Si2O7)O2 · 2H2OTric. 1 : P1
9.BE.30Epistolite(Na◻)Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.32LomonosoviteNa5Ti2(Si2O7)(PO4)O2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.35VuonnemiteNa11Ti4+Nb2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O3(F,OH)Tric.
9.BE.37SoboleviteNa13Ca2Mn2Ti3(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O3F3Mon. m : Pb
9.BE.40Ferroinnelite Ba4Ti2Na(NaFe2+)Ti(Si2O7)2[(SO4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)]Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.40PhosphoinneliteNa3Ba4Ti3(Si2O7)2(PO4,SO4)2O2FTric.
9.BE.40Innelite Ba4Ti2Na(NaMn2+)Ti(Si2O7)2[(SO4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)]Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.42YoshimuraiteBa2Mn2Ti(Si2O7)(PO4)O(OH)Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.42HoriiteBa2Mn2Mn4Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.45QuadruphiteNa6Na2(CaNa)2Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O4F2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.47PolyphiteNa5(Na4Ca2)Ti2(Si2O7)(PO4)3O2F2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.50Shkatulkalite Na2Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(FO)(H2O)4(H2O)3Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.50BornemaniteNa6BaTi2Nb(Si2O7)2(PO4)O2(OH)FTric. 1 : P1
9.BE.55HejtmaniteBa2Mn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2Tric. 1
9.BE.55Bykovaite(Ba,Na,K)2(Na,Ti,Mn)4(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(H2O,F,OH)2 · 3.5H2OMon. 2/m
9.BE.55Nechelyustovite(Ba,Sr,K)2(Na,Ti,Mn)4(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(O,H2O,F)2 · 4.5H2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.55BafertisiteBa2Fe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2Tric.
9.BE.60Delindeite(Na,K)2(Ba,Ca)2(Ti,Fe,Al)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2 · 2H2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.62'Orthochevkinite'(Ce,La,Ca,Na,Th)4(Fe2+,Mg)2(Ti,Fe3+)3Si4O22Orth.
9.BE.62 va'Strontium Perrierite'(Ce,Sr,La,Ca)4Fe2+(Ti,Zr,Fe)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8
9.BE.62'Chevkinite-(Nd)'(Nd,REE)4(Fe2+,Mg)(Fe2+,Ti,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+)2(Si2O7)2O8 ?
9.BE.62'Perrierite-(Nd)'Nd4MgFe3+2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 ?
9.BE.65BusseniteNa2Ba2Fe2+Ti(Si2O7)(CO3)(OH)3FTric. 1 : P1
9.BE.67JinshajiangiteBaNaFe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2FTric. 1 : P1
9.BE.67PerraultiteBaNaMn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2FTric. 1
9.BE.70Dingdaohengite-(Ce)(Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.70Perrierite-(Ce)Ce4MgFe3+2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.70Karnasurtite-(Ce)(Ce,La,Th)(Ti,Nb)(Al,Fe)(Si2O7)(OH)4 · 3H2OAmor.
9.BE.70Maoniupingite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)4(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,◻)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Nb)4(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.70MatsubaraiteSr4Ti5(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.70RengeiteSr4ZrTi4(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.70Polyakovite-(Ce)(Ce,Ca)4(Mg,Fe2+)(Cr3+,Fe3+)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.70Hezuolinite(Sr,REE)4Zr(Ti,Fe3+)4(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.BE.70'UM2008-53-SiO:SrTiZr'Sr4ZrTi4(Si2O7)2O8Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbca
9.BE.70Chevkinite-(Ce)Ce4(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.70Perrierite-(La)(La,Ce,Ca)4(Fe2+,Mn)(Ti,Fe3+,Al)4[(Si2O7)O4]2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.70Strontiochevkinite(Sr,La,Ce,Ca)4Fe2+(Ti,Zr)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.72FersmaniteCa4(Na,Ca)4(Ti,Nb)4(Si2O7)2O8F3Tric.
9.BE.75BelkoviteBa3(Nb,Ti)6(Si2O7)2O12Hex. 6m2 : P62m
9.BE.77NasonitePb6Ca4(Si2O7)3Cl2Hex. 6/m : P63/m
9.BE.80MelanotekitePb2Fe3+2(Si2O7)O2Orth. 222 : C2221
9.BE.80KentrolitePb2Mn3+2(Si2O7)O2Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcm
9.BE.82Alexkuznetsovite-(La)La2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.82TilleyiteCa5(Si2O7)(CO3)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.87Stavelotite-(La)(La,Nd,Ca)3Mn2+3Cu(Mn3+,Fe3+,Mn4+)26(Si2O7)6O30Trig. 3 : P31
9.BE.90Magnesiorowlandite-(Y)Y4(Mg,Fe)(Si2O7)2F2Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.90Biraite-(Ce)Ce2Fe2+(Si2O7)(CO3)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BE.92Cervandonite-(Ce)(Ce,Nd,La)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Ti,Al)3O2(Si2O7)(As3+O3)(OH)Trig. 3m : R3m
9.BE.92Chirvinskyite(Na,Ca)13(Fe,Mn,◻)2(Ti,Zr)5(Si2O7)4(OH,O)12 · 2H2OTric. 1 : P1
9.BE.95RusinoviteCa10(Si2O7)3Cl2 Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
9.BE.95BatisiviteBaV3+8Ti6(Si2O7)O22Tric. 1 : P1
9.BE.97Schlüterite-(Y)(Y,REE)2AlSi2O7(OH)2FMon. 2/m : P21/b

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for KillalaiteHide

References for KillalaiteHide

Localities for KillalaiteHide

Showing 7 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Ireland (TL)
 
  • Connacht
    • Sligo County
      • Killala Bay
Nawaz (1974) +1 other reference
Japan
 
  • Hiroshima Prefecture
    • Shoubara City
Kusachi et al (1984)
Russia
 
  • Kabardino-Balkaria
    • Chegemsky District
      • Upper Chegem volcanic caldera (Verkhnechegemskaya caldera)
Armbruster et al. (2012)
Galuskina et al. (2015)
Armbruster et al. (2012)
Turkey
 
  • Rize Province
Am Min 73:11-12 p 1497 +4 other references
UK
 
  • Northern Ireland
    • County Antrim
      • Larne
        • Glenoe
Nawaz (1977)
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