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Goldfieldite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About GoldfielditeHide

Formula:
(Cu42)(Cu4Cu+2)Te4S12S
Initial incorporation of up to 2 Te4+ for (Sb,As)3+ is accompanied by a concomitant replacement of X2+ (typically Fe2+ or Zn) with Cu+ to maintain charge balance. Additional incorporation of Te is accompanied by the development of up to two vacancies in the A-site. The end-member formula (fully-Te-substituted) is shown.
Colour:
Dark lead-gray
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
4.95
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
Named after the boomtown of Goldfield, Nevada, USA, where the type locality, the Mohawk Mine, is situated.
Related to stibiogoldfieldite by the substitution of 2Te4+ for 2Sb3+, charge-compensated by the development of two vacancies from the loss of two M2-site Cu+.

A temperature of formation between 350 and 450 °C was suggested based on an experimental study of the system Cu-Te-S (Karup-Møller, 1994).


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
1721
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1721:9

IMA Classification of GoldfielditeHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
(Cu1+42)Cu1+6Te4+4S2-13
Approval history:
Redefined 2019 s.p.: Trudu and Knittel (1998).

Classification of GoldfielditeHide

2.GB.05

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
B : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. with additional S
3.3.6.6

3 : SULFOSALTS
3 : 3 <ø < 4
5.1.6

5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
1 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Cu

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
GfIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
GfThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of GoldfielditeHide

Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Dark lead-gray
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=291 - 342 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Density:
4.95 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.935 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of GoldfielditeHide

Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)
400nm30.7%
420nm30.7%
440nm30.7%
460nm30.7%
480nm30.7%
500nm30.7%
520nm30.6%
540nm30.6%
560nm30.6%
580nm30.6%
600nm30.6%
620nm30.7%
640nm30.9%
660nm31.0%
680nm31.1%
700nm31.2%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 31.2%.

Chemistry of GoldfielditeHide

Mindat Formula:
(Cu42)(Cu4Cu+2)Te4S12S

Initial incorporation of up to 2 Te4+ for (Sb,As)3+ is accompanied by a concomitant replacement of X2+ (typically Fe2+ or Zn) with Cu+ to maintain charge balance. Additional incorporation of Te is accompanied by the development of up to two vacancies in the A-site. The end-member formula (fully-Te-substituted) is shown.
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Cu40.664 %
Te32.661 %
S26.675 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Cu
Te
S
Common Impurities:
Ag,Fe,Zn,Bi

Crystallography of GoldfielditeHide

Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
43m - Hextetrahedral
Space Group:
I43m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.304 Å
Unit Cell V:
1,094.00 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Massive, crusts

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0014882GoldfielditePohl D, Liessmann W, Okrugin V M (1996) Rietveld analysis of selenium-bearing goldfieldites Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1996 1-81996Ozernoya deposit, Kamchatka, Russia0293
0014881GoldfielditePohl D, Liessmann W, Okrugin V M (1996) Rietveld analysis of selenium-bearing goldfieldites Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1996 1-81996Ozernoya deposit, Kamchatka, Russia0293
0014880GoldfielditePohl D, Liessmann W, Okrugin V M (1996) Rietveld analysis of selenium-bearing goldfieldites Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1996 1-81996Ozernoya deposit, Kamchatka, Russia0293
0014879GoldfielditePohl D, Liessmann W, Okrugin V M (1996) Rietveld analysis of selenium-bearing goldfieldites Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1996 1-81996Ozernoya deposit, Kamchatka, Russia0293
0014878GoldfielditePohl D, Liessmann W, Okrugin V M (1996) Rietveld analysis of selenium-bearing goldfieldites Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1996 1-81996Ozernoya deposit, Kamchatka, Russia0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.97 Å(100)
1.819 Å(60)
3.64 Å(30)
1.552 Å(30)
2.58 Å(20)
2.43 Å(20)
5.15 Å(10)
Comments:
Goldfield, Nevada, USA, ICDD 29-531.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])
Geological Setting:
Epithermal precious metal deposits

Type Occurrence of GoldfielditeHide

Other Language Names for GoldfielditeHide

Simplified Chinese:碲黝铜矿
Spanish:Goldfieldita

Relationship of Goldfieldite to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of Goldfieldite Subgroup:
Arsenogoldfieldite(Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)S12SIso. 43m : I43m
Stibiogoldfieldite(Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)S12SIso. 43m : I43m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
34 photos of Goldfieldite associated with QuartzSiO2
31 photos of Goldfieldite associated with Native GoldAu
28 photos of Goldfieldite associated with FamatiniteCu3SbS4
11 photos of Goldfieldite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
11 photos of Goldfieldite associated with PyriteFeS2
9 photos of Goldfieldite associated with LuzoniteCu3AsS4
9 photos of Goldfieldite associated with Tennantite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S
8 photos of Goldfieldite associated with BodieiteBi2(TeO3)2(SO4)
7 photos of Goldfieldite associated with BismuthiniteBi2S3
7 photos of Goldfieldite associated with RickarditeCu7Te5

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.GB.'Polybasite-Tac'[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.GB.Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Zn)[Ag6]4+(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Argentotetrahedrite-(Hg)Ag6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Annivite-(Zn)Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Bi4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Pošepnýite(Cu+33)(Hg2+4Cu+2)Sb4Se12(Se0.50.5)Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tennantite-(Cu)Cu6(Cu4Cu2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Argentopolybasite[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9AgS4]Trig. 32 : P321
2.GB.Tennantite-(Mn)Cu6(Cu4Mn2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Argentotetrahedrite-(Cd)Ag6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Stibioústalečite(Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)Se12SeIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Stibiogoldfieldite(Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Argentotetrahedrite-(Zn)Ag6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tetrahedrite-(Cd)Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Arsenogoldfieldite(Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Arsenoústalečite(Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)Se12SeIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tennantite-(In)Cu6(Cu5In)As4S13Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Zvěstovite-(Fe)Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Hakite-(Fe)Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4Se12SeIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tennantite-(Cd)Cu6(Cu4Cd2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.XKenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe)[Ag6]4+(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tetrahedrite-(Cu)Cu6(Cu4Cu2+2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Hakite-(Zn)Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4Se12SeIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Zvěstovite-(Zn)Ag6(Ag4Zn2)As4S12SIso.
2.GB.Hakite-(Cd)Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4Se12SeIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Kenoargentotennantite-(Fe)[Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2)As4S12Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tennantite-(Hg)Cu6(Cu4Hg2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tetrahedrite-(Mn)Cu6(Cu4Mn2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tennantite-(Ni)Cu6(Cu4Ni2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.Tetrahedrite-(Ni)Cu6(Cu4Ni2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Hakite-(Hg)Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4Se12SeIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn)Ag6(Ag4Zn2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Argentotennantite-(Zn)Ag6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Argentotennantite-(Fe)Ag6(Cu4Fe2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Freibergite Subgroup(Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C2+2)Sb4S12S0-1Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Tennantite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Tennantite-(Zn)Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Tetrahedrite-(Zn)Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : F43m
2.GB.05Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Tennantite-(Fe)Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)As4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Tetrahedrite-(Fe)Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Tetrahedrite-(Hg)Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Fe)[Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Giraudite-(Zn)Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4Se12SeIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05Argentotetrahedrite-(Fe)Ag6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4S12SIso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.05'UM1992-21-S:AgFeSb'Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12SIso.
2.GB.10SelenostephaniteAg5SbSe4Orth. 222 : P212121
2.GB.10StephaniteAg5SbS4Orth. mm2 : Cmc21
2.GB.15'UM2003-14-S:AgBiFeTe'Ag16FeBiTe3S8
2.GB.15'UM1979-17-S:BiCuFe'~Cu18Fe4BiS16
2.GB.15Pearceite[Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4]Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.GB.15ArgentopearceiteAg16As2S11Trig. 32 : P321
2.GB.15Cupropolybasite[Cu6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]Trig. 3m : P31m
2.GB.15Fengruiite[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS2Te2]Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.GB.15Auropearceite [Ag9AuS4][Ag6As2S7]Trig. 32 : P321
2.GB.15Selenopolybasite[(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2(S,Se)7][Ag9Cu(S,Se)2Se2]Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.GB.15Polybasite[Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.GB.15Auropolybasite[Ag9AuS4][Ag6Sb2S7]Trig. 32 : P321
2.GB.15Cupropearceite[Cu6As2S7][Ag9CuS4]Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.GB.20Vorontsovite(Hg5Cu)Σ6TlAs4S12Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.20Ferrovorontsovite(Fe5Cu)Σ6TlAs4S12Iso. 43m : I43m
2.GB.20Galkhaite(Hg5Cu)CsAs4S12Iso. 43m : I43m

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for GoldfielditeHide

References for GoldfielditeHide

Reference List:

Localities for GoldfielditeHide

Showing 111 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina
 
  • Catamarca Province
    • Andalgalá Department
      • Andalgalá
Brodtkorb (2002) +3 other references
PUTZ +1 other reference
PUTZ +1 other reference
  • La Rioja Province
    • Famatina Department
Paar et al. (2005, January)
Brodtkorb et al. (1999)
Paar et al. (2005, January)
Brotkorb (2002) +1 other reference
De Brodtkorb (2009)
  • Salta Province
    • Los Andes department
      • San Antonio de los Cobres
        • Organullo mining district
Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference
Armenia
 
  • Kotayk Province
    • Hrazdan
Kovalenker et al. (1990)
Kolpakova et al. (2001) +1 other reference
Australia
 
  • New South Wales
    • Narromine Co.
Allibone (1998)
  • Queensland
    • Whitsunday Region
      • Mount Carlton district
Sahlström et al. (2017)
Belgium
 
  • Wallonia
    • Liège
      • Eupen
        • Ternell
Van Wambeke (1954) +1 other reference
Bulgaria
 
  • Kardzhali Province
    • Krumovgrad Municipality
      • Pcheloyad
Larisa Nesheva (2006)
  • Pazardzhik Province
    • Panagyurishte Municipality
      • Elshitsa
Bogdanov et al. (1997) +2 other references
      • Levski
Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference
      • Panagyurishte
Strashimirov et al. (2002) +2 other references
  • Sofia Province
    • Chelopech Municipality
Chambefort et al. (2007) +1 other reference
Chile
 
  • Atacama
    • Huasco Province
      • Alto del Carmen
Deyell et al. (2005) +1 other reference
  • Coquimbo
    • Elqui Province
HENLEY et al. (2011)
China
 
  • Fujian
    • Longyan
      • Shanghang Co.
        • Zijinshan ore field
Zijin Mining Group Company Limited
  • Hubei
    • Huangshi
      • Yangxin Co.
        • Fengshan ore field
Jiang et al. (2025)
        • Jiurui Mining District
Guo et al. (2023)
  • Jiangxi
    • Jiujiang
      • Jiujiang Co.
Guo et al. (2023)
  • Shaanxi
    • Shangluo
      • Luonan County
Enkui Cao (1991) +1 other reference
Dominican Republic
 
  • Monte Plata Province
    • Bayaguana District
Torró et al. (2017)
Torró et al. (2017)
Fiji
 
  • Vanua Levu
    • Cakaudrove
      • Wailevu
        • Yanawai Goldfield
Naden +1 other reference
Greece
 
  • Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
    • Evros
      • Alexandroupoli
Repstock (2011) +2 other references
Voudouris et al. (2011)
    • Rhodope
      • Maroneia-Sapes
Singer et al. (2008)
Voudouris +3 other references
Michael (2004) +1 other reference
Voudouris (2005) +1 other reference
  • South Aegean
    • Tinos
      • Tinos Island
Tombros et al. (2004) +5 other references
Hungary
 
  • Heves County
    • Pétervására District
      • Parádsasvár
Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec.
      • Recsk
Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. +1 other reference
Szakáll et al. (1996)
Italy
 
  • Sardinia
    • South Sardinia Province
      • Furtei
Fadda et al. (2005)
Japan
 
  • Aomori Prefecture
K Jouhou (15-4-2002) +1 other reference
  • Hokkaidō Prefecture
    • Ishikari Subprefecture
      • Sapporo City
IMAI et al. (1999)
IMAI (1999) +2 other references
  • Kagoshima Prefecture
    • Satsumasendai City
      • Iriki
Shimizu et al. (1991)
  • Shizuoka Prefecture
    • Shimoda City
      • Rendaiji
Sakurai & Kato (1970) +1 other reference
Mexico
 
  • Chihuahua
    • Urique Municipality
Anisimov et al. (2001)
  • Sonora
    • Moctezuma Municipality
Braith et al. (2001)
Thorne (n.d.) +1 other reference
Bonev et al. (2005)
Bonev et al. (2005)
Papua New Guinea
 
  • Eastern Highlands Province
    • Kainantu
K92 Mining
  • Sandaun Province
    • Frieda river complex
Singer et al. (2005)
Peru
 
  • Pasco
    • Pasco province
      • Tinyahuarco district
Bendezu et al. (2009)
Bendezu et al. (2009) +1 other reference
Philippines
 
  • Luzon
    • Cordillera Administrative Region
      • Benguet Province
        • Mankayan
          • Guinaoang
Trudu et al. (1998)
Fermor 2011: Ore Deposits in an ...
      • Ifugao Province
Knittel (1989) +1 other reference
Romania
 
  • Alba County
    • Lupșa
      • Mușca
Cioacă et al. (2014)
  • Hunedoara County
    • Certeju de Sus
www.minerals-of-the-carpathians +1 other reference
Russia
 
  • Bashkortostan
    • Baymaksky District
Maslennikov et al. (2005) +1 other reference
  • Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
    • Okhotsk-Chukotka belt
Yakich et al. (2021)
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Bystrinsky District
      • Central Kamchatka mining district
Bonev et al. (2005)
    • Koryak Okrug
      • Karaginsky District
Sidorov +5 other references
Tolstykh et al. (2017) +3 other references
Kozlov et al. (n.d.) +4 other references
Strelnikov M. V. et al. (2025)
Pekov et al. (2026)
    • Yelizovsky District
[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +2 other references
Bortnikov et al. (2023)
  • Khabarovsk Krai
Буханова (2018)
    • Okhotsky District
Yakich et al. (2021)
Tamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024) +1 other reference
  • Orenburg Oblast
    • Gaysky District
      • Sakmara Zone
Vikent’ev et al. (2006)
  • Sakha
    • Aldan
Nenasheva et al. (2011)
      • Nimgerkansky
Kondratieva et al. (2021) +5 other references
Kondratieva et al. (2021)
  • Sakhalin Oblast
    • Kuril Islands
      • Yuzhno-Kurilsky District
        • Kunashir Island
Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +3 other references
Slovakia
 
  • Banská Bystrica Region
    • Žiar nad Hronom District
      • Kremnica
Ďuďa (1993) +1 other reference
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • Almería
      • Níjar
        • Rodalquilar
Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023)
  • Asturias
    • Belmonte de Miranda
Cepedal et al. (2004)
Tajikistan
 
  • Sughd
    • Asht District
Mineralogical Society of America - ...
USA
 
  • Arizona
    • Cochise County
Graeme (1993)
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference
      • Tombstone Mining District
Mineralogical Society of America - ...
  • California
    • Alpine County
      • Monitor - Mogul Mining District
        • Mogul Peak
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ...
    • Mono County
      • Bodie Hills
        • Masonic Mining District
          • New York Hill
Vikre et al. (2015)
Vikre et al. (2015)
  • Colorado
    • Gunnison County
      • Vulcan Mining District (Cebolla Mining District; Domingo Mining District)
        • Vulcan
Robert C. Smith II Ph.D. P.G.
    • Hinsdale County
Eckel et al. (1997)
    • La Plata County
      • La Plata Mining District (California Mining District)
Desor J. (2017)
  • Montana
    • Jefferson County
      • Whitehall Mining District (Cardwell Mining District)
Gnanou (2018)
Barrick Gold Corporation
    • Silver Bow County
      • Butte Mining District (Summit Valley Mining District)
Mineralogical Society of America - ...
  • Nevada
    • Esmeralda County
- (2005)
        • Goldfield
Castor et al. (2004)
Castor et al. (2004)
ZVMO 107 (1978) +1 other reference
Jon Aurich collection
- (2005)
Donald Cooke
        • McMahon Ridge
Econ Geol (1989)
Hatfield Goudey Collection - circa 1936
  • South Carolina
    • McCormick County
      • McCormick
Seal II et al. (2001)
  • Utah
    • East Tintic Mountains
      • Tintic Mining District
        • Mammoth
Thorne (n.d.)
Collected by and in the collection of ...
Collected by and in the collection of ...
    • Juab County
      • Eureka
    • Utah County
      • East Tintic Mining District
SEM-EDS analysis done by Frank Keutsch. ...
          • 625 ft. Level
Collected by and in the collection of ...
Uzbekistan
 
  • Tashkent Region
    • Ohangaron District
Kovalenker (2003) +1 other reference
Anthony et al. (1990) +5 other references
 
and/or  
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