Ferberite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Ferberite
Dr. Moritz Rudolph Ferber
Formula:
FeWO4
Colour:
Black; dark brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
7.58
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
For Dr. Moritz Rudolph Ferber (1805-1875), amateur mineralogist, Gera, Germany.
Ferberite-Hübnerite Series.
Occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins, greisens, and granitic pegmatites; in alluvial and eluvial deposits.
In a unique situation ferberite may (experimentally) precipitate from volcanic fumarole gas, at temperature around 450oC (Africano et al., 2002).
Occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins, greisens, and granitic pegmatites; in alluvial and eluvial deposits.
In a unique situation ferberite may (experimentally) precipitate from volcanic fumarole gas, at temperature around 450oC (Africano et al., 2002).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1476
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1476:8
Similar Names
| Verbierite | A valid IMA mineral species - pending publication | BeCr23+TiO6 |
IMA Classification of Ferberite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+W6+O4
Classification of Ferberite
4.DB.30
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
48.1.1.2
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
27.4.14
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
4 : Tungstates
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
4 : Tungstates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Feb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fbr | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Ferberite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black; dark brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Brownish black to black
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}
Perfect on {010}
Parting:
On {100} and {102}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
7.58 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.6 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Ferberite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.255 nβ = 2.305 nγ = 2.414
2V:
Measured: 66° , Calculated: 72°
Birefringence:
Weak
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.159
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Anisotropism:
Distinct
Bireflectance:
Weak
Dispersion:
r > v extreme
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 16.5% | 19.5% |
| 420nm | 16.4% | 19.2% |
| 440nm | 16.3% | 18.9% |
| 460nm | 16.2% | 18.7% |
| 480nm | 15.9% | 18.5% |
| 500nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 520nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 540nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 560nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 580nm | 15.8% | 18.6% |
| 600nm | 15.8% | 18.6% |
| 620nm | 15.7% | 18.6% |
| 640nm | 15.6% | 18.5% |
| 660nm | 15.5% | 18.3% |
| 680nm | 15.4% | 18.1% |
| 700nm | 15.5% | 18.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 19.5%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray to white
Internal Reflections:
Deep brownish red (less bright than Hübnerite)
Chemistry of Ferberite
Mindat Formula:
FeWO4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Nb,Ta,Sc,Sn
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Phanerozoic : 387 Ma to 138 Ma - based on 48 recorded ages.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 138 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | U-Pb |
| 2 | 161 Ma | Jurassic | 206Pb/238U |
| 3 | 163 Ma | Jurassic | Pb-Pb |
| 4 | 169 Ma | Middle Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 5 | 170 Ma | Middle Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 6 | 174 Ma | Middle Jurassic | 206Pb/238U |
| 7 | 174 Ma | Middle Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 8 | 175 Ma | Early Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 9 | 176 Ma | Early Jurassic | 206Pb/238U |
| 10 | 176 Ma | Early Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 11 | 179 Ma | Early Jurassic | 206Pb/238U |
| 12 | 179 Ma | Early Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 13 | 183 Ma | Early Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 14 | 184 Ma | Early Jurassic | 206Pb/238U |
| 15 | 185 Ma | Early Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 16 | 186 Ma | Early Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 17 | 198 Ma | Early Jurassic | U-Pb |
| 18 | 209 Ma | Late/Upper Triassic | Pb-Pb |
| 19 | 265 Ma | Guadalupian | Pb-Pb |
| 20 | 387 Ma | Middle Devonian | Pb-Pb |
Crystallography of Ferberite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.72 Å, b = 5.70 Å, c = 4.96 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.828 : 1 : 0.87
Unit Cell V:
133.44 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals wedge-shaped, commonly flattened {100} and elongated [010] or, less commonly, along [001]. Crystal faces striated parallel {001} or {010}; as groups of bladed crystals; less often short prismatic [001] and flattened {100}. Massive.
Twinning:
Common with twin plane {100}, rarely {001}; simple contact twins with composition face (100) or, rarely (001); interpenetrant (simulating Carlsbad twins in orthoclase) or lamellar (very rare). Twin plane {023}, common, usually as simple contact twins, rarely as repeated twins or interpenetrating.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000231 | Ferberite | Escobar C, Cid-Dresdner H, Kittl P, Dumler I (1971) The relation between "light wolframite" and common wolframite sample: common wolframite American Mineralogist 56 489-498 |  | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000230 | Ferberite | Escobar C, Cid-Dresdner H, Kittl P, Dumler I (1971) The relation between "light wolframite" and common wolframite sample: light wolframite American Mineralogist 56 489-498 | | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010637 | Ferberite | Ulku D (1967) Untersuchungen zur kristallstruktur und magnetischen struktur des ferberits FeWO4 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 124 192-219 | | 1967 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Ferberite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Fluorite' | CaF2 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Discrete crystals of fluorite on ferberite from Yaogangxian mine, China (White and Richards, 2010).
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.940 Å | (100) |
| 4.69 Å | (80) |
| 3.75 Å | (60) |
| 2.476 Å | (60) |
| 2.470 Å | (60) |
| 3.65 Å | (50) |
| 2.195 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
High temperature hydrothermal veins, greisens, granitic pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Ferberite
Synonyms of Ferberite
Other Language Names for Ferberite
Varieties of Ferberite
| Niobium-bearing Ferberite | |
| Reinite | Ferberite pseudomorph after scheelite. |
Relationship of Ferberite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Wolframite Group:
| Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Huanzalaite | MgWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Hübnerite | MnWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 'Krasnoselskite' | CoWO4 | Mon. |
| Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 962 photos of Ferberite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 393 photos of Ferberite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 321 photos of Ferberite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 315 photos of Ferberite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 303 photos of Ferberite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 204 photos of Ferberite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 198 photos of Ferberite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 196 photos of Ferberite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 153 photos of Ferberite associated with Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| 115 photos of Ferberite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DB. | Tianhongqiite | CrTiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
| 4.DB. | Huangshanite | Fe3+TaO4 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | Sn1-xFexO2-x(OH) |
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | ε-Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8◻0.2)4+O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Sc) | (Ta0.5Sc0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Nb0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe3+) | (Nb0.5Fe3+0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
| 4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | 'Krasnoselskite' | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalaeschynite-(Ce) | Ce(TiTa)O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | 'Wolframowodginite' | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5◻0.5)TaTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Fluorescence of Ferberite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Slightly magnetic. Decomposed by aqua regia with the separation of tungstic oxide.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Ore of tungsten.
Internet Links for Ferberite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1476.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Ferberite
Reference List:
Cid-Dresdner, Hilda, Escobar, Carmen (1968) The crystal structure of ferberite, FeWO4. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 127 (1). 61-72 doi:10.1524/zkri.1968.127.1-4.61
Buhl, J. Chr., Willgallis, A. (1984) Kinetics and Mechanism of Hübnerite (MnWO4) and Ferberite (FeWO4) Crystallization under Hydrothermal Conditions. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 39 (10). 963-965 doi:10.1515/zna-1984-1009
Africano, F., Van Rompaey, G., Bernard, A., Le Guern, F (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. Earth Planets and Space, 54 (3). 275-286 doi:10.1186/BF03353027
Bailly, L.; Grancea, L.; Kouzmanov, K. (2002) Infrared microthermometry and chemistry of wolframite from the Baia Sprie epithermal deposit, Romania. Economic Geology, 97 (2). 415-423 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.97.2.415
Goldmann, Simon, Melcher, Frank, Gäbler, Hans-Eike, Dewaele, Stijn, Clercq, Friso, Muchez, Philippe (2013) Mineralogy and Trace Element Chemistry of Ferberite/Reinite from Tungsten Deposits in Central Rwanda. Minerals, 3 (2) 121-144 doi:10.3390/min3020121
Umbsaar, Darren A., Antao, Sytle M. (2021) Structural Variations across Wolframite Solid Solutions, (Fe,Mn)WO4. Minerals, 12 (1) 42 doi:10.3390/min12010042
Fabelo, O.; Cañadillas-Delgado, L.; Vie, D.; Matesanz, E.; Gonzalez-Platas, J.; Errandonea, D. (2026) Thermal expansion of FeWO 4 (ferberite) and FeWO 4 :Fe 2 WO 6 (7:1): a comparative X-ray and neutron diffraction study. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 59 (4). p.1238-1246. doi:10.1107/s1600576726005297
Localities for Ferberite
Showing 706 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Oulebsir et al. (2021) |
| |
| Suzaki et al. (2013) | |
| Bouabsa et al. (2010) |
| Suzaki et al. (2013) |
Argentina | |
| COLOMBO +1 other reference |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Biglia et al. (2016) |
| Fernández et al. (Ed. E.O. Zappettini) |
| Silver Standard Resources Inc |
| Paar et al. (2000) |
| Paar (2013) | |
| - (1998) |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry +1 other reference | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry specimens +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| SOMARIN (2009) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Lawrence et al. (1962) | |
| Clissold (2007) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Ryan Eagle microprobe analysis |
| Thor Mining plc |
| Qld mines dept |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Record of mines (1980) |
| Habibi et al. (2025) |
| Groves et al. (1972) |
| R Botttrill |
| Sillitoe (1982) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Hajitaheri (1985) |
| Ryan Eagle field observation |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| Mock (1987) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| [var: Reinite] Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
Austria | |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| |
| Müller (2016) |
| Niedermayr (1985) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Collections of Alfredo Petrov and Dr. ... | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Federico Ahlfeld & Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| [var: Reinite] Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Bancroft (1973) | |
| Econ Geol (1988) +2 other references | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) | |
| Artiaga et al. (2013) | |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
| Carl Davis collection |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| - (2005) | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| USGS MRDS Database +1 other reference | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Alfredo Petrov and Jaroslav Hyrsl ... | |
| Wilson (2001) +2 other references |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| Shimada et al. (1985) | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Ing. Mateo Vlahovic collection. |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Ing. Mateo Vlahovic collection. |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Smith et al. (2001) | |
| Moore (2001) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Torró et al. (2019) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Ludington et al. (1992) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Ivan Jurković et al. (1999) |
Brazil | |
| M. Abrahao Moura et al. et al. (2) +1 other reference |
| Santos et al. (2023) |
| |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Campo Rodriguez et al. (2024) |
| NetunoVillas et al. (2001) |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
| Fletcher et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Reinite] Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Costa et al. (2024) | |
| Luiz Englert Museum minerals collection |
Bulgaria | |
| Spisanie na Bulgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestvo (1964) |
| www.mgu.bg (2021) |
Canada | |
| www.em.gov.bc.ca (2022) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Breasley et al. (2024) |
| Adex Mining |
| Northwest Territories Geoscience Office ... |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection. |
| Farley (1978) | |
| Robert C. Smith |
| Robert C. Smith |
| Harris (1989) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Ercit et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| - (2002) +1 other reference |
| Barkov et al. (2008) |
| McClenaghan et al. (2023) |
China | |
| Duan et al. (2025) |
| Kaiqi Zheng et al. (1989) |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Xinyong Lei and Shucang Yue (1989) |
| Hui Li et al. (1983) |
| Pašava et al. (2003) |
| Hongyuan Xia et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Hongyuan Xia et al. (1991) | |
| Kanghuai Liu (1989) +2 other references |
| Hongyuan Xia et al. (1991) | |
| Bing Wan (1983) +1 other reference |
| Field collected by Christopher Chui. +1 other reference |
| Jensen (2005) |
| Shimou Chen et al. (1981) +2 other references |
| Du et al. (2025) |
| Ottens et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Yongfu Kang (1984) +3 other references |
| Xiong et al. (2020) |
| Danyang Liu (1991) |
| Xia Ai and Zengyi Chen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Youren Hua and Zhiguo Hu (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Ottens (2009) | |
| Ottens (2009) | |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Jilu Mu (1986) |
| Dongsheng Qu (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Ottens (2009) | |
| Ottens (2009) | |
| Ottens (2009) | |
| Peilan Li and Xingzhen Yu (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Xiongwei Hu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Minqing Cheng and Cunchang Wang (1989) +2 other references |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Chengde Kang (1990) |
| Ye et al. (1998) | |
| Enkui Cao (1991) |
| Xu (1998) |
| Yuan et al. (2021) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
Colombia | |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| Durán Torres (2018) |
Cuba | |
| Nelson et al. (2011) |
Czech Republic | |
| Štemprok et al. (2005) |
| Breiter et al. (2007) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pašava J et al. (2015) |
| Ulmanová et al. (2019) |
| Litochleb (1998) |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| www.geocities.com/Smula.geo | |
| Dolníček et al. (2024) |
| SEJKORA et al. (2026) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
| Losertová et al. (2013) |
| Losertová et al. (2011) |
| Losertová et al. (2012) |
| Novák +2 other references |
| Novák +1 other reference | |
| Škoda et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| euromin.w3sites.net (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
Egypt | |
| Saleh et al. (2026) |
| Mahdy et al. (2025) +1 other reference | |
Europe | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection +1 other reference |
| Tuisku (2010) |
| Tuisku (2010) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
| Al-Ani |
Finland/Russia | |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
France | |
| Wang (1991) |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) | |
| |
| J.-J. Périchaud: Les Minéraux d'Auvergne et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Aubert (1969) | |
| P.G. Pélisson (pelisson@inist.fr) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot | |
| PIERROT R. (1971) | |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
| |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
| |
| Périchaud (1968) | |
| Périchaud (1968) | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Picot et al. (1982) |
| Périchaud (1968) | |
| Périchaud (1968) | |
| Périchaud (1968) | |
| Y. Blanc : "Datation par analyse ... |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) |
| Mourey Y. (1985) |
| Devismes (1978) |
| Devismes (1978) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Collections of Jean-Claude Leydet |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) +1 other reference |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Ansermet et al. (2010) |
| M.J. Pavillon : "Evolution Structurale | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Boisson (1988) |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| La minéralogie. Béryl Limousin +1 other reference | |
| |
| [var: Reinite] Queneau P. (2001) +2 other references |
| C. Derré |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Hygen (1983) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
Georgia | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Aufschluss 71 (6) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Aufschluss 71 (3) | |
| Schmeltzer (1993) +2 other references |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| |
| Th.Lühr collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wagenbreth et al. (1990) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Junge et al. (2023) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection | |
| Weber (1992) |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
Greece | |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2023) |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
Greenland | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Zajzon N et al. (2014) | |
India | |
| Ottens et al. (2022) |
| Gebhard (1994) | |
| Ottens et al. (2022) |
| - (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| Handoko et al. (2025) |
| Marcoux et al. (1993) |
Iran | |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
Italy | |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Della Ventura +1 other reference |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf et al. (Luigi Chiappino communication) |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Ravizzotti et al. (2026) | |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Mauro Savia et al. (2024) |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Sotgia T. (1921) +4 other references |
| Borghesan (1936) |
| . +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Biste (1977) +1 other reference |
| Avanzini et al. (2007) |
| Campostrini et al. (2006) |
| BENVENUTI et al. (2013) |
| BENVENUTI et al. (2013) |
| BENVENUTI et al. (2013) | |
| BENVENUTI et al. (2013) | |
Japan | |
| |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| KATO et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of Japan (Geological Survey of Japan, 1960) +1 other reference |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
| Africano et al. (2002) |
| KATO et al. (1969) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Nakamura et al. (1973) |
| Shimizu et al. (2007) |
| [var: Reinite] Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| |
Kosovo | |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| homepage.usask.ca (2001) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mexico | |
| Prescott |
| Taran et al. (2000) |
Mongolia | |
| Getmanskaya T. I. et al. (1995) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Cairncross (2005) |
| Schnaitmann et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) | |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| analysed - EDS & general appearance +2 other references |
New Zealand | |
| Robinson (2018) |
| Lilley |
Nigeria | |
| Sakoma et al. (2002) |
Norway | |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Dittrich (1980) |
| Heier (1955) |
| - (2023) | |
| Cempírek J. et al. (2010) |
Pakistan | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
| imported from Rondu District +1 other reference | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gonzalez-Alvarez et al. (2013) |
| K92 Mining |
Peru | |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| |
| Kevon Conroy Collection |
| Bendezu et al. (2009) |
| Bendezu et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Carlson et al. (1980) |
| - (1998) |
| Clark et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Piestrzyński A. et al. (1990) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Szełęg et al. (Karkonosze massif, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Piestrzyński A. et al. (1990) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Karwowski et al. (2012) |
Portugal | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 304W |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| Alexandre Pedroso samples. |
| Alexandre Pedroso samples. |
| Cabral Pinto et al. (2008) |
| Sopas de Pedra +1 other reference | |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
| Nuno Afonso collection | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| LNEG Museu de Jazigos Minerais ... | |
| |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| [var: Reinite] | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Bobos et al. (2021) |
| Garcia (1987) +1 other reference |
| Garcia (1987) |
| Rui Nunes - 27 February |
| Neiva et al. (2019) |
Romania | |
| Bailly et al. (2002) |
| [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com] | |
| Costin et al. (2005) |
| Hîrtopanu |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Novoselov et al. (2025) |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) | |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Evseev (1973) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| ... |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| ... |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2019) |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2019) |
| Bortnikov et al. (2008) |
| Soloviev et al. (2011) |
| Gvozdev (2007) |
| Alekseev et al. (2020) |
| Alekseev et al. (2020) | |
| [var: Niobium-bearing Ferberite] Alekseev et al. (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Shadchin et al. (2024) |
| Nazarchuk et al. (2023) |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Rwanda | |
| [var: Reinite] Tkachev (1989) +1 other reference |
| Unpublished report | |
| [var: Reinite] Jedwab et al. (1979) +2 other references |
| Collection of Geoscience Museum | |
| [var: Reinite] - (1998) +6 other references |
| Roy Kristiansen |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Majzlan et al. (2025) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Kubiš M. (2006) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +2 other references | |
| Grecula (1995) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Söhnge (1950) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| [var: Reinite] Fletcher (1977) |
| King (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Neues Jahrb.Min. (1863) +1 other reference |
| Miguel Calvo and Joan Viñals (2008) | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... | |
| Calvo et al. (2008) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2016) +2 other references |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| [var: Reinite] Arribas (1980) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Mangas et al. (1988) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Emilio Téllez Collection |
| Canet et al. (2003) |
| Prado-Herrero et al. (2008) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2026) | |
| Jiménez Martínez |
| Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Tánago et al. (2012) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Weibel (1954) |
| Weibel (1954) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Gouanvic (1985) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) | |
Sweden | |
| |
| Gavelin |
| |
| |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| [var: Reinite] Langhof et al. (2002) |
Switzerland | |
| Greber et al. (2013) |
Thailand | |
| Sillitoe (1985) +1 other reference |
| - (1998) |
| Linnen et al. (1993) |
Uganda | |
| - (1977, November) |
| J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy" (1997) | |
| J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy" (1997) |
| v. Knorring et al. (1972) +1 other reference | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Day (1999) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Hogg (1825) |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Liam Schofield photo |
| Weiß et al. (2017) |
| Dines (1956) |
| S. Rust collection |
| Hogg (1825) |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Wolf Minerals |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Collection Richard De Nul | |
| Moles et al. (2012) |
Ukraine | |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Dudar +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Wilson (1941) +2 other references |
| Wherry (1915) +3 other references |
| Schaller (1932) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson (1941) +2 other references |
| Wilson (1941) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027539 +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10008546 | |
| Shockley (1976) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:110. | |
| [var: Reinite] Norman (1951) +3 other references |
| Tungsten deposites of California 1969 |
| McAllister (1955) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| Wright et al. (1953) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| - (2005) +2 other references | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| John Sobolewski collection | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:230. |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Bull 583 |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6: 13 & 62 +3 other references |
| Silliman (1819c) +4 other references |
| David Busha collection | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| M.Felch et al |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Mueller (1997) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +2 other references |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Miller et al. (to be published by NCGS) |
| Specimen on display at the Museum of ... |
| USGS MRDS Database |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 113. |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 113. |
| - (2005) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Jaimy Henman specimen and SEM/EDS ... |
| George E. Becraft and Paul L. Weis (1963) +2 other references |
| Wolff et al. (2014) | |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Salisbury +2 other references |
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Yaogangxian Mine, Yaogangxian W-Sn ore field, Yizhang Co., Chenzhou, Hunan, China