Columbite-(Mn)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Columbite-(Mn)
Formula:
Mn2+Nb2O6
Colour:
Black to brownish black, dark red-brown; reddish brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
5.20 - 6.65
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Originally referred to as manganocolumbite, it was changed to the current form in 2008 (Burke 2008). The name refers to the relationship to the other columbite group species, with dominant manganese. The columbite group name refers to columbium, an old name for the element niobium.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2520
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2520:7
Similar Names
| Calamaite | A valid IMA mineral species | Na2TiO(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Calamite | A synonym of Tremolite | |
| Colimaite | A valid IMA mineral species | K3VS4 |
| Colomite | A synonym of Roscoelite | |
| Columbite | A synonym of 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' | |
| Columbite-(Fe) | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| Columbite-(Fe)-Tantalite-(Fe) Series | A solid-solution series between two end-member minerals | |
| Columbite-(Mg) | A valid IMA mineral species | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| Columbite-(Mn)-Tantalite-(Mn) Series | A solid-solution series between two end-member minerals | |
| Kolumbite | A synonym of 'Columbite' | |
| Kolymite | A valid IMA mineral species | Cu7Hg6 |
IMA Classification of Columbite-(Mn)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Mn2+Nb5+2O6
Classification of Columbite-(Mn)
4.DB.35
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
8.3.2.4
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
18.1.39
18 : Niobates and Tantalates
1 : Niobates and tantalates containing neither rare earths nor U
18 : Niobates and Tantalates
1 : Niobates and tantalates containing neither rare earths nor U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Clb-Mn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Columbite-(Mn)
Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Black to brownish black, dark red-brown; reddish brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Dark red to black
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {100}, less distinct on {010}.
Distinct on {100}, less distinct on {010}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5.20 - 6.65 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.30 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Columbite-(Mn)
Type:
Biaxial (-)
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Optical Extinction:
Parallel. X = b; Y = a; Z = c.
Comments:
Absorption: Strong. Z > X.
Chemistry of Columbite-(Mn)
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+Nb2O6
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Tonian : 907 ± 1.8 Ma to 907 ± 1.8 Ma - based on 7 recorded ages.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 907 ± 1.8 Ma | Tonian | Pb-U |
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ta2O5 | 42.08 % | 29.45 % | 42.32 % |
| Nb2O5 | 39.04 % | 50.34 % | 36.63 % |
| TiO2 | 0.12 % | 0.04 % | 0.19 % |
| WO3 | 0.04 % | 0.14 % | |
| MnO | 16.35 % | 17.59 % | 10.29 % |
| FeO | 0.73 % | 1.07 % | 6.97 % |
| UO2 | 0.06 % | ||
| Total: | 98.36 % | 98.63 % | 96.46 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 4 | (Mn0.95Fe3+0.05)1.00(Nb1.71Ta0.24Ti0.05)2.00O6.00 |
| 5 | (Mn0.95Fe3+0.05)1.00(Nb1.71Ta0.24Ti0.05)2.00O6.00 |
| 6 | (Mn0.49Fe0.39Mg0.01W0.02)0.91(Nb1.68Ta0.16)1.84O6 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ågskardet LCT Pegmatite, Holandsfjorden, Meløy, Nordland, Norway | Analysis by Dr.A.V.Voloshin. | |
| 2 | " " | Analysis by Dr.A.V.Voloshin | |
| 3 | Marlagalla-Allapatna, Mandya District, Karnataka, India | 3 out of 7 EMPA analysed spots from core to rim of this sample corresponds to columbite-(Mn). The core is columbite-(Mn) and the heavily zoned crystal has compositions alternating between columbite-(Mn), tantalite-(Fe) and columbite-(Fe). The sample is from a pegmatite. | |
| 4 | Palelni mine, Khetchel village, Molo quarter, Momeik Township, Kyaukme District, Shan State, Myanmar | ||
| 5 | " " | ||
| 6 | Ambatonapetraka pegmatites, Mangarano, Antsirabe II District, Vakinankaratra, Madagascar | "Niobite mangan |
Crystallography of Columbite-(Mn)
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbcn
Cell Parameters:
a = 14.433(2) Å, b = 5.7637(7) Å, c = 5.0832(8) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.504 : 1 : 0.882
Unit Cell V:
422.86 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic or equant, also tabular; in groups of parallel or subparallel crystals; massive.
Twinning:
On {021} and {023}, may produce pseudohexagonal trillings.
Comment:
Synthetic material. Strong subcell has b/3.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0008845 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M, Pistorino M, Domeneghetti M C (2003) High-temperature X-ray investigation of natural columbites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 590-598 | 2003 | Kragero, Norway | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008846 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M, Pistorino M, Domeneghetti M C (2003) High-temperature X-ray investigation of natural columbites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 590-598 | 2003 | Kragero, Norway | 0 | 573 | |
| 0003860 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 |  | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003850 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003849 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003861 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 773 | |
| 0003862 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 803 | |
| 0003864 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0003863 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0008847 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M, Pistorino M, Domeneghetti M C (2003) High-temperature X-ray investigation of natural columbites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 590-598 | 2003 | 0 | 873 | ||
| 0003865 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0003867 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0003866 | Columbite-(Mn) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 1073 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| - Å | () |
Comments:
No published X-ray powder diffraction data.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Synonyms of Columbite-(Mn)
Other Language Names for Columbite-(Mn)
Dutch:Columbiet-(Mn)
Russian:Манганоколумбит
Relationship of Columbite-(Mn) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Columbite Group:
| Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcn |
| Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 | Orth. |
| Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcn |
| Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcn |
| Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcn |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 27 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 24 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 22 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| 13 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 12 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Euxenite-(Y) | (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 |
| 9 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 9 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with 'Cleavelandite' | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 7 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| 7 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Phenakite | Be2SiO4 |
| 6 photos of Columbite-(Mn) associated with Cassiterite | SnO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DB. | Tianhongqiite | CrTiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
| 4.DB. | Huangshanite | Fe3+TaO4 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | Sn1-xFexO2-x(OH) |
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | ε-Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8◻0.2)4+O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Sc) | (Ta0.5Sc0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Nb0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe3+) | (Nb0.5Fe3+0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
| 4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | 'Krasnoselskite' | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalaeschynite-(Ce) | Ce(TiTa)O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | 'Wolframowodginite' | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5◻0.5)TaTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Columbite-(Mn)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2520.html
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References for Columbite-(Mn)
Reference List:
Ercit, T. Scott, Wise, Michael A., Cerny, Petr (1995) Compositional and structural systematics of the columbite group. American Mineralogist, 80 (5) 613-619 doi:10.2138/am-1995-5-619
Burke, Ernst A. J. (2008) Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks. The Mineralogical Record, 39 (2) 131-135
Kinast, E. J., Isnard, O., da Cunha, J. B. M., de Vasconcellos, M. A. Z., dos Santos, C. A. (2011) A new approach for the determination of multiple cation locations and ordering, using the example of natural and heat-treated columbites. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 44 (4). 738-746 doi:10.1107/s0021889811023211
Localities for Columbite-(Mn)
Showing 396 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Jesse Fisher specimen |
Argentina | |
| Demartis et al. (2014) |
| López de Azarevich et al. (2021) |
| Galliski et al. (2001) |
| Galliski et al. (2011) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) |
| Galliski et al. (2015) |
| Galliski et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analythical data of ... |
| Wulser PA et al. U-Th-REE mobility in ... |
| mentioned references in description |
| R Botttrill |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Keith Compton collection | |
| Report of the Department of Mines for ... +1 other reference | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| E.S. Simpson +2 other references |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Fetherston (2004) | |
| Simpson (1928) +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Sweetapple et al. (2001) |
| Sweetapple et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Simpson (1928) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Hesperian Press +2 other references | |
| Calderwood +2 other references |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Löffler et al. (2018) |
Benin | |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
Bolivia | |
| EDS Analysis Frank Keutsch |
| RRUFF specimen | |
Brazil | |
| Hadlich et al. (2024) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Luis Menezes | |
| Beurlen et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) | |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| e Souza et al. (2020) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Färber et al. (2011) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) | |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) | |
| Fernandes et al. (2022) |
| Strmić Palinkaš +6 other references | |
| Baumgartner et al. (2006) | |
| Beurlen +3 other references | |
| Baumgartner et al. (2006) | |
| Baumgartner et al. (2006) | |
Burundi | |
| Melcher et al. (2015) |
Cameroon | |
| Fosso Tchunte et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Breasley et al. (2024) |
| Dixon et al. (2014) |
| Černá et al. (2002) |
| Alan Anderson M.Sc. Thesis |
| Alan Anderson M.Sc. Thesis |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| 153-155. +1 other reference | |
| Bannatyne (1985) +1 other reference |
| Malay et al. (2026) |
| Hay (2000) |
| P.B. Tomascak et al. (1994) |
| Breaks +2 other references |
| ontariominerals.com +2 other references |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| Tindle et al. (2005) | |
| Avalon Advanced Materials Inc. | |
| Ercit (1994) |
| Sabina (2007) +1 other reference |
| YAKOVLEVA et al. (2010b) |
| Hilderley et al. (2006) |
China | |
| Que et al. (2026) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Pengfei Zhou et al. (2009) |
| Renke Li and Xuming Zhang (1995) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) | |
| Liu et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Qu et al. (2023) |
| Qu et al. (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Yin et al. (2026) |
| Diao et al. (2022) |
| Jiang et al. (2023) |
| Zonglin Hou (1989) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Zongzhen Zhang (1974) +1 other reference |
| Zhu et al. (2025) |
| Ma et al. (2026) |
| Desong Lin (1993) +2 other references |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Chen et al. (2026) |
| Sun et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Feng et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Xuemin et al. (2026) |
| Lin et al. (1995) |
| Rucheng Wang et al. (2018) |
| Feng et al. (2019) |
| Zhang et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Wang R et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| Cao et al. (2022) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2020) |
Czech Republic | |
| Ackerman (2005) |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Černý et al. (Weisser Stein) |
| René et al. (2011) |
| Novák (2003) |
| Štosová |
| Ddolníček Z et al. (2020) |
| Chládek Š. (2016) | |
| Novák | |
| Sejkora +2 other references | |
| Welser +5 other references |
| Welser |
| Dolníček et al. (2024) |
| Novák et al. (1996) |
| Houzar (1995) |
| Výravský et al. (2017) |
| Škoda et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Němec D.: Ein Pegmatit mit Li-Mineralisierung von Dolní Bory in Westmahren (ČSSR) |
| Novák et al. (1999) | |
| Novotný et al. (2019) | |
| Flégr et al. (2017) | |
| Novák et al. (1999) | |
| Flégr et al. (2017) | |
| Novák +3 other references |
| P. Pauliš (2001) | |
| P. Pauliš (2001) | |
DR Congo | |
| Wall et al. (1996) |
Egypt | |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) |
| Küster (2009) | |
| Abd El-Fatah et al. (2023) | |
| Raslan et al. (2010) | |
| Helba et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
Eswatini | |
| Grew et al. (2018) |
Ethiopia | |
| A Geological Excursion To The Mesozoic Sediments Of The Abay Basin ( Blue Nile) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection | |
| Lahti Seppo I. 2011. Kotkan ... |
| Teertstra et al. (1993) |
| Lahti (2000) |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Haapala (1966) +1 other reference |
France | |
| U. Kolitsch & F. Brandstätter (to be published) |
| |
| Marcoux et al. (2021) |
| Dr. Eugene Foord |
| Boisson et al. (2018) |
| MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006) |
Germany | |
| Habel (1998) |
| Blaß et al. (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1992) | |
| Blaß et al. (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1992) |
| Ko Jansen |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) | |
India | |
| Sarbajna et al. (2000) |
| Jagadeesan et al. (2005) |
Italy | |
| Pezzotta +1 other reference |
| VIGNOLA et al. (2007) |
| Guastoni et al. (2007) |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| attioli V. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +4 other references |
| Callegari et al. (2002) +2 other references | |
| Orlandi et al. |
| Orlandi et al. (1985) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Barsotti et al. (2006) | |
| Pezzotta et al. (1996) | |
Japan | |
| Takahiro Tsuji and Teiichi Ueno (2009) |
| |
Kazakhstan | |
| Stepanov et al. (2012) |
Madagascar | |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-590 | |
| Lacroix (1922) +2 other references |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (# MM 1312) | |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Pezzotta (2007) |
| Pezzotta (2007) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data and photo | |
| Demartin et al. (2001) |
| Rudy Bolona specimen |
Morocco | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Neiva et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Shen (n.d.) |
Myanmar | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2010) |
| Mineralogical Magazine +1 other reference | |
Namibia | |
| Keller (1991) |
| Keller (1991) | |
Norway | |
| Bjorlykke (1937) |
| Lund (2016) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Lund (2016) |
| Müller et al. (2017) | |
| Folvik (2007) |
| Tomas Husdal analytical data |
| Kristiansen (1972) +1 other reference |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Kristiansen (2014) |
| Shen (2021) | |
| Shen (n.d.) | |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Bjørlykke (1937) |
| Larsen. A.O. & Åsheim (2008) |
| Jan Andersen specimen. Analyzed by ... | |
Pakistan | |
| Laurs et al. (1998) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) | |
| imported from Rondu District +1 other reference | |
Poland | |
| PIECZKA et al. 2010: Nb-Ta minerals in ... |
| Pieczka et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Pieczka et al. (2012) | |
| Szełęg et al. (2010) |
| Pieczka et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Pieczka (2000) +3 other references |
| Pieczka et al. (2001) | |
Portugal | |
| Dias et al. (2009) |
| Antunes et al. (2013) |
| Neiva et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Fuchs et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| Rui Nunes - June 2008 |
| Martins et al. (2011) |
Russia | |
| Galina Gubko (2009) |
| Popova et al. (2010) |
| Igor Savin's data |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Andreeva et al. (2006) |
| Zozulya et al. (2024) |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) |
| Zozulya et al. (2024) |
| Zozulya et al. (2024) | |
| Alekseev et al. (2020) |
| Alekseev et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Vital'Evna (2021) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Igor.V. Pekov (2008) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Fialova et al. (2013) |
| Grant (2001) | |
Rwanda | |
| Pohl et al. (2013) |
Slovakia | |
| Uher |
| Chudík et al. (2011) |
| Uher et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Uher et al. (n.d.) |
| Uher P. et al. (2018) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Uher (2008) |
| Uher et al. (Považský Inovec) |
| Uher P. | |
| Uher P. |
South Africa | |
| R. Liferovich -L. Horváth p.c. 2004 |
South Korea | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov's analytical data |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Roda-Robles M E et al. (2014) |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007) |
| Llorens et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pascua et al. (1997) |
| Garófano-Medina et al. (2021) |
| Guldris Leon +3 other references |
| NÚÑEZ-GARCÍA et al. (2012) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Geeth Sameera et al. (2025) |
Sweden | |
| Langhof et al. (1998) |
| Uher et al. (2008) | |
| SEM-EDS Andreas Karlsson (sample NRM# 20140340) +2 other references |
| Černý et al. (2004) |
| Cerny & Kjellman (unpublished) |
| |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| I. Pekov data pers. comm L. Horvath 2008 |
| Mirakov M.A. et al. (2018) |
Uganda | |
| von Knorring et al. (1981) |
| von Knorring et al. (1981) |
| von Knorring et al. (1981) | |
UK | |
| Moulding et al. (2005) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) |
| Beddoe-Stephens et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Knorring et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| David Lowe personally analyzed sample ... |
| Foord (1977) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) | |
| various added photos |
| Mauthner (2024) | |
| description of beryl discovery on ... +2 other references | |
| Novák et al. (2000) |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Analyzed by Skip Simmons July 2012 |
| Tony Albini Collection |
| Anthony J. Albini collection |
| Vandall Thomas King Collection |
| |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +2 other references | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| King (2000) |
| Scott Whittemore |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) | |
| Mineral News (1994) +2 other references |
| King (n.d.) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Simmons et al. (2022) | |
| |
| King (n.d.) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| C. Burtic & R. Dionne collections. +1 other reference |
| Wise +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum. (Ex- A. Thomas) |
| Peter Cristofono collection |
| Foord et al. (1999) |
| Rocks&Min. 67:158-168 |
| Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005) |
| Czaja (2025) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| Francis (1985) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. 39:355 (1964) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Michael N. Spilde et al. (2011) |
| Michael N. Spilde et al. (2011) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jason Smith collection |
| Wise et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| EDS and XRD analysis of specimen in collection of Fred E Davis (Excalibur Mineral Corporation) |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Kearns et al. (2016) |
| Buchholz et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Falster et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Buchholz (1999) |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01 | |
Vietnam | |
| Kubernátová et al. (2019) |
Zambia | |
| Wilson et al. (2010) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Ackermann et al. (1968) |
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Topsham, Sagadahoc County, Maine, USA