Alquife iron mines, Alquife, Granada, Andalusia, Spaini
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Alquife iron mines | Group of Mining Fields |
| Alquife | Municipality |
| Granada | Province |
| Andalusia | Autonomous Community |
| Spain | Country |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
37° 11' 31'' North , 3° 6' 38'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Type:
Group of Mining Fields
Köppen climate type:
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
Marquesado mines; Minas de Alquife
The Alquife mines, also commonly called the Marquesado mines, are located in the municipalities of Alquife, Lanteira and Aldeire, in the province of Granada (Spain).
The importance of mining is found in the geological structure of the Marquesado del Zenete area, which is located in the Nevado-Filábride complex of Sierra Nevada. The most important iron deposits are stratabound mineralizations in Permo-Triassic or Triassic marbles to which hematite and goethite type formations (oxide facies) correspond.
Historically, this area has been exploited for mining purposes since Prehistory, although it would be from the 19th century onwards when extraction work experienced its peak. First, under the initiative of several companies with British capital, in 1929 the Compañía Andaluza de Minas (CAM) was created, which, during the last thirty years of activity, was the main iron ore producing centre in Spain, with a production of more than of 80 million tons of iron ore.
The Alquife mine site was, at that time, the largest open pit iron mine in Europe; La Corta is almost 300 meters deep and currently semi-flooded, forming an artificial lake, with water from the aquifer.
The extracted iron was delivered by rail to the port of Almería, from where it left by sea, loaded on merchant ships, supplying iron ore to the Altos Hornos de Vizcaya and exported to various countries such as Great Britain, France, The Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Germany and Romania.
In 1984, all the mining operations were acquired by the Compañía Andaluza de Minas (CAM), and the current mining preserve was formed, becoming an important complex, which had industrial plants, offices, a hospital, a mining town (Los Pozos), railway branches, etc. The Alquife deposit constituted the most important iron potential in Europe with an approximate surface area of 633 hectares.
In 2010 it was declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in the General Catalog of Andalusian Historical Heritage, due to its relevant historical, geological, landscape, technical-industrial and ethnological values.
In May 2011, the Dutch company Minas de Alquife Holding B.V. acquired all the shares of the company Minas de Alquife, S.L., the majority co-owner of the mining rights, to exploit the Marquesado Mines. In 2020, after decades of inactivity, the mining exploitation was reopened, exporting the minerals through the port of Malaga.
Las minas de Alquife, también llamadas habitualmente como las minas del Marquesado, se encuentra situada sobre los términos municipales de Alquife, Lanteira y Aldeire, en la provincia de Granada (España).
La importancia de la minería se encuentra en la estructura geológica de la zona del Marquesado del Zenete, que se encuentra en el complejo nevado-filábride de Sierra Nevada. Los yacimientos de hierro más importantes son mineralizaciones estratoligadas en los mármoles permotriásicos o triásicos a las que corresponden formaciones tipo hematites y goethitas (facies de óxidos).
Históricamente esta zona ha sido explotada con fines mineros desde la Prehistoria, aunque sería a partir del siglo XIX, cuando las labores de extracción vivieron su auge. Primero bajo la iniciativa de varias empresas de capital británico, en 1929 se crea la Compañía Andaluza de Minas (CAM), que durante los últimos treinta años en actividad, fue el principal centro productor de mineral de hierro de España, con una producción de más de 80 millones de toneladas de mineral de hierro.
El yacimiento de las minas de Alquife, que en ese momento se constituye como la mayor mina a cielo abierto de hierro de Europa; (La Corta tiene casi 300 metros de profundidad y actualmente semiinundada, formando un lago artificial, con agua del acuífero).
A través del ferrocarril se daba salida al hierro extraído hasta el puerto de Almería, desde donde salía por vía marítima, cargado en buques mercantes, suministrando mineral de hierro a los Altos Hornos de Vizcaya y exportándose a diversos países como Gran Bretaña, Francia, Holanda, Bélgica, Italia, Alemania y Rumanía.
En 1984, todas las explotaciones mineras fueron adquiridas por la Compañía Andaluza de Minas (CAM), y se formó el actual coto minero,convirtiéndose en un importante complejo, que contaba con plantas industriales, oficinas,hospital, un poblado minero (los Pozos), ramales ferroviarios, etc. El yacimiento de Alquife constituyó el potencial de hierro más importante de Europa con una superficie aproximada de 633 ha.
En 2010 fue declarado Bien de Interés Cultural en el Catálogo General de Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz, por sus relevantes valores históricos, geológicos, paisajísticos, técnico-industriales y etnológicos.
En mayo de 2011, la empresa holandesa Minas de Alquife Holding B.V., adquirió la totalidad de las acciones de la sociedad Minas de Alquife, S.L. copropietaria mayoritaria de los derechos mineros de explotación de las Minas del Marquesado. En el año 2020, después de décadas inactiva, se procede a la reapertura de la explotación minera, exportando el mineral por el puerto de Málaga.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.Mineral List
26 valid minerals.
Rock Types Recorded
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Albite Formula: Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup' Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| ⓘ Ankerite Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 |
| ⓘ 'Biotite' Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' |
| ⓘ Chloritoid Formula: Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Dolomite Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ Epidote Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ 'Garnet Group' Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ Goethite Formula: Fe3+O(OH) References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Graphite Formula: C |
| ⓘ Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Hematite var. Martite Formula: Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite Formula: Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ Hematite var. Titanohematite Formula: (Fe,Ti)2O3 |
| ⓘ Ilmenite Formula: Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ 'Limonite' References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Magnetite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Marcasite Formula: FeS2 |
| ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Pyrolusite Formula: Mn4+O2 |
| ⓘ Pyromorphite Formula: Pb5(PO4)3Cl References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Rutile Formula: TiO2 |
| ⓘ Siderite Formula: FeCO3 References: Colección Manuel Gómez CuervaIdentified by Manuel Gómez Cuerva: Visual Identification |
| ⓘ Spessartine Formula: Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ Talc Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ 'Tourmaline' Formula: AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| ⓘ Tremolite Formula: ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ Zircon Formula: Zr(SiO4) |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Graphite | 1.CB.05a | C |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Marcasite | 2.EB.10a | FeS2 |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Goethite | 4.00. | Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | Hematite var. Martite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | var. Specularite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | var. Titanohematite | 4.CB.05 | (Fe,Ti)2O3 |
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrolusite | 4.DB.05 | Mn4+O2 |
| ⓘ | Rutile | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
| ⓘ | Ankerite | 5.AB.10 | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Pyromorphite | 8.BN.05 | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Spessartine | 9.AD.25 | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Zircon | 9.AD.30 | Zr(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Chloritoid | 9.AF.85 | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 9.BG.05a | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Tremolite | 9.DE.10 | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Talc | 9.EC.05 | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Amphibole Supergroup' | - | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Tourmaline' | - | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| ⓘ | 'Garnet Group' | - | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| H | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| H | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| B | Boron | |
| B | ⓘ Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Graphite | C |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| O | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite var. Martite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| O | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| O | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite var. Titanohematite | (Fe,Ti)2O3 |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| F | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Cl | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Hematite var. Titanohematite | (Fe,Ti)2O3 |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite var. Martite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite var. Titanohematite | (Fe,Ti)2O3 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Zr | Zirconium | |
| Zr | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate
- Betic CordilleraPassive Margin
EuropeContinent
Iberian PeninsulaPeninsula
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References
Maillot, R. (1971) Contribution à l'étude géologique du gisement de fer du Marquesado (Espagne). Mineralium Deposita, 6 (4). 380-391 doi:10.1007/bf00201894
(1979) Drainage and stability problems of slopes in an open pit mine at Marquesado (in French). International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 16 (6). 142pp. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(79)90196-7
Torres-Ruiz, J. (1983) Genesis and evolution of the Marquesado and adjacent iron ore deposits, Granada, Spain. Economic Geology, 78 (8) 1657-1673 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.78.8.1657