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Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA i
Regional Level Types
Empire Mine Open-Cast Mine
Palmer - not defined -
Richmond Township Township
Marquette County County
Michigan State
USA Country

Empire Mine, Palmer, Marquette Iron Range mining district, Michigan, USA

Regional Level Types
Empire Mine	Open-Cast Mine
Palmer	- not defined -
Richmond Township	Township
Marquette County	County
Michigan	State
USA	Country

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In the Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

View of Open Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

View of Open Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

In the Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

View of Open Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

View of Open Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

In the Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

View of Open Pit

Empire Mine, Palmer, Richmond Township, Marquette County, Michigan, USA

Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):

46° 27' 24'' North , 87° 36' 20'' West

Latitude & Longitude (decimal):

Type:

Köppen climate type:

Dfb : Warm-summer humid continental climate

Nearest Settlements:

Place	Population	Distance
Palmer	418 (2017)	2.0km
Negaunee	4,582 (2017)	4.7km
Ishpeming	6,483 (2017)	5.9km
West Ishpeming	2,662 (2017)	7.9km
Trowbridge Park	2,176 (2017)	17.0km

Nearest Clubs:
Local clubs are the best way to get access to collecting localities

Club	Location	Distance
Ishpeming Rock and Mineral Club	Ishpeming, Michigan	6km

Mindat Locality ID:

10949

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:10949:2

GUID (UUID V4):

An opencast iron mine with an 8.1 million tons/yr capacity. Owned by the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co. (1985), then operated by the Empire Iron Mining Co. (1988).

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.

ⓘ Iron

ⓘ Iron - Magnetite

Mineral List

23 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

ⓘ Chert

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine

Formula: NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆

References:

Heinrich, E. W., Robinson, George Willard (2004) Mineralogy of Michigan (2nd ed.) A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum and Michigan Technological University. 252pp.

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

References:

Heinrich, E. W., Robinson, George Willard (2004) Mineralogy of Michigan (2nd ed.) A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum and Michigan Technological University. 252pp.

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

Personally collected by Travis Olds in 2008

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS₂

References:

Collected by Dan Fountain

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

References:

Personally collected by Travis Olds in 2008

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

References:

(2005) Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS), US Geological Survey.

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: Fe³⁺O(OH)

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Grunerite

Formula: ◻{Fe²⁺₂}{Fe²⁺₅}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂

References:

Dave Maietta

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

References:

Travis Olds collection

ⓘ 'K Feldspar var. Adularia'

Formula: KAlSi₃O₈

References:

Travis Olds collection

ⓘ Magnesio-riebeckite

Formula: ◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe³⁺₂}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂

References:

Heinrich, E. W., Robinson, George Willard (2004) Mineralogy of Michigan (2nd ed.) A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum and Michigan Technological University. 252pp.

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Minnesotaite

Formula: Fe²⁺₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

Dave Maietta

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

(2005) Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS), US Geological Survey.

ⓘ Pyrophyllite

Formula: Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂

References:

Tim Lemke specimen

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

(2005) Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS), US Geological Survey.

ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Personally collected by Travis Olds in 2008

ⓘ Riebeckite

Formula: ◻[Na₂][Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

References:

Dave Maietta

ⓘ Schorl

Formula: NaFe²⁺₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)

References:

Travis Olds collection

ⓘ Sepiolite

Formula: Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂ · 6H₂O

References:

Identified and verified by SEM/EDS and XRD by George Robinson 2010

ⓘ Siderite

Formula: FeCO₃

References:

Personally collected by Travis Olds in 2008

ⓘ Stilpnomelane

Formula: (K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O

References:

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

ⓘ Thermonatrite

Formula: Na₂CO₃ · H₂O

References:

Heinrich, E. W., Robinson, George Willard (2004) Mineralogy of Michigan (2nd ed.) A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum and Michigan Technological University. 252pp.

ⓘ Trona

Formula: Na₃H(CO₃)₂ · 2H₂O

References:

Heinrich, E. W., Robinson, George Willard (2004) Mineralogy of Michigan (2nd ed.) A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum and Michigan Technological University. 252pp.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Chalcopyrite	2.CB.10a	CuFeS₂
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Goethite	4.00.	Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Quartz var. Amethyst	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ		4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	var. Smoky Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Siderite	5.AB.05	FeCO₃
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Thermonatrite	5.CB.05	Na₂CO₃ · H₂O
ⓘ	Trona	5.CB.15	Na₃H(CO₃)₂ · 2H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Schorl	9.CK.05	NaFe²⁺₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Aegirine	9.DA.25	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Grunerite	9.DE.05	◻{Fe²⁺₂}{Fe²⁺₅}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Magnesio-riebeckite	9.DE.25	◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe³⁺₂}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Riebeckite	9.DE.25	◻[Na₂][Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Minnesotaite	9.EC.05	Fe²⁺₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	Pyrophyllite	9.EC.10	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	Sepiolite	9.EE.25	Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂ · 6H₂O
ⓘ	Stilpnomelane	9.EG.40	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'K Feldspar var. Adularia'	-	KAlSi₃O₈
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Garnet Group'	-	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Grunerite	◻{Fe₂²⁺}{Fe₅²⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Magnesio-riebeckite	◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe₂³⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Minnesotaite	Fe₃²⁺Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
H	ⓘ Sepiolite	Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂ · 6H₂O
H	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Thermonatrite	Na₂CO₃ · H₂O
H	ⓘ Trona	Na₃H(CO₃)₂ · 2H₂O
B	Boron
B	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
C	ⓘ Thermonatrite	Na₂CO₃ · H₂O
C	ⓘ Trona	Na₃H(CO₃)₂ · 2H₂O
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
O	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Grunerite	◻{Fe₂²⁺}{Fe₅²⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Magnesio-riebeckite	◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe₂³⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Minnesotaite	Fe₃²⁺Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
O	ⓘ Sepiolite	Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂ · 6H₂O
O	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
O	ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Thermonatrite	Na₂CO₃ · H₂O
O	ⓘ Trona	Na₃H(CO₃)₂ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
O	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Na	ⓘ Magnesio-riebeckite	◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe₂³⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Na	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Na	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Na	ⓘ Thermonatrite	Na₂CO₃ · H₂O
Na	ⓘ Trona	Na₃H(CO₃)₂ · 2H₂O
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Magnesio-riebeckite	◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe₂³⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Sepiolite	Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂ · 6H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Mg	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Al	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
Si	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Grunerite	◻{Fe₂²⁺}{Fe₅²⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Magnesio-riebeckite	◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe₂³⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Minnesotaite	Fe₃²⁺Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Si	ⓘ Sepiolite	Mg₄(Si₆O₁₅)(OH)₂ · 6H₂O
Si	ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Si	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Aegirine	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Grunerite	◻{Fe₂²⁺}{Fe₅²⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Magnesio-riebeckite	◻{Na₂}{Mg₃Fe₂³⁺}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Minnesotaite	Fe₃²⁺Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Riebeckite	◻[Na₂][Fe₃²⁺Fe₂³⁺]Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Schorl	NaFe₃²⁺Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Siderite	FeCO₃
Fe	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite-Forsterite Series
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

North AmericaContinent

North America PlateTectonic Plate

Superior Craton
- Penokean OrogenCraton
Superior DomainDomain

USA

Michigan
- Marquette Iron Range mining districtMining District
Midcontinent RiftGeologic Province

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Iron_Range

Morris, Tom (1983) Michigan Mineralogy. A locality Index. Rocks & Minerals, 58 (3). 107-113 doi:10.1080/00357529.1983.11767128p.111

Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company (1985) Annual Review: 325.

Heinrich, E. W., Robinson, George Willard (2004) Mineralogy of Michigan (2nd ed.) A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum and Michigan Technological University. 252pp.

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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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