Torbernite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Michael J Pabst
About Torbernite
Torbern Olof Bergman
Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
Colour:
Emerald-green, grass-green. leek green, siskin green, apple green
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Waxy, Pearly
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
3.22
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1793 by Abraham Gottlob Werner in honor of Torbern Olof Bergmann [March 20, 1735, Katharinberg, Sweden – July 8, 1784, Medevi, Sweden], Professor of Chemistry and Physics, University of Uppsala (Sweden). Bergmann succeeded Johan Gottschalk Wallerius at Uppsala. Bergmann was one of the most important chemists and mineralogists of the eighteenth century. He published on mineralogical classification, Sciagraphia Regni Mineralis, and studied nickel and bismuth. He researched and published on quantitative chemical analysis and the chemical affinity of the elements, the latter which led to more sophisticated theories. Bergmann was honored as a Knight of the Royal Order of Vasa and the Lunar crater Bergmann was named for him. His students included Karl Wilhelm Scheele, Juan José de Elhuyar (co-discoverer of tungsten), and Johan Gadolin.
Type Locality:
Autunite Group.
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of some uraniferous copper deposits.
Often dehydrated to metatorbernite (note that transparent crystals can already be metatorbernite).
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of some uraniferous copper deposits.
Often dehydrated to metatorbernite (note that transparent crystals can already be metatorbernite).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3997
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3997:6
Classification of Torbernite
The autunite-type sheet
The autunite-type sheet found in members of the autunite group.
IMA Classification of Torbernite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+(U6+O2)2(PO4)2·12H2O
8.EB.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
40.2a.13.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
19.11.10
19 : Phosphates
11 : Phosphates of U
19 : Phosphates
11 : Phosphates of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Tor | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Tor | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Torbernite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Torbernite
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Waxy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavages, dull when dehydrated.
Colour:
Emerald-green, grass-green. leek green, siskin green, apple green
Streak:
Pale green
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001} micaceous, indistinct on {100}
Perfect on {001} micaceous, indistinct on {100}
Density:
3.22 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Torbernite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.590 - 1.592 nε = 1.581 - 1.582
Birefringence:
0.010
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Dark green to sky blue
E = Green
E = Green
Chemistry of Torbernite
Mindat Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ca,Ba,Mg
Crystallography of Torbernite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I4/mmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.0267(4) Å, c = 20.807(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.961
Unit Cell V:
1027.3 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals thin to thick tabular, square or octagonal, with prominent {001}, {011}, {110}; rarely pyramidal {111}. Commonly forms subparallel aggregates, foliated, micaceous, scaly.
Twinning:
Rare on {110}.
Comment:
Data for synthetic crystal. Other cell data reported: 7.025, 20.63 A.
Crystallographic forms of Torbernite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Torbernite no.25 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Torbernite no.36 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Torbernite no.38 - {001} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005830 | Torbernite | Locock A J, Burns P C (2003) Crystal structures and synthesis of the copper-dominant members of the autunite and meta-autunite groups: Torbernite, zeunerite, metatorbernite and metazeunerite The Canadian Mineralogist 41 489-502 |  | 2003 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Torbernite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Autunite' | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| 'Bassetite' | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 'Uranospinite' | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 'Zeunerite' | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
Epitaxy Comments:
Parallel growths with autunite are common. Parallel growths with uranospinite, zeunerite and bassetite are documented.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.30 Å | (100) |
| 6.61 Å | (40) |
| 4.94 Å | (90) |
| 4.476 Å | (40) |
| 3.674 Å | (40) |
| 3.578 Å | (90) |
| 3.512 Å | (80) |
Comments:
Synthetic material
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Uncommon mineral in the secondary zone of copper bearing uranium deposits.
Type Occurrence of Torbernite
Synonyms of Torbernite
Other Language Names for Torbernite
Catalan:Torbernita
Dutch:Torberniet
French:Urane oxydé
German:Torbernit
Chalkolith
Cuprouranit
Grüner Glimmer
Kupferautunit
Kupferphosphoruranit
Kupfer-Uranit
Orthotorbernit
Torberit
Urankalk durch Kupfer gefärbt
Uranphyllit
Chalkolith
Cuprouranit
Grüner Glimmer
Kupferautunit
Kupferphosphoruranit
Kupfer-Uranit
Orthotorbernit
Torberit
Urankalk durch Kupfer gefärbt
Uranphyllit
Irish Gaelic:Tobairnít
Italian:Torbernite
Portuguese:Torbernite
Simplified Chinese:铜铀云母
Slovak:Torbernit
Spanish:Orthotorbernita
Torbernita
Torbernita
Traditional Chinese:銅鈾雲母
Relationship of Torbernite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Autunite Group:
| Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Hydronováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Kahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O | Tet. 4/m : P42/n |
| Nováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Tet. |
| Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4/nmm |
| Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O | Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 135 photos of Torbernite associated with Kasolite | Pb(UO2)(SiO4) · H2O |
| 131 photos of Torbernite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 120 photos of Torbernite associated with Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| 61 photos of Torbernite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 46 photos of Torbernite associated with Parsonsite | Pb2(UO2)(PO4)2 |
| 44 photos of Torbernite associated with Cuprosklodowskite | Cu(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 42 photos of Torbernite associated with 'Smoky Quartz' | SiO2 |
| 38 photos of Torbernite associated with Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 30 photos of Torbernite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| 28 photos of Torbernite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.EB. | Meta-autunite Group | A1-2(UO2)2(TO4)2 · 5-10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Metarauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Kahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Hydronováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Nováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Xiangjiangite | (Fe3+,Al)(UO2)4(PO4)2(SO4)2(OH) · 22H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Lehnerite | Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metasaléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metaheinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakirchheimerite | Co(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanatroautunite | Na(UO2)(PO4)(H2O)3 |
| 8.EB.10 | Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metazeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Przhevalskite | Pb2(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | 'Pseudo-autunite' | (H3O)4Ca2(UO2)2(PO4)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Abernathyite | K(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramphite | (NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Meta-ankoleite | K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Natrouranospinite | Na2(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Trögerite | (H3O)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Chernikovite | (H3O)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramarsite | (NH4)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Chistyakovaite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2(F,OH) · 6.5H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Threadgoldite | Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.25 | Uranospathite | (Al,◻)(UO2)2(PO4)2F · 20(H2O,F) |
| 8.EB.25 | Arsenuranospathite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2F · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.30 | Vochtenite | (Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH) · 12-13H2O |
| 8.EB.35 | Coconinoite | Fe3+2Al2(UO2)2(PO4)4(SO4)(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.40 | Ranunculite | HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 8.EB.45 | Triangulite | Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.50 | Furongite | Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O |
| 8.EB.55 | Arsenosabugalite | H0.5Al0.5(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.55 | Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O |
| 8.EB.60 | Horákite | (Bi7O7OH)[(UO2)4(PO4)2(AsO4)2(OH)2] · 3.5H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 47.1472% | 11,786,800 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Torbernite
Not fluorescent. (Epitaxial intergrowths with other uranyl mica may fluoresce, however.)
Other Information
Notes:
Radioactive. H2O content varies with relative humidity. Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
Contains uranium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Avoid prolonged exposure in the proximity of the body. Store away from inhabited areas.
Internet Links for Torbernite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3997.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Torbernite
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1797) LVII. Chemische Untersuchung des Uranerzes. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 2. Rottmann. p.197-221.Uranites spathosus (217).
Haüy, René Just (1801) Traité de Minéralogie (1st ed.) Vol. 4. Chez Louis, Paris. p.319 - as Urane oxydé
Phillips, R. (1823) Analysis of Uranite from Cornwall. Annals of Philosophy, S. 2 Vol. 5 (1). p.57-61.(as Phosphate of Uranium containing Phosphate of Copper
Brooke, Henry J., Phillips, William (1852) An Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy (6th ed.) p.517 - as Torberite
Hallimond, Arthur Francis (1916) The crystallography and dehydration of Torbernite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 17 (82). 326-339 doi:10.1180/minmag.1916.017.82.08
Hallimond, A. F. (1920) Meta-torbernite I, its physical properties and relation to Torbernite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 19 (89) 43-47 doi:10.1180/minmag.1920.019.89.04
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.195
Frondel, C.; Riska, D.; Frondel, J.D. (1956) X-ray powder data for uranium and thorium minerals. Bulletin 1036g. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1036g
Berman, Robert M. (1957) Studies of uranium minerals (XXIII): Torbernite, zeunerite and uranospherite. American Mineralogist, 42 (11-12) 905-908
Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. Bulletin 1064. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1064 pp.170-177
Ross, Malcolm, Evans, Howard T. (1964) Studies of the torbernite minerals (I) : The crystal structure of abernathyite and the structurally related compounds NH4(UO2AsO4)·3H2O and K(H3O)(UO2AsO4)2·6H2O. American Mineralogist, 49 (11-12) 1578-1602
Ross, Malcolm, Evans, H. T. (1965) Studies of the torbernite minerals (III): Role of the interlayer oxonium, potassium, and ammonium ions, and water molecules. American Mineralogist, 50 (1-2) 1-12
Locock, A. J., Burns, P. C. (2003) Crystal Structures and Synthesis of the Copper-Dominant Members of the Autunite and Meta-Autunite Groups: Torbernite, Zeunerite, Metatorbernite and Metazeunerite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (2) 489-502 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.2.489
Burns, Peter C. (2005) U6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6) 1839-1894 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1839
Frost, Ray L., Erickson, Kristy L., Carmody, Onuma, Weier, Matt L. (2005) Near-infrared spectroscopy of torbernites and metatorbernites. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 61 (4) 749-754 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2004.05.027
Localities for Torbernite
Showing 1,247 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Quick NavTopAbout TorberniteUnique IdentifiersClassification IMA Classification Mineral SymbolsPronunciation Physical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystallographic forms Crystal StructureEpitaxial Relationships X-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatRadioactivityFluorescence Other InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Höhenstein Shaft, Uranium deposit, Poppenreuth bei Tirschenreuth, Mähring, Tirschenreuth District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany