Paratacamite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Paratacamite
Formula:
Cu3(Cu,Zn)(OH)6Cl2
Colour:
Green to greenish-black.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
3.72 - 3.74
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named for its relationship to atacamite.
Atacamite Group.
A secondary copper mineral. Easily confused with the closely related Clinoatacamite.
Derivatives are paratacamite-(Mg) and paratacamite-(Ni).
Also closely related to Herbertsmithite and Gillardite (both have halved a-axes by comparison to paratacamite).
On heating paratacamite reversibly transforms into herbertsmithite between 353 and 393 K (Welch et al., 2014).
Paratacamite contains essential zinc; therefore it is not a polymorph of atacamite.
"Ni-bearing paratacamite": compare Gillardite.
A secondary copper mineral. Easily confused with the closely related Clinoatacamite.
Derivatives are paratacamite-(Mg) and paratacamite-(Ni).
Also closely related to Herbertsmithite and Gillardite (both have halved a-axes by comparison to paratacamite).
On heating paratacamite reversibly transforms into herbertsmithite between 353 and 393 K (Welch et al., 2014).
Paratacamite contains essential zinc; therefore it is not a polymorph of atacamite.
"Ni-bearing paratacamite": compare Gillardite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3115
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3115:4
Similar Names
| Paratacamite-(Mg) | A valid IMA mineral species | Cu3(Mg,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 |
| Paratacamite-(Ni) | A valid IMA mineral species | Cu3(Ni,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 |
IMA Classification of Paratacamite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+3(Cu2+,Zn2+)Cl2(OH)6
Classification of Paratacamite
3.DA.10c
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb
Dana 7th ed.:
10.1.2.1
10.1.2.1
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
1 : A2(O,OH)3Xq
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
1 : A2(O,OH)3Xq
8.2.5
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
2 : Halides of Cu
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
2 : Halides of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pata | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Paratacamite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Paratacamite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Green to greenish-black.
Streak:
Green
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {1011}
Good on {1011}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.72 - 3.74 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.75 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Paratacamite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.833 - 1.837 nε = 1.826 - 1.830
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.007
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
O > E; green to blue-green
Comments:
may be anomalously B(-), with 2V° < 10°
Chemistry of Paratacamite
Mindat Formula:
Cu3(Cu,Zn)(OH)6Cl2
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Zn
Crystallography of Paratacamite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.654(5) Å, c = 14.041(6) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.028
Unit Cell V:
2,266.98 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
24
Morphology:
Rhombohedral. Granular massive.
Twinning:
On {1011} common; polysynthetic at times.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009527 | Paratacamite | Fleet M E (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl Acta Crystallographica B31 183-187 |  | 1975 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009526 | Paratacamite | Fleet M E (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl Acta Crystallographica B31 183-187 | | 1975 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009525 | Paratacamite | Fleet M E (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl Acta Crystallographica B31 183-187 | | 1975 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.46 Å | (100) |
| 2.750 Å | (80) |
| 2.258 Å | (60) |
| 1.704 Å | (45) |
| 1.813 Å | (35) |
| 2.888 Å | (30) |
| 4.67 Å | (25) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of copper deposits, especially in arid climates.
Type Occurrence of Paratacamite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 86958; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 95146.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Paratacamite
Other Language Names for Paratacamite
Dutch:Paratacamiet
German:Paratacamit
Atelit
Atelit
Italian:Atelina
Russian:Паратакамит
Simplified Chinese:副氯铜矿
Spanish:Atelita
Paratacamita
Paratacamita
Relationship of Paratacamite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Atacamite Group:
| Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Botallackite | Cu2(OH)3Cl | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl | Mon. 2/m |
| Gillardite | Cu3Ni(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Haydeeite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Herbertsmithite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Hibbingite | Fe2+2(OH)3Cl | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Iyoite | MnCuCl(OH)3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Kapellasite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Kempite | Mn2+2(OH)3Cl | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Kuliginite | Fe3Mg(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Leverettite | Cu3Co(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Misakiite | Cu3Mn(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
| Paratacamite-(Mg) | Cu3(Mg,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Paratacamite-(Ni) | Cu3(Ni,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Tondiite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| 'Unnamed (Cu-Zn Chloride Hydroxide)' | CuZnCl(OH)3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 61 photos of Paratacamite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 37 photos of Paratacamite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 32 photos of Paratacamite associated with Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 |
| 30 photos of Paratacamite associated with Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 24 photos of Paratacamite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 12 photos of Paratacamite associated with Pseudoboleite | Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48 |
| 11 photos of Paratacamite associated with Tenorite | CuO |
| 11 photos of Paratacamite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| 11 photos of Paratacamite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 10 photos of Paratacamite associated with Botallackite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 3.DA. | Parahibbingite | Fe2(OH)3Cl |
| 3.DA. | Centennialite | CaCu3Cl2(OH)6 · nH2O (n ~ 0.7) |
| 3.DA. | Bounahasite | Cu+Cu2+2(OH)3Cl2 |
| 3.DA. | Muonionalustaite | Ni3(OH)4Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 3.DA.05 | Melanothallite | Cu2Cl2O |
| 3.DA.10c | Haydeeite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10b | Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 3.DA.10c | Kapellasite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10c | Leverettite | Cu3Co(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10a | Hibbingite | Fe2+2(OH)3Cl |
| 3.DA.10c | Paratacamite-(Ni) | Cu3(Ni,Cu)(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10a | Kempite | Mn2+2(OH)3Cl |
| 3.DA.10c | Tondiite | Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10a | Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 3.DA.10b | Belloite | Cu(OH)Cl |
| 3.DA.10c | Misakiite | Cu3Mn(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10b | Iyoite | MnCuCl(OH)3 |
| 3.DA.10c | Kuliginite | Fe3Mg(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10c | Gillardite | Cu3Ni(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.10b | 'Unnamed (Cu-Zn Chloride Hydroxide)' | CuZnCl(OH)3 |
| 3.DA.10b | Botallackite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 3.DA.10c | Herbertsmithite | Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2 |
| 3.DA.15 | Claringbullite | Cu4ClF(OH)6 |
| 3.DA.15 | Barlowite | Cu4BrF(OH)6 |
| 3.DA.20 | Simonkolleite | Zn5Cl2(OH)8 · H2O |
| 3.DA.25 | Buttgenbachite | Cu19(NO3)2(OH)32Cl4 · 2H2O |
| 3.DA.25 | Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| 3.DA.30 | Abhurite | Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6 |
| 3.DA.35 | Ponomarevite | K4Cu4Cl10O |
| 3.DA.40 | Calumetite | CaCu4(OH)8Cl2 · 3.5H2O |
| 3.DA.40 | Anthonyite | Cu(OH,Cl)2 · 3H2O |
| 3.DA.45 | Khaidarkanite | Cu4Al3(OH)14F3 · 2H2O |
| 3.DA.50 | Bobkingite | Cu5Cl2(OH)8 · 2H2O |
| 3.DA.55 | Avdoninite | K2Cu5(OH)4Cl8 · H2O |
| 3.DA.60 | Droninoite | Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 3.DA.70 | Chrysothallite | K6Cu6Tl3+Cl17(OH)4 · H2O |
| 3.DA.70 | Dioskouriite | CaCu4Cl6(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 3.DA.75 | Feodosiyite | Cu11Mg2Cl18(OH)8 · 16H2O |
| 3.DA.80 | Romanorlovite | K8Cu6Cl17(OH)3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Paratacamite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3115.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Paratacamite
Reference List:
Herbert Smith, G. F. (1906) Paratacamite, a new oxychloride of copper. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 14 (65) 170-177 doi:10.1180/minmag.1906.014.65.09
Frondel, Clifford (1950) On paratacamite and some related copper chlorides. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (208) 34-45 doi:10.1180/minmag.1950.029.208.06
Sharkey, J. B., Lewin, S. Z. (1971) Conditions governing the formation of atacamite and paratacamite. American Mineralogist, 56 (1-2) 179-192
Fleet, M. E. (1975) The crystal structure of paratacamite, Cu2(OH)3Cl. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 31 (1) 183-187 doi:10.1107/s0567740875002324
Pollard, A. M., Thomas, R. G., Williams, P. A. (1989) Synthesis and stabilities of the basic copper(II) chlorides atacamite, paratacamite and botallackite. Mineralogical Magazine, 53 (373) 557-563 doi:10.1180/minmag.1989.053.373.06
Braithwaite, R. S. W., Mereiter, K., Paar, W. H., Clark, A. M. (2004) Herbertsmithite, Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2, a new species, and the definition of paratacamite. Mineralogical Magazine, 68 (3) 527-539 doi:10.1180/0026461046830204
Localities for Paratacamite
Showing 223 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Kravchishina et al. (2023) |
Argentina | |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references |
| Hayase et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Gablina et al. (2006) |
| Maslennikov et al. (2023) | |
| Gablina et al. (2018) | |
| Fouquet et al. (1993) | |
| Milinovic +6 other references | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) | |
| Gablina et al. (2017) | |
| Meng et al. (2021) |
Australia | |
| Jim Sharpe had this XRD |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Ryan (1961) |
| Teale (1995) |
| |
| |
| Wilson (2019) |
| Pring (1988) |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Personal Collection of Mark Willoughby |
| John G G Morton Collection |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pring et al. (1987) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Birch (1988) |
| |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Dealer label |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Colchester et al. +1 other reference |
| Nickel et al. (1977) | |
| MacLeod (1991) |
| Sue Koepke collection via Jiri Just |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
| Pryce et al. (1974) +2 other references |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
Canada | |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
| Boyle (1972) |
| Sabina (1965) |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Sabina (1965) |
| Crook III et al. (1979) |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Tarassoff et al. (2006) |
Cayman Islands | |
| Webber et al. (2015) |
Chile | |
| Cameron et al. (2007) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| Herbert Smith (1906) +1 other reference |
| Camus et al. (1991) | |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
| Pieczonka et al. (2017) | |
| Herbert Smith (1906) +1 other reference |
| Herbert Smith (1906) +2 other references |
| Neues Jahrbuch Min. Mon.: 1996:188-192. (much of it here is zincian) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| "Identified as paratacamite by PXRD at AMNH (1985) +1 other reference | |
| M.Dini & A.Molina collections-analysed ... | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Maurizio Dini collection (analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) | |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
| Zambra et al. (2007) |
| Maurizio Dini (sample analysed by Tony Kampf, senior curator of NHM of LAC, California) +1 other reference |
| Collected by Skip Szenics. In the ... |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
| Bob Jenkins & M. Dini collections | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... | |
| Min. Magazine +2 other references |
| samples analysed by Anthony Kampf |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| M.Dini & A.Molina collection | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
China | |
| Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007) |
Czech Republic | |
| Babka (2024) |
Egypt | |
| Ismail (2017) +1 other reference |
| Abd El-Moghny et al. (2026) |
France | |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Sarp et al. (1992) |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| www.mg-mineralien-fossilien.info (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Knoll (2004) |
Greece | |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Grolig et al. (1978) +2 other references | |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) +2 other references | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| ko Jansen. +1 other reference |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Alfieris et al. (2005) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
Indian Ocean | |
| Wang et al. (2018) |
| Wang et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Filippi et al. (2002) |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 29 (12) |
Israel | |
| Shlomovitch et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Bartura (1974) | |
Italy | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ragone et al. (1997) |
| Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Orlandi et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Da Pelo et al. (2000) |
| Marco Bonifazi collection +1 other reference |
| |
| Garavelli (1955) | |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) |
Japan | |
| ... |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
Jordan | |
| Kim et al. (2021) |
Mexico | |
| Moore (1998) |
| Bariand et al. (1998) |
Morocco | |
| Lykova et al. (2023) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
New Zealand | |
| Rod Martin et al. (NZ) |
Nicaragua | |
| www.excaliburmineral.com |
Norway | |
| Larsen (2016) |
Peru | |
| Yuming Chen and Kaitian Wang (2008) |
| Hyršl et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data (2018) |
Portugal | |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (2002) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Chukanov et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Surour (2015) |
South Africa | |
| Meyer et al. (1986) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Viñals et al. (2004) |
| Castro et al. (2019) |
| Christiane & Jean-Robert Eytier ... |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (n.d.) |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| A. Carmona & I. Ramos Collection. |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| issuu.com (n.d.) +2 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Lebedev et al. (1983) |
UK | |
| BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Bannister et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Bannister et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| P Haas | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| P Haas |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Geologiya SSSR. Poleznye iskopaemye (The geology of USSR. Commercial mineral) |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Graeme (1993) +2 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Robert Bowell and Rolf Luetcke | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Am.Min.: 81: 244-248. |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Bideaux (1980) +1 other reference |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2022) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| XRD analyzed by Tony Kampf. | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Henderson et al. (1967) |
| Cook (1995) |
| Goldstein (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 80:163 +1 other reference |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Hayes et al. (2008) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Pullman et al. (1999) |
| |
| Chamberlain et al. (2023) | |
| - (1994) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
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Amelia Mine, Arroyo de la Soledad, Boleo District, Santa Rosalía, Mulegé Municipality, Baja California Sur, Mexico