Kermesite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Kermesite
Formula:
Sb2S2O
Colour:
Red
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
1 - 1½
Specific Gravity:
4.5 - 4.6
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
From Greek kermes (from the Persian "qurmizq", "crimson"), a name (in the older chemistry) for red amorphous antimony trisulphide, often mixed with antimony trioxide.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2187
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2187:2
Similar Names
| Keramsite | A variety of Clay minerals |
| Kerimasit | A synonym of Kerimasite |
IMA Classification of Kermesite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Sb3+2OS2-2
Classification of Kermesite
2.FD.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
Dana 7th ed.:
2.13.1.1
2.13.1.1
2 : SULFIDES
13 : Oxysulfides
2 : SULFIDES
13 : Oxysulfides
4.2
4 : Oxysulphides
4 : Oxysulphides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kem | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Kem | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Kermesite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Red
Streak:
Brownish Red
Hardness:
1 - 1½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {100}
Perfect on {100}
Density:
4.5 - 4.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.85 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kermesite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.72 nβ = 2.74 nγ = 2.74
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.020
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (180°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (180°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Optical Extinction:
Z = b = elongation.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 31.10% | 37.50% |
| 440nm | 29.05% | 35.30% |
| 480nm | 27.15% | 32.95% |
| 520nm | 25.70% | 31.30% |
| 560nm | 24.80% | 30.00% |
| 600nm | 24.05% | 28.95% |
| 640nm | 23.50% | 28.25% |
| 680nm | 23.20% | 27.85% |
| 720nm | 23.00% | 27.55% |
| 760nm | 22.80% | 27.35% |
| 800nm | 22.70% | 27.15% |
| 840nm | 22.60% | 27.05% |
| 880nm | 22.50% | 26.95% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 37.50%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Comments:
Reflectivity from Cervelle, 1972.
Chemistry of Kermesite
Mindat Formula:
Sb2S2O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Kermesite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.84 Å, b = 4.07 Å, c = 10.25 Å
α = 90°, β = 101.53°, γ = 90°
α = 90°, β = 101.53°, γ = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.663 : 1 : 2.518
Unit Cell V:
443.09 ų
Z:
4
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014820 | Kermesite | Bonazzi P, Menchetti S, Sabelli C (1987) Structure refinement of kermesite: symmetry, twinning, and comparison with stibnite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1987 557-567 | 1987 | Braunsdorf, Czechoslovakia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014693 | Kermesite | Kupcik V (1967) Die kristallstruktur des kermesits, Sb2S2O Naturwissenschaften 54 114-114 | 1967 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.92 Å | (100) |
| 3.13 Å | (90) |
| 2.69 Å | (70) |
| 4.06 Å | (60) |
| 1.782 Å | (60) |
| 5.29 Å | (50) |
| 2.49 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Zimbabwe. JCPDS 11-91.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Kermesite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Synonyms of Kermesite
Other Language Names for Kermesite
Dutch:Kermesiet
German:Kermesit
Antimonblende
Antimonzinnober
Goldschwefel
Pyrostibit
Rotspießglanz (of Klaproth)
Rotspießglaserz (of Emmerling)
Antimonblende
Antimonzinnober
Goldschwefel
Pyrostibit
Rotspießglanz (of Klaproth)
Rotspießglaserz (of Emmerling)
Italian:Kermesite
Russian:Кермезит
Simplified Chinese:红锑矿
Slovak:Kermezit
Spanish:Kermesita
Pirostibita
Pirostibita
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 135 photos of Kermesite associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| 99 photos of Kermesite associated with Valentinite | Sb2O3 |
| 44 photos of Kermesite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 37 photos of Kermesite associated with Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 33 photos of Kermesite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 24 photos of Kermesite associated with Native Antimony | Sb |
| 20 photos of Kermesite associated with Schafarzikite | Fe2+Sb3+2O4 |
| 15 photos of Kermesite associated with Pääkkönenite | Sb2AsS2 |
| 12 photos of Kermesite associated with Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 9 photos of Kermesite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.FD. | Ferrovalleriite | 2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)2 |
| 2.FD.10 | Viaeneite | (Fe,Pb)4S8O |
| 2.FD.20 | Erdite | NaFeS2 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.25 | Coyoteite | NaFe3S5 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.30 | Yushkinite | (Mg,Al)V4+S2(OH)2 |
| 2.FD.30 | Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| 2.FD.30 | Ekplexite | (Nb,Mo,W)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.30 | Haapalaite | (Fe2+,Ni)2(Mg,Fe2+)1.61S2(OH)3.22 |
| 2.FD.35 | Kaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.35 | Manganokaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mn1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.35 | Tochilinite | Fe2+5-6(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10 |
| 2.FD.35 | Ferrotochilinite | Fe2+6(Fe2+,Mg)5S6(OH)10 |
| 2.FD.40 | Wilhelmramsayite | Cu3FeS3 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.45 | Vyalsovite | FeCaAlS(OH)5 |
| 2.FD.50 | Bazhenovite | Ca8S2(S3)(S2O3)(OH)12 · 20H2O |
| 2.FD.55 | 'UM2004-56-OS:BiCuPb' | PbCu4Bi4S2(O,OH,H2O)16 (?) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kermesite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2187.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Kermesite
Reference List:
Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik (1758) Försök till en Mineralogie eller Mineral Rikets Upställning. J. A. Carlbohm, Stockholm. p.203
Klaproth, M. H. (1802) XCII. Chemische Untersuchung des faserigen Roth-Spießglanzerzes. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 3. Rottmann. p.178-182.
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1830) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 1 - Tome Premier [Volume One]. Chez Verdière. pp.617-618
Kupčík, V. (1967) Die Kristallstruktur des Kermesits, Sb2S2O. Die Naturwissenschaften, 54 (5). 114 doi:10.1007/bf00640574
Williams-Jones, Anthony E., Norman, Charles (1997) Controls of mineral parageneses in the system Fe-Sb-S-O. Economic Geology, 92 (3) 308-324 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.3.308
Kharbish, Sherif, Libowitzky, Eugen, Beran, Anton (2009) Raman spectra of isolated and interconnected pyramidal XS3 groups (X = Sb,Bi) in stibnite, bismuthinite, kermesite, stephanite and bournonite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 21 (2) 325-333 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1914
Localities for Kermesite
Showing 277 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| BARRAL (2013) |
Australia | |
| Paul Melville collection |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Diemar et al. (2009) |
| Judy Rowe collection | |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Steve Sorrell Collection | |
| WILKINSON (1971) |
| |
| Bussat (1980) |
| Bussat (1980) | |
| |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Hohl (1929) |
Bolivia | |
| Philip Blümner specimens |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Fritz Berndt | |
| Wilson (2001) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Radosavljević et al. (2016) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Cabri et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Dana 6:1104. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Dana 7:I:280. +1 other reference |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference |
| Collection of Robert C. Smith |
| Normand et al. (1996) +3 other references |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
China | |
| Chunsheng Wang (1986) |
| Ottens (2007) |
| Renke Li (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Yongke Chen et al. (2004) |
| Guozhang Wen et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Bert Ottens |
| Ottens (2007) | |
| Su Sun (1993) |
Colombia | |
| Nichols (1895) |
Czech Republic | |
| Losert J.: Nález antimonového ... |
| |
| Brabec (2002) | |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Fojt +8 other references |
| Pauliš et al. (2019) |
| Veselovský (2019) | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (pyrostilpnite specimen catalogued in 1942) |
Finland | |
| Agnico Eagle Mines Limited |
| Wilke (1976) +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland website |
France | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| inventaire cantal |
| Fermis (2022) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Gol (2011) | |
| Robin Fialip | |
| R. Pierrot +1 other reference | |
| J.-J. Périchaud: "Les Minéraux ... +1 other reference |
| Sebastian Axt Collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de Daü et al. (1999) |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de Daü et al. (1999) | |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de Daü et al. (1999) | |
| Périchaud (1968) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Sylvano IOB Collection |
| ... |
| Personally collected by Matthias Diot ... |
| BRGM (1981) |
| Vialaron (1996) |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Fluck et al. (1992, December) |
| Une ancienne mine d'Antimoine dans le Limousin aurifère ( Georges Hyvert ) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Michel Arliguie personal observations |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Pigetvieux (1981) |
| François GARRIC collection - EDX ... |
| Bernadi (2004) | |
| Baret (1905) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Johan et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1989) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Beyer (1978) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 90. +1 other reference |
| Enrico Bonacina |
| Klaproth (1802) | |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
Iran | |
| Rafiei et al. (2010) |
| Asadi et al. (2000) |
Italy | |
| Fioretti (1944) +4 other references |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Romani (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Conti - Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Traverso (1898) +1 other reference |
| Corsi (1896) +4 other references | |
| Jervis (1881) +1 other reference |
| Burtet Fabris B. (1994) |
| Meli (2000) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (1992/93) |
| Duchi G. (1983) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| ... |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| - (n.d.) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo et al. (2007) |
Mexico | |
| Loranth |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| W. Pinch (1976) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Boyle (1979) |
| Pirajno (1979) |
| 2004 |
North Macedonia | |
| Boev et al. (1993) |
| Antonović (1965) |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2000) |
| Kozłowski et al. (2024) | |
| Kozłowski et al. (2024) | |
Portugal | |
| Mateus et al. (2005) |
| Mateus |
| Bello |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuno Afonso collection |
Romania | |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| F. Hermann (1947) |
| Radosavljević +4 other references | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Števko et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
| Adrian F. & Paul K. M. +2 other references |
| Daniel Ozdín personal collection. | |
| Laco Turecky collection | |
| Števko M. et al. (2021) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda |
| Duda et. all. |
| Pauliš |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Williams-Jones et al. (1997) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Silva (2002) +1 other reference |
| Calvo et al. (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2003) |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Meisser N. et al. (2020) | |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Köppel (1966) +1 other reference |
| chmutz et al. (1986) |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Turkey | |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Aral (1989) |
| Aral (1989) | |
UK | |
| Tindle (2008) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Fortey et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Williams (1973) |
| National Museum of Wales mineral ... +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko Alexander |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 2004-1200 (Hawley,2004) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| |
| R.O. Meyer collection |
| Eugene & Sharon Cisneros personal ... | |
| Palache et al. (1944) +1 other reference | |
| Hoffman (1878) +1 other reference |
| Gross et al. (1967) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:262 |
| - (2005) |
| White (1940) +1 other reference | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Ferguson (1924) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wagner |
| K. Starnes |
| Wagner |
| - (2005) |
| Norman King |
| Calkins +3 other references |
| Cannon (1975) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| 31:29. +2 other references |
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Kolársky vrch deposit, Pezinok, Pezinok District, Bratislava Region, Slovakia