Tochilinite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Tochilinite
Mitrofan S. Tochilin
Formula:
Fe2+5-6(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10
Colour:
Bronze-black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
1 - 1½
Specific Gravity:
2.96 - 2.99
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Mitrofan Stepanovich Tochilin (Митрофан Степанович Точилин) (15 December 1910, Bolshaya Podosinki, now Bryansk region, Russian Empire - 11 January 1968, Voronezh, USSR), Professor of Mineralogy, Voronezh University, Russia. He was a specialist on the Kola Penninsula.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3986
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3986:0
IMA Classification of Tochilinite
Approved
IMA Formula:
6(Fe2+0.9S2-)·5[(Mg,Fe2+)(OH)2]
Approval year:
1971
First published:
1971
Classification of Tochilinite
2.FD.35
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
2.14.2.1
2 : SULFIDES
14 : Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides
2 : SULFIDES
14 : Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides
4.8
4 : Oxysulphides
4 : Oxysulphides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Thi | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Tochilinite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Bronze-black
Hardness:
1 - 1½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN5=15 - 19 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {001}
On {001}
Density:
2.96 - 2.99 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.03 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Tochilinite
Anisotropism:
Strong, pinkish cream to gray.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 440nm | 9.3% | 15.0% |
| 460nm | 9.2% | 15.8% |
| 480nm | 9.1% | 16.3% |
| 500nm | 8.9% | 16.9% |
| 520nm | 8.8% | 17.4% |
| 540nm | 8.8% | 17.8% |
| 560nm | 8.7% | 18.2% |
| 580nm | 8.6% | 18.8% |
| 600nm | 8.4% | 19.3% |
| 620nm | 8.3% | 19.8% |
| 640nm | 8.2% | 20.2% |
| 660nm | 8.1% | 20.5% |
| 680nm | 8.0% | 20.8% |
| 700nm | 8.0% | 21.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 21.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Yellowish brown.
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
Yellowish brown to yellowish gray.
Chemistry of Tochilinite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+5-6(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Tochilinite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Comment:
Monoclinic or triclinic: Space Group: P2, Pm, or P2/m with a = 5.42 b = 15.77 c = 10.74 β = 95◦ Z=6, or Space Group: C1 with a = 5.37 b = 15.65 c = 10.72 α = 90◦ β = 95◦ γ = 90◦ Z=1
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015564 | Tochilinite | Organova N I, Drits V A, Dmitrik A L (1974) Structural study of tochilinite. II. Acicular variety: Unusual diffraction patterns Soviet Physics Crystallography 18 606-609 | 1974 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0015560 | Tochilinite | Organova N I, Drits V A, Dmitrik A L (1973) Structural study of tochilinite. Part I. The isometric variety Soviet Physics Crystallography 17 667-671 | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.34 Å | (100) |
| 10.68 Å | (90) |
| 1.845 Å | (70 broad) |
| 2.20 Å | (60 broad) |
| 2.04 Å | (50 broad) |
| 1.537 Å | (50 very broad) |
| 3.57 Å | (40) |
Comments:
Voronezh Oblast, Russia. Data from the type description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
| 16 : Low-? aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) |
Type Occurrence of Tochilinite
General Appearance of Type Material:
As radiating aggregates of cylindrical acicular crystals, which may be hollow, to 1 cm; as paper-thin coatings, felted masses, and as clots.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
A.E. Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In serpentinite (lizardite), in a Cu-Ni bearing intrusive complex and in basic intrusive rocks.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Tochilinite
Other Language Names for Tochilinite
Relationship of Tochilinite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Valleriite Group:
| Ekplexite | (Nb,Mo,W)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x | Trig. |
| Ferrotochilinite | Fe2+6(Fe2+,Mg)5S6(OH)10 | Mon. |
| Ferrovalleriite | 2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)2 | Trig. |
| Haapalaite | (Fe2+,Ni)2(Mg,Fe2+)1.61S2(OH)3.22 | Hex. |
| Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 | Trig. |
| Yushkinite | (Mg,Al)V4+S2(OH)2 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 32 photos of Tochilinite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 16 photos of Tochilinite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 14 photos of Tochilinite associated with Pyroaurite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 9 photos of Tochilinite associated with Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| 5 photos of Tochilinite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4 photos of Tochilinite associated with Orpiment | As2S3 |
| 3 photos of Tochilinite associated with Menezesite | Ba2MgZr4(BaNb12O42) · 12H2O |
| 3 photos of Tochilinite associated with Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| 3 photos of Tochilinite associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 3 photos of Tochilinite associated with Magnesite | MgCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.FD. | Ferrovalleriite | 2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)2 |
| 2.FD.05 | Kermesite | Sb2S2O |
| 2.FD.10 | Viaeneite | (Fe,Pb)4S8O |
| 2.FD.20 | Erdite | NaFeS2 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.25 | Coyoteite | NaFe3S5 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.30 | Yushkinite | (Mg,Al)V4+S2(OH)2 |
| 2.FD.30 | Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| 2.FD.30 | Ekplexite | (Nb,Mo,W)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.30 | Haapalaite | (Fe2+,Ni)2(Mg,Fe2+)1.61S2(OH)3.22 |
| 2.FD.35 | Kaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.35 | Manganokaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mn1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.35 | Ferrotochilinite | Fe2+6(Fe2+,Mg)5S6(OH)10 |
| 2.FD.40 | Wilhelmramsayite | Cu3FeS3 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.45 | Vyalsovite | FeCaAlS(OH)5 |
| 2.FD.50 | Bazhenovite | Ca8S2(S3)(S2O3)(OH)12 · 20H2O |
| 2.FD.55 | 'UM2004-56-OS:BiCuPb' | PbCu4Bi4S2(O,OH,H2O)16 (?) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Tochilinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3986.html
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References for Tochilinite
Reference List:
MURAMATSU, YOICHI, NAMBU, MATSUO (1980) Tochilinite and cuprian tochilinite from the Kamaishi mine,Iwate prefecture,Japan. The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 75 (11) 377-384 doi:10.2465/ganko1941.75.377
Zolensky, M. E., Mackinnon, I. D. R. (1984) High-resolution electron microscopy of tochilinite: a terrestrial analogue of an important extraterrestrial phase. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 40. doi:10.1107/s0108767384088620
Organova, N. I., Gorshkov, A. I., Dikov, Yu. P., Kul'bachinskiy, V. A., Laputina, I. P., Sivtsov, A. V., Sluzhenikin, S. F., Ponomarenko, A. I. (1988) NEW DATA ON TOCHILINITE. International Geology Review, 30 (6) 691-705 doi:10.1080/00206818809466050
Kakos, Gary A., Turney, Terence W., Williams, Timothy B. (1994) Synthesis and Structure of Tochilinite: A Layered Metal Hydroxide/Sulfide Composite. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 108. 102-111 doi:10.1006/jssc.1994.1016
Chistyakova, N. I.; Gubaidulina, T. V.; Rusakov, V. S. (2006) Mössbauer investigations of natural and synthetic tochilinite and valleriite. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 56 (S3). E123-E131 doi:10.1007/s10582-006-0478-7
Peng, Yiya, Xu, Liqiang, Xi, Guangcheng, Zhong, Chang, Lu, Jun, Meng, Zhaoyu, Li, Gongpu, Zhang, Shuyuan, Zhang, Gangya, Qian, Yitai (2007) An experimental study on the hydrothermal preparation of tochilinite nanotubes and tochilinite–serpentine-intergrowth nanotubes from metal particles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71 (11) 2858-2875 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.012
Peng, Yiya, Xi, Guangcheng, Zhong, Chang, Wang, Linping, Lu, Jun, Sun, Ximeng, Zhu, Lu, Han, Qikun, Chen, Lin, Shi, Lei, Sun, Mei, Li, Qianrong, Yu, Min, Yin, Mingwen (2009) An experimental study on the preparation of tochilinite-originated intercalation compounds comprised of Fe1−xS host layers and various kinds of guest layers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73 (16) 4862-4878 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.061
Bolney, Robert, Grosch, Mario, Winkler, Mario, van Slageren, Joris, Weigand, Wolfgang, Robl, Christian (2022) Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pure Tochilinite‐like Materials from Nanoparticulate FeS. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 648 (23) Wiley. doi:10.1002/zaac.202200219
Mikhlin, Yuri L., Borisov, Roman V., Likhatski, Maxim N., Bayukov, Oleg A., Knyazev, Yuriy V., Zharkov, Sergey M., Vorobyev, Sergey A., Tomashevich, Yevgeny V., Ivaneeva, Anastasiya D., Karacharov, Anton A., Karpov, Denis V., Velikanov, Dmitriy A., Rautskii, Mikhail V., Smolyakov, Dmitry A., Tarasov, Anton S. (2023) Facile synthesis and selected characteristics of two-dimensional material composed of iron sulfide and magnesium-based hydroxide layers (tochilinite) New Journal of Chemistry, 47 (25) 11869-11881 doi:10.1039/d3nj00758h
Leong, James Andrew; de Obeso, Juan Carlos; Sharp, Thomas; Shock, Everett; Kelemen, Peter (2024) Supergene formation of sulfur-rich, tochilinite-bearing serpentinites in the Oman ophiolite. Lithos, 488-489. 107828 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2024.107828
McCollom, Thomas M., Hoehler, Tori, Fike, David A., Houghton, Jennifer L., Bell, Aaron, Klein, Frieder, Moskowitz, Bruce, Solheid, Peter (2024) Formation of mixed-layer sulfide-hydroxide minerals from the Tochilinite-Valleriite group during experimental serpentinization of olivine. American Mineralogist, 109 (1) 61-72 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8625
Localities for Tochilinite
Showing 72 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Shen et al. (2022) |
| Shen et al. (2022) | |
| Shen et al. (2022) | |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
Argentina | |
| M. A. Nazarov et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Armenia | |
| Nazarov et al. ( 1994) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Ralph Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Tested by XRD and SEM-EDS by R Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Ma et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Grguric et al. (2013) |
| [AmMin 87:182] |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2005) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
Brazil | |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference | |
Canada | |
| Franchuk et al. (2016) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Grice (1989) |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Sabina (1986) |
| MSC Report 39 +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1978) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Sabina (1987) +2 other references |
Costa Rica | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
Denmark | |
| Michael K. Weisberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Sandström (2012) |
France | |
| Weisberg et al. (2007) +5 other references |
India | |
| Metzler et al. (1992) |
Italy | |
| Schrader et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Ferraris (1973) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Zordan A. (2014) | |
| Zordan et al. (2006) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (1992) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Lithuania | |
| Zolensky et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Netherlands | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2016) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Jacquet et al. (2016) | |
Oman | |
| Ivanova et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Nowinska (2020) |
Russia | |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Антонов (2003) |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Pekov (1998) |
South Africa | |
| Zega et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
South Sudan | |
| Zolensky et al. (1996) |
Sweden | |
| Bowell et al. (2026) |
Switzerland | |
| Cannon (2005) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| - (2010) |
Ukraine | |
| T.V. Shingareva et al. (2004) |
USA | |
| Dunning et al. (2002) |
| California Geology: 48 (5) +1 other reference |
| California Geology: 48 (5) | |
| Zolensky (2014) |
| Zolensky et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Parker (2005) |
| Rubin et al. (2007) |
| Anthony +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
162173 Ryugu | |
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Otamo dolomite quarry, Siikainen, Satakunta, Finland