Amesite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Scott W. Bailey
About Amesite
James T. Ames
Formula:
Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4
Colour:
Commonly pale grayish blue-green, also white, colourless, pale green, pink to lilac (chromian)
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.77 - 2.78
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1876 by Charles Upham Shepard in honor of James Tyler Ames [May 13, 1810 Lowell, Massachusetts, USA - February 16, 1883 Chicopee, Massachusetts, USA], who was part owner of the Chester Emery Mines. Ames came from a family of inventors and manufacturers. A close relative, John Ames, made many important mechanical developments in modern machine-made paper. James originally worked manufacturing cutlery and edge weapons in his father's [Nathan P. Ames, Sr.] factory. "In 1834, he removed to Chicopee Center, where the Ames Manufacturing Company was established, with Edmund Dwight, of Boston, president, James T. Ames, superintendent, and Nathan P. Ames [Jr.], agent. The company made contracts with the United States government for a lot of swords. Mr. [James T.] Ames had a rare genius for inventions ; in company with General James of Rhode Island, he invented a ball that was afterwards patented, and out of which grew the necessity of rifled cannon. During the War of the Rebellion he had large contracts with the government for the making of swords, cannon, and for military accoutrements, and also secured a contract for government mail bags. ... Mr. Ames was the first to introduce bronze statuary work in the United States. His first work was the construction of the Washington statue, in Union Square, New York. The bronze doors of the Senate extension of the National Capitol at Washington were made under his supervision, and "were masterly specimens of his genius, and famous as triumphs of art. ... In 1856, he went to England, where he obtained several important contracts, one of which was to furnish the Enfield Arms Works (controlled by the English government) with machinery for the manufacture of guns of the same pattern as that used at the Springfield Armory. He also obtained a contract for similar machinery for the Birmingham Small Arms Works. He visited France and interested Napoleon in the machinery used in the manufacture of arms. He met and became acquainted with the designer of the Crystal Palace; through his friendship he was enabled to meet nearly all the prominent mechanical engineers of Europe. He furnished Spain with machinery for the making of arms. He was one of the first to engage in silver plating in this country. He was much interested in mineralogy and had an unusual and rare collection of minerals. He was a skillful carver in wood, unique figures of which he often presented to his friends as keepsakes." (Chapin,C.W. 1893). See also Van Slyck (1879).
Because of C. U. Shepard's acceptance of the philosophy of external characters of minerals, his new minerals were consequently closely scrutinized by his brother-in-law, James D. Dana and other family members. Amesite was quickly relegated to varietal status under the chlorite Shepard had named corundophilite, also from the Chester Emery Mines.
Amesite was re-established as a species by Shannon (1920), although he continued to refer to amesite as a chlorite. Gruner (1944) demonstrated that amesite is a serpentine.
Because of C. U. Shepard's acceptance of the philosophy of external characters of minerals, his new minerals were consequently closely scrutinized by his brother-in-law, James D. Dana and other family members. Amesite was quickly relegated to varietal status under the chlorite Shepard had named corundophilite, also from the Chester Emery Mines.
Amesite was re-established as a species by Shannon (1920), although he continued to refer to amesite as a chlorite. Gruner (1944) demonstrated that amesite is a serpentine.
Several polytypes are known: 2H1, 2H2, 6R and others.
Chemically similar to sudoite and clinochlore.
Chemically similar to sudoite and clinochlore.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
197
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:197:1
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Amesite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1876
Type description reference:
Classification of Amesite
9.ED.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.1.2c.1
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
16.19.7
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ame | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Ame | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Ams | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Ame | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Amesite
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Somewhat metallic on cleavage
Colour:
Commonly pale grayish blue-green, also white, colourless, pale green, pink to lilac (chromian)
Streak:
White with very pale green tint
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}
on {001}
Density:
2.77 - 2.78 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.7 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Amesite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.5962 - 1.5972 nβ = 1.5981 - 1.5991 nγ = 1.614 - 1.616
2V:
Measured: 18°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.018 - 0.019
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Optical Extinction:
BXa perpendicular to (001)
Chemistry of Amesite
Mindat Formula:
Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Amesite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Comment:
| Amesite-2H1 | Amesite-2H2 | Amesite-6R |
|---|---|---|
| (Mg2Al)(SiAl)O5(OH)4 | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| Triclinic | Triclinic | Hexagonal |
| 1 - Pedial | 1 - Pedial | 6 - Pyramidal |
| P1 | P63 | |
| a = 5.299(1) Å, b = 9.181(2) Å, c = 14.050(3) Å α = 90.06(2)°, β = 90.30(2)°, γ = 90.00(1)° | a = 5.307(1) Å, b = 9.195(2) Å, c = 14.068(3) Å α = 90.09(2)°, β = 90.25(2)°, γ = 89.96(2)° | a = 5.31(1) Å, c = 14.04(2) Å |
| a:b:c = 0.577 : 1 : 1.53 | a:b:c = 0.577 : 1 : 1.53 | a:c = 1 : 2.644 |
| V 683.6 ų | V 686.48 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 342.84 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) |
| Refined as C1 (Zheng & Bailey 1997) | Non-standard space group C1. Pseudo-hexagonal. | However, sample was biaxial (pseudohexagonal drillings). |
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018811 | Amesite | Zheng H, Bailey S W (1997) Refinement of an amesite-2H1 polytype from Postmasburg, South Africa Clays and Clay Minerals 45 301-310 | 1997 | Postmasburg, South Africa | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001361 | Amesite | Wiewiora A, Rausell Colom J A, Garcia Gonzalez T (1991) The crystal structure of amesite from Mount Sobotka: a nonstandard polytype American Mineralogist 76 647-652 |  | 1991 | Mount Sobotka, lower Silesia, Poland | 0 | 293 |
| 0000809 | Amesite | Anderson C S, Bailey S W (1981) A new cation ordering pattern in amesite-2H2 American Mineralogist 66 185-195 | | 1981 | Saranovskoye chromite deposit, North Urals Mountains, USSR | 0 | 293 |
| 0018742 | Amesite | Steadman R, Nuttall P M (1962) The crystal structure of amesite Acta Crystallographica 15 510-511 |  | 1962 | Saranovskaye, USSR | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.0 Å | (100) |
| 3.51 Å | (100) |
| 2.600 Å | (40) |
| 2.476 Å | (80) |
| 1.925 Å | (70) |
| 1.528 Å | (60) |
| 1.462 Å | (35) |
Comments:
Powder data for 2H2 polytype.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Low-grade metamorphism of Al-, Mg-rich rocks.
Type Occurrence of Amesite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Emery deposit
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Amesite
Other Language Names for Amesite
Varieties of Amesite
| Chromoamesite | Cr3+-bearing variety of amesite. |
| Ferroamesite | An iron-rich variety of amesite. |
Relationship of Amesite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Serpentine Subgroup:
| Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bb |
| Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 | Trig. 3m : P31m |
| Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Trig. 3m : P31m |
| Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 | Orth. |
| Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 30 photos of Amesite associated with Uvarovite | Ca3Cr3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 17 photos of Amesite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 11 photos of Amesite associated with Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 8 photos of Amesite associated with Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
| 8 photos of Amesite associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
| 7 photos of Amesite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 7 photos of Amesite associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 6 photos of Amesite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 6 photos of Amesite associated with 'Chromium-bearing Titanite' | Ca(Ti,Cr)[SiO4](O,OH) |
| 6 photos of Amesite associated with Shuiskite-(Cr) | Ca2Cr3+Cr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.ED. | 'Clinochrysotile' | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Dickite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)2.4((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Halloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · n(H2O) |
| 9.ED.10 | Hisingerite | Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.10 | 'Hydrohalloysite' | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.15 | Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Manandonite | Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.ED.20 | Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 9.ED.20 | Neotocite | (Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?) |
| 9.ED.20 | Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| 9.ED.20 | Imogolite | Al2SiO3(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.25 | Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 9.ED.25 | Chapmanite | Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH) |
| 9.ED.30 | 'Pianlinite' | Al2Si2O6(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Amesite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
Amesite is not known to be dangerous, however do not confuse this with Amosite, or Brown Asbestos, which is dangerous. Please view the Amosite page for further information.
Internet Links for Amesite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-197.html
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References for Amesite
Reference List:
Gruner, John W. (1944) The kaolinite structure of amesite, (OH)8(Mg,Fe)4Al2(Si2Al2)10, and additional data on chlorites. American Mineralogist, 29 (11-12) 422-430
Brindley, G. W., Oughton, B. M., Youell, R. F. (1951) The crystal structure of amesite and its thermal decomposition. Acta Crystallographica, 4 (6) 552-557 doi:10.1107/s0365110x5100177x
Steinfink, H., Brunton, G. (1956) The crystal structure of amesite. Acta Crystallographica, 9 (6) 487-492 doi:10.1107/s0365110x56001339
Oughton, B. M. (1957) Order–disorder structures in amesite. Acta Crystallographica, 10 (11) 692-694 doi:10.1107/s0365110x57002406
Steadman, R., Nuttall, P. M. (1962) The crystal structure of amesite. Acta Crystallographica, 15 (5) 510-511 doi:10.1107/s0365110x62001267
Sundius, Nils, Parwel, Alexander (1967) Amesite from the silver mines of Hällefors, central Sweden. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (278) 300 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.278.18
Jahanbagloo, I. Cyrus; Zoltai, Tibor (1968) The crystal structure of a hexagonal Al-serpentine. American Mineralogist, 53 (1-2). 14-24
Hall, Stephen H., Bailey, S. W. (1976) Amesite from Antarctica. American Mineralogist, 61 (5-6) 497-499
Hall, Stephen H. (1979) Cation Ordering Pattern in Amesite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 27 (4) 241-247 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1979.0270401
Giese, R. F. (1980) Hydroxyl Orientations and Interlayer Bonding in Amesite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28 (2) 81-86 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1980.0280201
Anderson, Cynthia S., Bailey, S. W. (1981) A new cation ordering pattern in amesite-2H2. American Mineralogist, 66 (1-2) 185-195
Mackenzie, K.J.D., Bowden, M.E. (1983) Thermal and Mössbauer studies of iron-containing hydrous silicates. IV. Amesite. Thermochimica Acta, 64. 83-106 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(83)80132-4
Wiewióra, A. (1990) Crystallochemical classifications of phyllosilicates based on the unified system of projection of chemical composition: III. The serpentine-kaolin group. Clay Minerals, 25 (1) 93-98 doi:10.1180/claymin.1990.025.1.10
Wiewióra, Andrzej; Rausell-Colom, Jose A.; Garcia-Gonzalez, Teresa (1991) The crystal structure of amesite from Mount Sobotka: A nonstandard polytype. American Mineralogist, 76 (3-4). 647-652
Roots, Madis (1994) Molar volumes on the clinochlore-amesite binary: some new data. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6 (2) 279-284 doi:10.1127/ejm/6/2/0279
Platonov, Alexej N., Langer, Klaus, Wieviöra, Andrzej, Andrut, Michael (1995) Electronic absorption spectra of chromium-bearing amesite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 7 (4) 961-966 doi:10.1127/ejm/7/4/0961
Zheng, Hong (1997) Refinement of an Amesite-2H1 Polytype from Postmasburg, South Africa. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45 (3) 301-310 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1997.0450301
Localities for Amesite
Showing 103 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Hall et al. (1976) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Beard et al. (2009) |
| Beard et al. (2009) | |
Australia | |
| McQueen et al. (1985) |
| The Clarke - Williams reference cited ... +1 other reference |
| Fetherston (2010) | |
Austria | |
| Götzinger (2009) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Berni et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Bateman (1945) |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| |
| |
| Stevenson (1934) |
China | |
| [var: Ferroamesite] Zhanshi Zhang et al. (2007) |
| [var: Ferroamesite] Zhanshi Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Wang et al. (2010) |
| Shihe Lei et al. (1998) |
| Zhao et al. (2003) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) | |
| Chengdian Pen (1986) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Krebs et al. (2008) |
Finland | |
| Laitakari (1967) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Barrier et al. (2009) |
| Manceau et al. (1985) |
| Cluzel et al. (2024) |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) |
Germany | |
| Brockt et al. (2001) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1988) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Indonesia | |
| Bailey et al. (1995) |
Iran | |
| Abedini |
| Abedini et al. (2024) |
Ireland | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
Italy | |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Sanità et al. (2024) | |
| |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) |
Japan | |
| Ibaraki et al. (1991) |
| Miyajima et al (1999) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Fleischer (1971) +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| Lefevre et al. (1998) |
Norway | |
| Larsen et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-3862) | |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Tom Engvoldsen collection |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-4014) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-353 (find in 1979) | |
Poland | |
| Archiwum Mineralogiczne v. 46 |
| Wiewióra et al. (1991) |
Portugal | |
| Figueiras +3 other references | |
| Rocha et al. (2017) |
| Bobos et al. (2021) |
Romania | |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Russia | |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Alferova (2007) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
| ... | |
| Koval’chuk et al. (2008) |
| [var: Chromoamesite] RRUFF ID: Specimen R070116 |
| Krymsky et al. (2003, April) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Антонов (2003) |
South Africa | |
| de Villiers (1943) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| [Amesite-2H1] Zheng (1997) | |
Spain | |
| Alejandro Sánchez Jiménez |
Sweden | |
| Sundius et al. (1967) |
Turkey | |
| Sunkari et al. (2025) |
UK | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Norman (1951) +4 other references |
| |
| Cooper et al. (1986) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Lincks (1978) |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Lincks (1978) | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
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Saranovskii Mine, Sarany, Gornozavodskii District, Perm Krai, Russia