Diaspore
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by David Zirh
About Diaspore
Formula:
AlO(OH)
Colour:
White, brown, colourless, pale yellow, greyish, greenish grey, lilac, pinkish, rose-red, dark red
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.2 - 3.5
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1801 by Abbé Rene Just Haüy from the Greek διασπείρειυ, to scatter, in allusion to the usual decrepitaton in the blowpipe flame.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Beware! Certain dealers (especially on eBay) have been offering samples of a whitish-metallic feathery material as "diaspore". It appears to be metallic aluminium plumes formed from metal dripping from smelters, and is neither diaspore nor a mineral.
Rocks consisting mainly of diaspore are called diasporite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Diaspore.
Rocks consisting mainly of diaspore are called diasporite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Diaspore.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1285
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1285:6
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Diaspore
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Diaspore
4.FD.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
6.1.1.1
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
7.6.2
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
6 : Oxides of Al
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Dsp | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Dsp | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Dsp | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Dsp | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Dsp | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Dsp | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Diaspore
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Diaspore
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage
Colour:
White, brown, colourless, pale yellow, greyish, greenish grey, lilac, pinkish, rose-red, dark red
Comment:
Light to dark purple when Cr(III)-bearing. Rose-red and dark red when noticeably Mn(III)-bearing.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010} perfect; {110} distinct; {100} in traces
{010} perfect; {110} distinct; {100} in traces
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
3.2 - 3.5 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.38 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Diaspore
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.682 - 1.706 nβ = 1.705 - 1.725 nγ = 1.73 - 1.752
2V:
Measured: 84° to 86°, Calculated: 80° to 84°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.046 - 0.048
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
weak r
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
In thick plates
1st. direction: violet-blue
2nd. direction: plum-red
3rd. direction: pale asparagus-green
1st. direction: violet-blue
2nd. direction: plum-red
3rd. direction: pale asparagus-green
Chemistry of Diaspore
Mindat Formula:
AlO(OH)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mn,Cr,Si
Crystallography of Diaspore
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.4007(6) Å, b = 9.4253(13) Å, c = 2.8452(3) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.467 : 1 : 0.302
Unit Cell V:
118.01 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals commonly thin platy {010} and elongated [001]; acicular at times [001]; tabular {100}, rare. Faces in zone [010] striated [010]; in zone [001] striated [001]; and in zone [012] striated [012]. Foliated massive; thin scales. Stalactitic at times.
Twinning:
On {021}, with a reentrant angle of about 60°±, producing heart-shaped twins or pseudohexagonal aggregates, normal to the pseudhexagonal axis a[100]. On {061} (uncommon).
Comment:
Setting is Pbnm
Crystallographic forms of Diaspore
Crystal Atlas:
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Diaspore no.5 - {010} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Diaspore no.8 - {010} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0007348 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from Nezsa, Hungary, associated with kaolinite, anatase and goethite | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007347 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from Viet-Nam, associated with hematite, ilmenite and chamosite | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007346 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from the Ural Mts., USSR, associated with anatase and rutile | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007345 | Diaspore | Klug A, Farkas L (1981) Structural investigations of polycrystalline diaspore samples by x-ray powder diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 7 138-140 | 1981 | from the Ural Mts., USSR, associated with anatase | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010572 | Diaspore | Hoppe W (1942) Uber die kristallstruktur von alpha-AlOOH (diaspore). II. Fourieranalyse Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 104 11-17 |  | 1942 | Synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0016646 | Diaspore | Hazemann J, Berar J, Manceau A (1991) Rietveld studies of the aluminium-iron substitution in synthetic goethite _cod_database_code 1008769 Materials Science Forum 79 821-826 | 1991 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007341 | Diaspore | Hill R J (1979) Crystal structure refinement and electron density distribution in diaspore Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 5 179-200 | 1979 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007340 | Diaspore | Hill R J (1979) Crystal structure refinement and electron density distribution in diaspore Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 5 179-200 | 1979 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0016629 | Diaspore | Busing W, Levy H (1958) A Single Crystal Neutron Diffraction Study of Diaspore, Al O _cod_database_code 1008750 Acta Crystallographica 11 798-803 |  | 1958 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017933 | Diaspore | Ewing F (1935) The Crystal Structure of Diaspore _cod_database_code 1011027 Journal of Chemical Physics 3 203-207 | 1935 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.99 Å | (100) |
| 2.558 Å | (30) |
| 2.317 Å | (56) |
| 2.131 Å | (52) |
| 2.077 Å | (49) |
| 1.633 Å | (43) |
| 1.480 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
With other minerals in bauxite deposits.
Type Occurrence of Diaspore
Synonyms of Diaspore
Other Language Names for Diaspore
Varieties of Diaspore
| Chrome-diaspore | Light to dark purple, Cr3+-bearing variety of diaspore. |
| Colour-change diaspore | A generic name for gem diaspore from Turkey that is sold under a variety of trademarked names, such as Zultanite and Csarite. |
| Mangan-diaspore | Manganese-bearing variety of diaspore, containing Mn3+ up to at least Mn:Al = 1:29. |
Relationship of Diaspore to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Diaspore Group:
| Bracewellite | CrO(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma |
| Montroseite | (V3+,Fe3+)O(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| Tsumgallite | GaO(OH) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 47 photos of Diaspore associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 20 photos of Diaspore associated with Zunyite | Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl |
| 19 photos of Diaspore associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 16 photos of Diaspore associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 15 photos of Diaspore associated with Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 14 photos of Diaspore associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 14 photos of Diaspore associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 9 photos of Diaspore associated with Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 8 photos of Diaspore associated with Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 8 photos of Diaspore associated with Böhmite | AlO(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FD.05 | Spertiniite | Cu(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.10 | Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Montroseite | (V3+,Fe3+)O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Tsumgallite | GaO(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Bracewellite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Guyanaite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FD.15 | Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FD.20 | Yttrotungstite-(Y) | YW2O7(OH) · H2O |
| 4.FD.20 | Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | CeW2O7(OH) · H2O |
| 4.FD.25 | Frankhawthorneite | Cu2Te6+O4(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | 'Khinite-3T' | Pb2+Cu2+3Te6+O6(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | Housleyite | Pb6CuTe6+4O18(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | Khinite | Pb2+Cu2+3[Te6+O6](OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Diaspore in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Diaspore
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1285.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Diaspore
Reference List:
Ewing, F. J. (1935) The Crystal Structure of Diaspore. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 3 (4) 203-207 doi:10.1063/1.1749634
Hoppe, W. (1941) Über die Kristallstruktur von α-AlOOH (Diaspor) und α-FeOOH (Nadeleisenerz). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 103 (1-6). 73-89 doi:10.1524/zkri.1941.103.1.73
Hoppe, W. (1942) Über die Kristallstruktur von α-AlOOH (Diaspor) II. (Fourieranalyse.). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 104 (1-6). 11-17 doi:10.1524/zkri.1942.104.1.11
Goñi, Juan C. (1953) Sur une variété aberrante de diaspore de l'Uruguay (kayserite). Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 76 (7). 315-324 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1953.4842
Busing, W. R., Levy, H. A. (1958) A single crystal neutron diffraction study of diaspore, AlO(OH). Acta Crystallographica, 11 (11). 798-803 doi:10.1107/s0365110x58002243
Stegmann, M.C., Vivien, D., Mazieres, C. (1973) Etude des modes de vibration infrarouge dans les oxyhydroxydes d'aluminium boehmite et diaspore. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy, 29 (8). 1653-1663 doi:10.1016/0584-8539(73)80115-1
Hill, Roderick J. (1979) Crystal structure refinement and electron density distribution in diaspore. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 5 (2) 179-200 doi:10.1007/bf00307552
Pawley, A. R., Redfern, Simon A. T., Holland, T. J. B. (1996) Volume behavior of hydrous minerals at high pressure and temperature: I. Thermal expansion of lawsonite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and diaspore. American Mineralogist, 81 (3). 335-340 doi:10.2138/am-1996-3-407
Ruan, H. D., Frost, R. L., Kloprogge, J. T. (2001) Comparison of Raman spectra in characterizing gibbsite, bayerite, diaspore and boehmite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 32 (9). 745-750 doi:10.1002/jrs.736
Feenstra, A., Wunder, B. (2002) Dehydration of diasporite to corundite in nature and experiment. Geology, 30 (2) 119 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0119:dodtci>2.0.co;2
Demichelis, R., Noel, Y., Civalleri, B., Roetti, C., Ferrero, M., Dovesi, R. (2007) The Vibrational Spectrum of α-AlOOH Diaspore: An Ab Initio Study with the CRYSTAL Code. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111 (31). 9337-9346 doi:10.1021/jp072501d
Friedrich, A., Wilson, D. J., Haussühl, E., Winkler, B., Morgenroth, W., Refson, K., Milman, V. (2007) High-pressure properties of diaspore, AlO(OH). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34 (3). 145-157 doi:10.1007/s00269-006-0135-5
San Juan-Farfán, Roberto E., Bayarjargal, Lkhamsuren, Winkler, Björn, Haussühl, Eiken, Avalos-Borja, Miguel, Refson, Keith, Milman, Victor (2011) Pressure dependence of the lattice dynamics of diaspore, α-AlO(OH), from Raman spectroscopy and density functional perturbation theory. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 38 (9) 693-700 doi:10.1007/s00269-011-0442-3
Delattre, Simon, Balan, Etienne, Lazzeri, Michele, Blanchard, Marc, Guillaumet, Maxime, Beyssac, Olivier, Haussühl, Eiken, Winkler, Björn, Salje, Ekhard K. H., Calas, Georges (2012) Experimental and theoretical study of the vibrational properties of diaspore (α-AlOOH). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 39 (2). 93-102 doi:10.1007/s00269-011-0464-x
Localities for Diaspore
Showing 663 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Nicastro et al. (2020) |
Antarctica | |
| Am Min 83: 5-6 pp 638-651 |
| Goldschmidt Conference: Journal of Conference Abstracts Volume 5 (2) |
Argentina | |
| FRANCHINI (27º26'S-66º16'O) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| MAIZA +2 other references |
| Eduardo O. Zappettini and Marcelo Dalponte (2009) |
| Grecco et al. (2012) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) |
Armenia | |
| Moritz et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
| Moritz et al. (2016) | |
Australia | |
| Loughnan et al. (1976) |
| Wilde (1988) |
| Allibone (1998) +1 other reference |
| |
| R Bottrill |
| Oliver et al. (1982) | |
| Chatterjee (2025) |
| Chatterjee (2025) | |
| Corral et al. (2019) |
| Corral et al. (2019) | |
| Corral et al. (2019) | |
| Corral et al. (2019) | |
| Corral et al. (2019) | |
| Corral et al. (2019) | |
| Corral et al. (2019) | |
| |
| Crooks |
| |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
| Francis (2010) |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| R Bottrill |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| McAndrew et al. (1973) |
| Pryce (1973) |
Austria | |
| Brandstätter et al. (2014) +2 other references |
| Niedermayr (1986) +2 other references |
| Harald Schillhammer collection | |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Hampl et al. (2025) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| |
| |
| |
| Taucher et al. (2001) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Mansurov et al. (2018) |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Belgium | |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
Bolivia | |
| Sillitoe et al. (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Santos (2012) |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40 |
| JULIANI +8 other references | |
| Queiroz (2016) |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Kostov et al : Minerals of Bulgaria (1964) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Jana Kuncheva et al. (2022) |
| Hikov (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Hikov et al. (2011) |
| Georgieva +2 other references |
Cambodia | |
| United Nations (1993) |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Macdonald et al. (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) | |
| Belley et al. (2024) |
| 450-453 +4 other references |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Tourigny et al. (1993) +3 other references |
| Age of the Cabonga nepheline syenite +4 other references |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Egan (1986) |
Chile | |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
| Codelco |
| Thompson et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Miranda-Díaz et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Deyell et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
| BHP |
China | |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Cai et al. (2009) | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Tongrong Liang (1985) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Taiming Yang et al. (1991) |
| Ni Sun and Wenyuan Cui (2003) | |
| Li et al. (2022) | |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
| Long et al. (2025) | |
| Rensheng Huang (2008) | |
| Qiu et al. (2024) | |
| Qiu et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Long et al. (2025) | |
| Zijin Mining Group Company Limited | |
| Yü Lin et al. (2014) |
| Wang et al. (2010) | |
| Qingfei Wang et al. (2007) | |
| Xuefei Liu et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Sifu Liao (2000) |
| Sifu Liao (2000) | |
| Sifu Liao (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Shuhui Cai et al. (2012) |
| Luo et al. (2026) | |
| Zhu et al. (2001) |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Zhongxin Yuan et al. (2007) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Xiao et al. (2025) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Luo et al. (2023) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Jiangping Mo and Jinao Li (1991) | |
| Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Shengjie Wang (1987) +1 other reference |
| Shengjie Wang (1987) | |
| Kehua Yin (2009) | |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Tang et al. (2021) | |
| Shenfu Weng et al. (2013) |
| Yao et al. (2026) | |
| Li +6 other references |
| Wenhao Zhao et al. (1987) |
| Yutaka Kanai (1992) |
| Wang Chen (2007) |
| Yanjie Tang et al. (2001) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Zhongming Li et al. (2012) +2 other references | |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Yuewen Feng et al. (2012) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Bingwu Chu and Chunfang Zhao (2000) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Guanqun Yang (1987) |
| Gong et al. (2024) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) | |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Luo et al. (2014) |
| Jin Li et al. (1989) |
| Zhang et al. (2004) |
| Kecong Han and Shengyun Ma (1985) |
| Xiao et al. (2025) |
| Wu et al. (2024) |
| Zhongtang Yang et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Qin et al. (2025) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Sun et al. (2026) | |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Jianyin Meng et al. (2011) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Silei Sun et al. (2012) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Tongrong Liang (1985) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Jin-Xie; Ju-Tang; Zhi-Liu; Qing-Sun; Li-Yu; Chang-Yuan; Xu-Yan; Xiao-Zhao; Qing-Yin; Kang (2026) | |
| Zheng et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2022) | |
| Peng et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Long Xiao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Gao et al. (2026) |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Ruijun Chen et al. (1993) |
| Chen et al. (2025) | |
| Mao et al. (2024) |
| Dongmei Tang et al. (2006) |
| [var: Colour-change diaspore] Wang et al. (2025) |
| Lei Yu et al. (2012) |
| Hanhe Liu (2007) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Jambor et al. (1992) |
Czech Republic | |
| |
| Gába |
| Staněk (1991) +4 other references |
| Staněk (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Staněk (1997) | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
DR Congo | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Eswatini | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Finland | |
| Aurola |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Poutiainen et al. (1996) |
| Niskanen (2014) |
France | |
| Forestier et al. (1969) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dill (2008) |
| van Marcke de Lummen (1985) +1 other reference |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| S. Caillère and Th. Pobeguin : "Quelques Aspects Microscopiques de la Gibbsite dans les Bauxites du Mas Rouge (Région des Baux) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Greece | |
| Mondillo et al. (2022) |
| Laskou et al. (2007) | |
| Gamaletsos et al. (2017) | |
| Mondillo et al. (2022) | |
| Viswanathan et al. (1979) |
| Voudouris et al. (2012) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ortelli et al. (2009) +2 other references | |
| Κίλιας et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Feenstra et al. (2003) |
| Theye +4 other references | |
| Ockenga et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| 33-35 +2 other references |
| Karantoni et al. (2021) | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
Hungary | |
| Kovács et al. (2003) |
| Koch (1985) |
| GEODA |
| Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| www.mpgovt.nic.in/mineralresources/ | |
| Meshram et al. (2012) |
Indonesia | |
| Scher et al. (2013) |
| Tumpangpitu porphyry-high sulphidation epithermal deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) +1 other reference | |
| van Leeuwen et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| www.newcrest.com.au (2017) |
| Bensaman et al. (2015) |
| Prendergast (2003) | |
| White et al. (2016) |
| Tun et al. (2015) |
| Etzel et al. (2015) | |
| Imawan et al. (2024) | |
| Burrows et al. (2020) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2017) | |
| Abidin et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Ellahi et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Mikaeili et al. (2025) |
| Abedini |
| Ahmadnejad et al. (2017) |
| Zamanian et al. (2016) +2 other references |
| Ahmadnejad et al. (2025) |
| Abedini et al. (2025) |
| Ahmadnejad et al. (2025) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Hermezi (1985) |
Italy | |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Balestra et al. (2007) |
| Di Bella et al. (2026) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Sato (1968) |
| 1996 +4 other references |
| 1996 +3 other references | |
| Aiba (1982) |
| HIGASHI (1982) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Watanabe et al. (1996) |
| Masui et al. (1944) |
| Morishita et al. (2008) |
| ... |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Harada (1954) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Miyajima et al. (2003) |
| Hikaru Shibuya specimen | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Jermolenko (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1944) |
| Shpanov et al. (1971) |
Laos | |
| Tate (2005) |
Madagascar | |
| www.gemresearch.ch/andranon/madcon.htm. |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (2008) |
| Behier (1963) |
Malawi | |
| H.G. Dill |
Malaysia | |
| Caisheng Zhao et al. (2004) |
Mexico | |
| Sotelo (2016) |
| Sotelo (2016) | |
Mongolia | |
| Erdene Resource Development Corp. |
| Porter (Mike) |
| December 2009 +3 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Morocco | |
| Weiß (2006) |
| Tuduri et al. (2018) |
| Lecolle +5 other references | |
| Berrada (2009) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| Phyo et al. (2019) |
| Dr. Kyaw Khaing Win |
| Harald Schillhammer collection | |
| Soonthorntantikul et al. (2017) |
| Harald Schillhammer collection | |
| Giuliani et al. (2015) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Val Collins collection +2 other references |
Namibia | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:6 pp520-526 |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
New Zealand | |
| Martin et al. (2023) |
| Muiruru F.G. (1985) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Bell et al. (1912) |
| Christie et al. (2007) |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Barić (1960) +3 other references |
| Serafimovski et al. (2016) |
Norway | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Bugge (1951) |
| Frondel (1941) |
| Hermans et al. (1976) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Giuseppetti et al. (1990) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-3397) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Brøgger (1890) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Sellbekk et al. (2008) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen |
| Flink (1899) +1 other reference | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection and ... | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Peter Andresen collection | |
| Berge et al. (2002) |
Panama | |
| Redwood (2020) |
| Corral et al. (2017) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Yates et al. (1967) |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| Yates et al. (1967) | |
| K92 Mining |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
| Rinne et al. (2018) | |
| Rinne et al. (2018) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2005) | |
Peru | |
| Marcoux et al. (1994) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Longo et al. (2005) | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Alvarez A et al. (1988) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Philippines | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Elveta et al. (1990) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Angcoy (2010) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Milu et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
Russia | |
| Luzgin et al. (1977) |
| Izbrodin et al. (2009) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Sorokina et al. (2016) |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Kissin et al. (2020) |
| Buravleva et al. (2016) |
| Kovalenker et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| S.I. Delitsyn data |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Mordberg (1999) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
| ... | |
| dan weinrich |
| Bailey (1980) |
| Ryazantseva (2001) +1 other reference | |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Sidorenko et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| S.Kolesnichenko |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Serbia | |
| RTB Bor |
| Bosić et al. (2025) | |
| Drovenik (1958) | |
| RTB Bor |
| Kovačević Galović et al. (2026) |
Slovakia | |
| Jakub Jirasek - ... |
| Haidinger W. +4 other references | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Lexa et al. (1999) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Rojkovičová | |
| Bacsó |
| [European Journal of Mineralogy ... |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) | |
Solomon Islands | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
South Africa | |
| S. Weinert (2006) +1 other reference |
| Paul Meulenbeld collection Photo ID: ... |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +2 other references |
| de Villiers (1943) |
| Gutzmer (1996) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| [var: Mangan-diaspore] Gutzmer (1996) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Visual ID from specimen | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| dan weinrich |
| [var: Mangan-diaspore] Pohl et al. (1991) | |
| Schoch et al. (1985) |
| Schaller et al. (1967) +2 other references | |
South Korea | |
| Takagi (2008) |
| "Exploration and utilization of the ... |
Spain | |
| Cesar Menor Salvan |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
Sudan | |
| Germann et al. (1994) |
Sweden | |
| Jansson et al. (2013) |
| Lyckberg (2006) |
| Flink (1910) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Feenstra et al. (2003) |
| Lapis 29 (1) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Taiwan | |
| Geologic Map of Taiwan 1988 +2 other references |
Tanzania | |
| Gao et al. (2024) |
| Hintze (2010) | |
| Guo et al. (2025) |
Thailand | |
| Li et al. (2023) |
Turkey | |
| Ozturk et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Yigit (2012) |
| e-collection.library.ethz.ch (n.d.) |
| Öztürk (1997) |
| Yigit et al. (2000) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Smith J L (1851) |
| Karakaya et al. (2025) |
| Ozturk et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Colour-change diaspore] Hatipoglu et al. (2009) | |
| Hati̇poğlu et al. (2021) | |
| Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023) | |
| Hikmet Kinaci et al. (2023) | |
| Schuiling (1962) |
| www.odysseyresources.com (2003) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Day (1999) |
Uruguay | |
| Palache et al. (1944) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Nye (1968) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2005) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Chesterman (1942) +2 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) | |
| Kerr (1932) +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rosemeyer et al. (1986) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Shepard (1842) +2 other references |
| |
| Cook (1978) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Lincks (1978) |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Lincks (1978) | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Lincks (1978) | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Riedell et al. (2020) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Vikre et al. (1994) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Ross (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wallace et al. (1975) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wallace et al. (1975) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report - 535 |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:84. |
| Keith (1907) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 7:I:678 & 694. |
| Mineral Commodity Files |
| Schmidt et al. (1985) | |
| Stuckey (1967) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:93. +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1922) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| USGS MRDS. |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:165. | |
| Owens et al. (2013) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) +2 other references |
| Dott et al. (1972) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
| Kovalenker et al. (2003) |
| Eilu (2003) +1 other reference | |
Vietnam | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Khoi et al. (2011) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Kerrich et al. (1988) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
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