Manganite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Manganite
Formula:
Mn3+O(OH)
Colour:
Gray-black, black
Lustre:
Resinous, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
4.29 - 4.34
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1827 by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in allusion to the manganese content.
Polymorph of:
This page provides mineralogical data about Manganite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2519
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2519:1
Similar Names
| Manackanite | A synonym of 'Iron(III)-bearing Ilmenite' |
IMA Classification of Manganite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Manganite
4.FD.15
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
D : Hydroxides with OH, without H2O; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
6.1.3.1
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
6 : HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL
1 : XO(OH)
7.18.7
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Mnn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 | |
| Mnn | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Manganite
Resinous, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Gray-black, black
Streak:
Reddish brown to black
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=630 - 743 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010} perfect; {110} and {001} good.
{010} perfect; {110} and {001} good.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
4.29 - 4.34 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.38 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Calculated also (ICDD 18-805) = 4.32
Optical Data of Manganite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.25(2) nβ = 2.25(2) nγ = 2.53(2)
Birefringence:
0.028
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.280
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (0°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Anisotropism:
Weak
Bireflectance:
Distinct in grays
Dispersion:
r > v extreme
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = b; Z ∧ c = 0°–4°.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 18.0% | 25.1% |
| 420nm | 18.0% | 24.8% |
| 440nm | 18.0% | 24.5% |
| 460nm | 17.9% | 24.1% |
| 480nm | 17.8% | 23.7% |
| 500nm | 17.6% | 23.2% |
| 520nm | 17.3% | 22.7% |
| 540nm | 17.0% | 22.2% |
| 560nm | 16.8% | 21.6% |
| 580nm | 16.5% | 21.2% |
| 600nm | 16.3% | 20.8% |
| 620nm | 16.1% | 20.6% |
| 640nm | 16.0% | 20.3% |
| 660nm | 15.8% | 20.1% |
| 680nm | 15.7% | 19.9% |
| 700nm | 15.7% | 19.7% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 25.1%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray-white with brown tint
Internal Reflections:
Blood-red
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = reddish brown; Z = red brown.
Comments:
Weak pleochroism distinguishes manganite from groutite.
Absorption: Z > X = Y.
Absorption: Z > X = Y.
Chemistry of Manganite
Mindat Formula:
Mn3+O(OH)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ba,Pb,Cu,Al,Ca
Crystallography of Manganite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.94 Å, b = 5.28 Å, c = 5.74 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.693 : 1 : 1.087
Unit Cell V:
270.95 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals striated and short to long prismatic [001]. Often terminated by {001} alone, by {001} with macrodomes, or by a series of macropyramids; highly modified at times. Prismatic faces deeply striated [001], and terminal {h0l} or {hkl} faces striated parallel to their mutual intersections. Crystals often grouped or markedly composite subparallel [001]. Stalactitic; granular (rare).
Twinning:
1. On {011}, both as contact and penetration twins. Twinning often repeated with composition face either parallel or inclined. 2. Twin plane {100} lamellar, assuming a monoclinic symmetry for the species.
Comment:
Space group B21/d (non-standard setting); pseudo-orthorhombic.
Crystallographic forms of Manganite
Crystal Atlas:
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Manganite no.36 - {012} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0013942 | Manganite | Kohler T, Armbruster T, Libowitzky E (1997) Hydrogen bonding and Jahn-Teller distortion in groutite, alpha-MnOOH, and manganite, gamma-MnOOH, and their relations to the manganese dioxides ramsdellite and pyrolusite Journal of Solid State Chemistry 133 486-500 | 1997 | Nchwaning Mine, Kalahari manganese field, Republic of South Africa | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010565 | Manganite | Buerger M J (1936) The symmetry and crystal structure of manganite, Mn(OH)O Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 95 163-174 |  | 1936 | Ilfeld, Germany | 0 | 293 |
| 0017927 | Manganite | Garrido J (1935) Structure cristalline de la manganite. _cod_database_code 1011020 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 200 69-71 | 1935 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.41 Å | (100) |
| 2.65 Å | (50) |
| 2.52 Å | (10) |
| 2.41 Å | (80) |
| 2.36 Å | (2) |
| 2.28 Å | (30) |
| 2.20 Å | (30) |
| 1.781 Å | (20) |
| 1.710 Å | (6) |
| 1.675 Å | (90) |
| 1.637 Å | (2) |
| 1.502 Å | (10) |
| 1.435 Å | (16) |
| 1.323 Å | (6) |
| 1.262 Å | (2) |
| 1.214 Å | (2) |
| 1.182 Å | (2) |
| 1.158 Å | (2) |
| 1.139 Å | (2) |
| 1.118 Å | (2) |
| 1.099 Å | (2) |
| 1.077 Å | (2) |
| 1.015 Å | (2) |
| 0.993 Å | (2) |
Comments:
ICDD 18-805 (synthetic); ICDD 9-99 is superseded
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
Low temperature hydrothermal or hot spring manganese deposits. Sedimentary deposits.
Type Occurrence of Manganite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Coarse rectangular prism, often with multiple parallel growth.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type specimens.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Hydrothermal veins
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Manganite
Other Language Names for Manganite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 191 photos of Manganite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 101 photos of Manganite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 89 photos of Manganite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 83 photos of Manganite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 52 photos of Manganite associated with Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 33 photos of Manganite associated with 'Manganese-bearing Calcite' | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
| 32 photos of Manganite associated with Sturmanite | Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| 29 photos of Manganite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 26 photos of Manganite associated with Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 25 photos of Manganite associated with Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FD.05 | Spertiniite | Cu(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.10 | Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Montroseite | (V3+,Fe3+)O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Tsumgallite | GaO(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Bracewellite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FD.10 | Guyanaite | CrO(OH) |
| 4.FD.20 | Yttrotungstite-(Y) | YW2O7(OH) · H2O |
| 4.FD.20 | Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | CeW2O7(OH) · H2O |
| 4.FD.25 | Frankhawthorneite | Cu2Te6+O4(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | 'Khinite-3T' | Pb2+Cu2+3Te6+O6(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | Housleyite | Pb6CuTe6+4O18(OH)2 |
| 4.FD.30 | Khinite | Pb2+Cu2+3[Te6+O6](OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Manganite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet.
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
In a closed tube, yields water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Manganite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2519.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Manganite
Reference List:
Haidinger, W. (1828) Mineralogical Account of the Ores of Manganese. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 11 (1). p.119-142. doi:10.1017/s0080456800021876
Rutley, Frank (1892) Note on Crystals of Manganite from Harzgerode. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 10 (45) 20-21 doi:10.1180/minmag.1892.010.45.05
Ferrari, Adolfo, Scherillo, Antonio (1931) Ricerche sulla struttura cristallina della manganite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 78 (1). 496-502 doi:10.1524/zkri.1931.78.1.496
Garrido, Julio (1935) Structure de la manganite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 58 (3) 224-241 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1935.4371
Buerger, M. J . (1936) The Symmetry and Crystal Structure of Manganite, Mn(OH)O. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 95 (1). 163-174 doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.95.1.163
Bricker, Owen P. (1965) Some stability relations in the system Mn-O2-H2O at 25° and one atmosphere total pressure. American Mineralogist, 50 (9) 1296-1354
Davis, R. J. (1967) Some manganese oxide pseudomorphs. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (278) 274-279 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.278.09
Champness, P. E. (1971) The transformation manganite → pyrolusite. Mineralogical Magazine, 38 (294) 245-248 doi:10.1180/minmag.1971.038.294.14
Hewett, D. F. (1972) Manganite, hausmannite, braunite: Features, modes of Origin. Economic Geology, 67 (1). 83-102 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.67.1.83
Golden, D. C. (1987) Transformation of Birnessite to Buserite, Todorokite, and Manganite under Mild Hydrothermal Treatment. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35 (4) 271-280 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350404
Kohler, Thomas, Armbruster, Thomas, Libowitzky, Eugen (1997) Hydrogen Bonding and Jahn–Teller Distortion in Groutite,α-MnOOH, and Manganite,γ-MnOOH, and Their Relations to the Manganese Dioxides Ramsdellite and Pyrolusite. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 133. 486-500 doi:10.1006/jssc.1997.7516
Localities for Manganite
Showing 949 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| USGS MRDS Database |
| Raúl J. Tauber Larry´s collection | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references | |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2016) | |
| C. T. Friz |
| C. T. Friz | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry +1 other reference | |
| Peña (1970) | |
| Ávila |
Australia | |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Jones (1955) +1 other reference |
| Jones (1955) +1 other reference | |
| GEMCO (Groote Eylandt Mining Company Operation) |
| Francis et al. (self published) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Record of Mines – Summary Card No:317 |
| |
| Francis (2010) |
| Gallasch (2026) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Anon (2013) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Jones et al. (2013) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
Austria | |
| European Journal of Mineralogy 17 (1) |
| Zadorlaky-Stettner (1962) | |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1968) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bojar (2006) |
| Bojar (2006) | |
| Taucher (1994) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| collected by Peter Arthofer +1 other reference |
| Bernhard Gruber et al. (Berichte) |
Belgium | |
| Malaise (1913) +2 other references |
| Malaise (1913) +3 other references | |
| Malaise (1913) +3 other references |
| |
| Malaise (1913) +2 other references |
| José Dehove collection. |
| Malaise (1913) +2 other references |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Vujanovic (1962) |
Botswana | |
| Yonggang Zhu et al. (2013) |
Brazil | |
| Uchôa Filho et al. (2025) |
| Rezende et al. (2021) |
| |
Bulgaria | |
| Banushev et al. (1994) |
| Kanazirski (1985) |
| Chavdarova et al. (2022) |
| Collection Voigt |
Burkina Faso | |
| Sattran et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Rutley (1902) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 +1 other reference |
| Hudgins (1967) |
| Bishop et al. (1974) |
| Harder (1910) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 | |
| R. A. F. Penrose | |
| |
| Van Dommelen et al. (2006) | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 | |
| Wright (1975) |
| Cook (1999) |
| Ontario Div. Mines et al. (1:31,680) +1 other reference |
| Personal Collection - Bill Morgenstern |
| Bill Morgenstern - Collection | |
| Bill Morgenstern - Collection | |
| Bancroft Mineral Museum +1 other reference |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Choquette et al. (2023) |
Chile | |
| Bandy (1938) +1 other reference |
| Maurizio Dini - analysed material by ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| Oyarzun et al. (1998) |
| Oyarzun et al. (1998) | |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| samples analysed by Anthony Kampf +1 other reference |
China | |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Nanlai Zheng et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Lisheng Luo (1988) | |
| Bin Yu (2005) |
| See also Nowlan +2 other references |
| www.mineralmundi.com (n.d.) |
| Hanquan Ye (1985) |
| Ruixia Hao and Guangyue Guan (1995) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) +1 other reference |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) +1 other reference |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Broili et al. (2010) |
| Lin Ye and Tiegang Liu (2003) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Ziqiang Wei (1976) |
| Ziqiang Wei (1976) +1 other reference |
| Canhui Luo (1992) |
| Qing-chang (1981) |
| Shikun Huang (1990) |
| Baisheng Zhang (1998) |
| Libo Hao et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Shikun Huang (1990) |
| Huawen Qi et al. (2007) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Caiwen Cai (1983) |
| Yunhuai Lin (1986) |
| Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Guilin Metallurgical Institute of Geology (1976) +3 other references |
| Xiong Song (1986) |
| Zhongtang Yang et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) +2 other references |
| Xingfen Wang (1989) +1 other reference |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Guosheng Feng et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Pan et al. (2024) |
| Yiyun Wang et al. (2012) |
| Denghong Wang (1996) |
| |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) | |
| Yongbao et al. (2018) |
| Hongjun Liu (1987) +2 other references |
| Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977) |
| Du +6 other references |
| Wenxin Yu (1980) +4 other references |
| Liu et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
Cuba | |
| www.minsocam.org |
Czech Republic | |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Former Pequa Rare Minerals | |
| Matýsek D. (Outer Western Carpathians) |
| Kruťa et al. (1968) |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Stránský |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
| ... |
Egypt | |
| Tosson et al. (1974) |
| Manganese Reserves and Resources of the ... |
| Sallam (2020) | |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
Ethiopia | |
| Getaneh et al. (2022) |
| Getaneh et al. (2022) | |
Europe | |
| Petr Fuchs |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection EDS+XRD ... |
| Laitakari (1967) |
France | |
| Belot (1978) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Perseil (1975) | |
| Perseil (1975) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| Lacroix (1907) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Belot (1978) +2 other references |
| Belot (1978) |
| Vale SA |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Belot (1978) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| TREILLARD Michel collection |
| |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Brugger et al. (1999) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Belot (1978) +1 other reference |
| Lacroix (1907) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Lacroix (1907) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| LACROIX A: Mineralogie de la France et ... |
| Garric François |
| Bernadi (1992) | |
Gabon | |
| Weber et al. (1979) +2 other references |
Georgia | |
| Varentsov (1996) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Aufschluss 1987 (8/9) +3 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Petitjean et al. (2007) |
| Kirnbauer (1984) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Pawlowski (1991) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Lapis (12) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Henrich et al. (2024) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Collection of NHM |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Held et al. (1993) |
| Aufschluß 76/2 & 88/5 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Brugger et al. (2001) |
| Grünling (1913) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Scheven et al. (2022) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Sansoni (1971) +3 other references |
| ... |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=45826 +1 other reference | |
| www.mineralatlas.eu (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Rüger et al. (1992) | |
Ghana | |
| Addae et al. (2026) |
| Mücke et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| |
| |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Φωτιάδης (2010) |
| Φωτιάδης (2010) |
| Skarpelis et al. (1992) |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
| Bersani et al. (2009) | |
Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (1997) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| |
| Varentsov (1996) +1 other reference |
| Koch (1985) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
India | |
| Rasul (1965) |
| Yadav (2022) |
| Sarkar (2015) |
| Roy (1962) | |
| Roy et al. (1968) |
| Roy (1968) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Wang et al. (2018) |
Indonesia | |
| Al Hakim et al. (2024) |
| Atmoko et al. (2018) |
Iran | |
| Shahin et al. (2023) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Lotfi et al. (2017) |
Ireland | |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Grennan |
Italy | |
| Castello (1982) |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Russo (2026) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) | |
| Redazionale (2005) |
| 415. +1 other reference | |
| Pipino (1984) |
| Balestra (2016) |
| Palenzona et al. (1988) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) | |
| Di Lisi S. | |
| Capitanio A. (2000) |
| Fagnani G. (1946) |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Boni et al. (1977) |
| Boni et al. (1976) |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bertolani (1976) |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) | |
| Orlandi (2011) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Pietracaprina et al. (1987) |
| Alfonso Frías Forcada Collection |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) | |
| Orlandi P. & Pezzotta (1996) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek |
| Barsotti et al. (2006) |
| Giuliano bettini collection |
| - (n.d.) |
| Mancini (1997) |
| Orlandi (2005) |
| R. Meli (1999) |
| C. Betti et al. (1999) |
| Saccardo (2002) +1 other reference |
Jamaica | |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| 南部松夫 |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2005) |
| Nambu et al (1979) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| - (n.d.) +5 other references | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Toyofumi Yoshimura et al. (1969) |
| Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Попов В.А. (2010) |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Evseev (1995) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Filippov et al. (2013) |
Luxembourg | |
| MnhnL collection |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Malaysia | |
| Ariffin (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Diaz-Unzueta (1987) |
| King (1981) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Daniel Hummer Collection | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Visual identification by French geologist REMY Philippe (pers. comm. Jean Vincent Coureau) |
| Jay Penn collection |
| Jordi Fabre specimen |
| Thein (1990) |
| FAVREAU G. & DIETRICH J.E. (2006) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Choukrad et al. (2022) |
Namibia | |
| in the collection of F.J.Emmerich |
| Dunn (1991) |
Nazca Plate | |
| Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
New Zealand | |
| crownminerals.med.govt.nz (n.d.) |
| Fraser (1910) |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Kjerulf (1878) +1 other reference | |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Kjerulf (1878) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Mikhailik et al. (2021) | |
| Volokhina et al. (2020) +2 other references |
Pakistan | |
| Ghauri Mining & Engineering Integrate |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Steger (2015) |
| Carswell (1990) |
| Siedner (1959) |
Poland | |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Korczyńska-Oszacka B. 1978: Minerały manganu wapieni jurajskich Doliny Chochołowskiej (Tatry, Polska) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
Portugal | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (Siorminp ID 635Mn) |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (Siorminp ID 635Mn) | |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... +1 other reference |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
Red Sea | |
| Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: ... | |
Romania | |
| Rădulescu Dan |
| D. Radulescu & R. Dimitrescu (1966) |
| Cook et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) +2 other references |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Chukanov et al. (2021) |
| Chukanov et al. (2021) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) +1 other reference |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p46 +1 other reference |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Sharkov (2009) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Svetova et al. (2022) |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Rwanda | |
| Bertossa |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Háber et al. (SGR) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Radvanec M. and Gonda S. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Grecula (1995) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Grecula (1995) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ďuda et al. (1996) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Rojkovič et al. (2003) |
| Rojkovič et al. (2003) |
| Mišík |
| Rojkovič et al. (2003) |
| Rojkovič et al. (2003) |
| Rojkovič et al. (2003) | |
| Mišík |
| Rojkovič et al. (2003) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Onac (2025) |
South Africa | |
| Cors de Brun photo |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +2 other references | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross (2000) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Beukes et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Suzuki (1943) |
| Suzuki (1943) |
| Suzuki (1943) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) +1 other reference |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| My personal collection +1 other reference | |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| Bocamina (4) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya |
| Mata Perelló |
Sudan | |
| Yassin et al. (1984) |
| Yassin et al. (1984) | |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Dana 6:A3:15. |
| |
| GFF 48 |
| |
| The Swedish Museum of Natural History |
| |
| Langhof et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Sandström et al. (2009) | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Sandtsröm (2002) |
| Sandtsröm (2002) | |
| Sandtsröm (2002) | |
| Sandtsröm (2002) | |
| Sandtsröm (2002) | |
| Sandtsröm (2002) |
| Sven-Olof Niklasson photo & specimen | |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44 (2006) +1 other reference |
Tonga | |
| Paropkari et al. (2010) |
Turkey | |
| Öztürk (1997) |
| Öztürk (1997) | |
| Horasan (2026) |
| Gultekin et al. (2016) |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
| Öztürk (1997) |
| Öztürk et al. (2026) |
| Öztürk et al. (1995) |
| Oyman (2003) |
| Horasan (2026) |
| Horasan (2026) | |
| Oksuz (2018) |
| USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161 | |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) |
| Hall (1868) |
| Rob Bowell (Cardiff University analysis) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| P Haas | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Hall (1868) |
| Greg et al. (1858) +3 other references |
| Day (1999) | |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| BMS Collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| Collins (1871) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Turner (2006) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Burr (1996) |
| Hall (1868) | |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Dvoichenko (1914) +1 other reference |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) +1 other reference |
| Varentsov (1996) |
Uruguay | |
| Rossini et al. (2000) |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| - (1917) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Dean (1995) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Mayo (1956) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +5 other references | |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +3 other references | |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Christopher O'Neill collection |
| Kiersch (1949) +4 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references | |
| Peterson (1962) |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| Peterson (1962) |
| Jones et al. (1920) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Potter et al. (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Farnham & Stewart (1958) +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (1920) +3 other references | |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Farnham & Stewart (1958) +1 other reference |
| Havens et al. (1947) +1 other reference |
| Farnham & Stewart (1958) +1 other reference |
| Farnham & Stewart (1958) | |
| Farnham & Stewart (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Farnham & Stewart (1958) +1 other reference |
| Farnham & Stewart (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| Sandell (1948) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS file #10048185. | |
| Jones et al. (1920) +2 other references | |
| Jones et al. (1920) | |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS file #10027086. |
| MRDS file #10102433. | |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS file #10102467. | |
| MRDS file #10027581. | |
| Sandell (1948) +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson (1930) | |
| Jones et al. (1920) |
| Jones et al. (1920) |
| Jones et al. (1920) |
| MRDS file #10027549. |
| Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson et al. (1930) |
| MRDS file #10027684. | |
| Head (1941) +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10027075. | |
| MRDS file #10027608. | |
| MRDS file #10102537. | |
| MDS file #10027610. | |
| MRDS file #10027663. | |
| MRDS file #10027666. | |
| MRDS file #10027643. | |
| MRDS file #10102532. |
| MRDS file #10102430. | |
| MRDS file #10027685. | |
| MRDS file #10027671. | |
| MRDS file #10027641. |
| MRDS file #10027667. | |
| MRDS file #10027681. |
| Jones et al. (1920) | |
| Jones et al. (1920) | |
| MRDS file #10027698. |
| Preliminary reconnaissance for uranium in Mohave County et al. (Jun 1970) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Farnham (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Dean et al. (1952) +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (1920) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Collected by C. Lemanski |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Barnes et al. (1983) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10103551 |
| Havens et al. (1954) +2 other references |
| Olson (1966) +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Long et al. (1948) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Farnham & Stewart (1953) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (1987) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1988) |
| Rocks & min.:63:118 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. | |
| Rocks & min.:63:118 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & min.:63:118 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & min.:63:118 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Rocks & min.:63:118 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 118 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:120. |
| Rocks & Min.:63:120 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:120 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:120 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:120 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:120 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 120. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 120. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. | |
| Miser et al. (1920) | |
| - (2005) |
| Maxson (1933) +1 other reference |
| Tucker (1926) +2 other references |
| Trask et al. (1943) +1 other reference |
| Pelletier | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley et al. (1918) +1 other reference |
| Bradley et al. (1918) +1 other reference | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| - (2005) |
| Saul et al. (1970) +2 other references |
| Saul et al. (1970) +2 other references | |
| Saul et al. (1970) +1 other reference | |
| Saul et al. (1970) +2 other references | |
| Jones et al. (1919) +1 other reference | |
| Califoria Division of Mines and Geology ... +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| USGS Bull 427 |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Landes (1935) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +2 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals (1970) +1 other reference | |
| - (1917) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Shkurenko +3 other references |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Rocks & Min.: 58: 108. |
| Demark (2000) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:717 +1 other reference |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 13:137. |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| - (2005) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Moore et al. (1979) |
| Rosemeyer (2022) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Ronald Bently collection specimen-[Rock ... | |
| D. Maietta - Collection. "Mineralogy of Michigan" et al. (more well-known mines in vicinity) | |
| Morris (1983) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Bornhorst et al. (1994) |
| Potter et al. (1979) |
| R&M 48:6 p 420 | |
| Econ Geology (1993) | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| - (2005) | |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Richard Gunter Collection | |
| - (2005) |
| Multiple specimens field collected by ... |
| Analyzed using EDS and XRD single ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 353 +2 other references |
| Seaman (1976) |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| Peters et al. (1983) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| Entwistle (1944) |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 7:124. |
| - (2005) |
| Griswold (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Griswold (1961) | |
| Griswold (1961) | |
| Henry L. Jicha (1954) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop (1948) |
| Patrick Haynes collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (1943) |
| - (1943) |
| - (1943) | |
| - (1943) |
| - (1943) |
| - (1943) | |
| USGS MRDS. |
| Miller (1971) |
| Michael W. Kieron collection |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Stose et al. (1923) | |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| USGS Bulletin 737 +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bulletin 737 +1 other reference | |
| Stose et al. (1923) | |
| Paris (2011) |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Stose et al. (1923) | |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| Stose et al. (1923) | |
| Rylan Lopez Collection |
| Price (1983) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks&Min. 47:596 (1972) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| The Northern Virginia Mineral Club (2009) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Rocks&Min. 47:594 (1972) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:168. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Nicolay & Stone (1967) |
| Dickey (1938) +2 other references |
| Cordua (1998) +1 other reference |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
Uzbekistan | |
| Belogub et al. (2007) |
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N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa