Allophane
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Allophane
Formula:
(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Often contains trace contents of Cu, making it more or less blue.
Colour:
White, pale blue to sky-blue, green, brown
Lustre:
Waxy
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
2.75
Crystal System:
Amorphous
Name:
From the Greek άλλος ("allos") for "other" or "different" and φαίνεσθαι ("phaenesthai"), "to appear", in allusion to the change it undergoes in a blowpipe flame.
Amorphous hydrous silicate of aluminium, composition not fixed. Principal member of the nominal "Allophane Group."
Copper-bearing varieties can be confused with chrysocolla.
Colourless varieties may be confused with hyalite.
The nano-sized particles (a few nm across) have a ball-shaped morphology. Essentially, the mineral consists of a single modified gibbsite sheet rolled into a porous nanoball.
Related to imogolite, another nanomineral.
Copper-bearing varieties can be confused with chrysocolla.
Colourless varieties may be confused with hyalite.
The nano-sized particles (a few nm across) have a ball-shaped morphology. Essentially, the mineral consists of a single modified gibbsite sheet rolled into a porous nanoball.
Related to imogolite, another nanomineral.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
139
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:139:7
IMA Classification of Allophane
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2O3(SiO2)1.3-2.0·2.5-3.0H2O
Classification of Allophane
9.ED.20
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 7th ed.:
71.1.5.1
71.1.5.1
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
15.11
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Alp | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Alp | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Allophane
Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, pale blue to sky-blue, green, brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
None
None
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.75 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Allophane
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.468 - 1.512
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Comments:
RI from air dried sample
Chemistry of Allophane
Mindat Formula:
(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Often contains trace contents of Cu, making it more or less blue.
Often contains trace contents of Cu, making it more or less blue.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,K
Crystallography of Allophane
Crystal System:
Amorphous
Morphology:
Rarely observed as ring-shaped particles, with diameters of 50 Å, which in three dimensions may represent sections through hollow spherules or polyhedra. As hyaline crusts and masses; stalactites and flowstones.
Comment:
Amorphous
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| - Å | () |
Comments:
No PXRD pattern has been determined according to the Handbook of Mineralogy.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Geological Setting:
A weathering product of volcanic ash. In hydrothermally altered igneous rocks, from the breakdown of feldspars, and in hydrothermal veins, typically related to copper deposits. In sedimentary rocks, including chalk and coal beds.
Type Occurrence of Allophane
General Appearance of Type Material:
hyaline crusts and masses; stalactites and flowstones.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany, 26104.
Synonyms of Allophane
Other Language Names for Allophane
Dutch:Allophaan
French:Allophane
Italian:Allofane
Japanese:アロフェン
Norwegian:Allofan
Simplified Chinese:水铝英石
Spanish:Alofana
Elhuyarita
Riemannita
Elhuyarita
Riemannita
Traditional Chinese:水鋁英石
Varieties of Allophane
| Allophane-evansite | Phosphate-enriched Allophane. |
| Cupro-Allophane | A variety of Allophane containing Cu. |
| Ferriallophane | A ferrian allophane. Originally described from Moscow Oblast' (Moscovskaya Oblast'), Central Region, Russia. |
| Phosphate-Allophane | A variety containing 7.97% P2O5. (Possibly a mixture?) |
| Plumballophane | A silica-alumina gel containing PbO. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 121 photos of Allophane associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 93 photos of Allophane associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 82 photos of Allophane associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 27 photos of Allophane associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 21 photos of Allophane associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 18 photos of Allophane associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 16 photos of Allophane associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 15 photos of Allophane associated with Dundasite | PbAl2(CO3)2(OH)4 · H2O |
| 14 photos of Allophane associated with Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| 14 photos of Allophane associated with Native Copper | Cu |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.ED. | 'Clinochrysotile' | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Dickite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)2.4((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Halloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · n(H2O) |
| 9.ED.10 | Hisingerite | Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.10 | 'Hydrohalloysite' | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.15 | Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Manandonite | Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.ED.20 | Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 9.ED.20 | Neotocite | (Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?) |
| 9.ED.20 | Imogolite | Al2SiO3(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.25 | Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 9.ED.25 | Chapmanite | Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH) |
| 9.ED.30 | 'Pianlinite' | Al2Si2O6(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Allophane
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-139.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Allophane
Reference List:
Snetsinger, Kenneth G. (1967) High-alumina allophane as a weathering product of plagioclase. American Mineralogist, 52 (1-2) 254-262
Kitagawa, Yasuo (1974) Dehydration of allophane and its structural formula. American Mineralogist, 59 (9-10) 1094-1098
Henmi, Teruo, Wada, Koji (1976) Morphology and composition of allophane. American Mineralogist, 61 (5-6) 379-390
Wada, Shin-Ichiro, Wada, Koji (1977) Density and structure of allophane. Clay Minerals, 12 (4) 289-298 doi:10.1180/claymin.1977.012.4.02
Bailey, S. W. (1980) Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals. American Mineralogist, 65 (1-2) 1-7
Parfitt, R. L., Furkert, R. J., Henmi, Teruo (1980) Identification and Structure of Two Types of Allophane from Volcanic Ash Soils and Tephra. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28 (5). 328-334 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1980.0280502
van der Gaast, S. J. (1985) Small-Angle X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Morphology, and Structure of Allophane and Imogolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33 (3) 237-243 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1985.0330310
Goodman, B. A., Russell, J. D., Montez, B., Oldfield, Eric, Kirkpatrick, R. J. (1985) Structural studies of imogolite and allophanes by aluminum-27 and silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12 (6) 342-346 doi:10.1007/bf00654344
MacKenzie, K. J. D. (1991) The Structure and Thermal Transformations of Allophanes Studied by 29Si and 27Al High Resolution Solid-State NMR. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39 (4) 337-346 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1991.0390401
Ildefonse, Ph.; Kirkpatrick, R. J.; Montez, B.; Calas, G.; Flank, A. M.; Lagarde, P. (1994) 27Al Mas NMR and Aluminum X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Study of Imogolite and Allophanes. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42 (3). p.276-287. doi:10.1346/ccmn.1994.0420306
Jeute, Thomas, Baker, Leslie L., Bishop, Janice L., Abidin, Zaenal, Rampe, Elizabeth B. (2021) Spectroscopic analysis of allophane and imogolite samples with variable Fe abundance for characterizing the poorly crystalline components on Mars. American Mineralogist, 106 (4) 527-540 doi:10.2138/am-2020-7329
Localities for Allophane
Showing 635 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Coira et al. (1995) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
Australia | |
| Collection of RJ Martin inferred from ... |
| Wülser et al. (2011) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Jorgensen et al. (2017) |
| Grguric (2003) |
Austria | |
| Schebesta (1983) +1 other reference |
| Blass et al. (2003) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| Meixner (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1992) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G. Blass: Carinthia II 189./109.:215 (1999) |
| Mörtl (1984) |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| on public display of the ... |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Poeverlein (2008) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Lewandowski et al. (2006) |
| J.Taucher (2001) |
| Postl et al. (2013) |
| G.Gesselbauer (2020) |
| Taucher et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Leikauf (2006) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Christian Auer (2014) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2010) |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Schnorrer et al. (2005) | |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Schnorrer et al. (2008) | |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| - (1994, July) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) |
| - (1994, July) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Belgium | |
| [var: Allophane-evansite] Van Tassel R. (1959) +5 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Moressée (1910) +1 other reference |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| C.&H. Schäfer collection |
| Centenaire de l`Association des ... +2 other references | |
| Schulz et al. (1886) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Lespineux (1903) +2 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Jockin (en collaboration avec l'université de Liège) +2 other references | |
| perso.infonie.be (2004) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Blondieau et al. (2012) | |
Bolivia | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1990) +2 other references |
| Smith et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Brydon et al. (1972) |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Traill (1970) |
China | |
| Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11 (2) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Peters (2002) |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) |
| Qifeng Gao et al. (2007) |
| Telin Guan (1982) |
| Su Sun (1993) |
| Gu et al. (2003) |
| Xinghai Lang et al. (2011) |
| Nikischer (2019) |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev specimen | |
Colombia | |
| - (2002) |
| Pogue (1917) |
| Bergur E. Sigurðarson Collection | |
| Allophane in my collection |
Czech Republic | |
| Šrein +3 other references |
| Jirasek et al. (2026) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Kruťa (1958) |
| Pauliš +2 other references |
| Kruťa (1958) |
| Jirásek et al. (2019) |
| Toegel et al. (2006) |
| Fojt et al. (1994) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference | |
| Pauliš | |
| Sejkora et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Novák |
| Pelíšek (1979) |
| Bouška |
| |
DR Congo | |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Ecuador | |
| Alejandro Felix unpublished report |
| Alejandro Felix unpublished report | |
| - (2005) |
Faroe Islands | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2012) |
France | |
| Personnaly collected by Anthony Geneyton |
| Dana 6: 693. +2 other references |
| Pascal Chollet collection |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Pochon et al. (2018) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Gol (2014) |
| Chollet Pascal collection - obtained ... |
| Favreau et al. (2003) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| J.-P. Bourgarel collection. EDS by the ... +1 other reference |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Remy et al. (2014) |
| my collection |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| van den Berg (1987) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Habel (2007) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Augustus Krantz label | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Ingo Loeffler specimens +1 other reference | |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Schnorrer et al. (2009) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Schnorrer et al. (2006) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Kautz (1968) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Heinrich et al. (2006) |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Pekov et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Hohn et al. (2015) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection. Identified by ... |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Haake et al. (1994) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) | |
| Witzke (2023) |
| Vollstädt (1979) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Matthies (2009) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Riedel et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Knoll (2009) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| Rüger (1995) |
| |
Greece | |
| Meixner et al. (1982) |
| Rieck et al. (2022) | |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Möckel (2000) | |
| |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) |
| Schreiber et al. (2003) |
| Gröbner (2003) | |
| Lang (1890) | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Seemann et al. (2008) |
| L.Rantos collection |
| Voudouris (2011) |
Hungary | |
| geomania.hu (2011) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Own collect. (2006) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
Indonesia | |
| Prendergast (2003) |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
Ireland | |
| |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| ... |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Analysis by Andrea Palenzona |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Kipfer (1974) | |
| Blaß et al. (2015) | |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| 415. +1 other reference | |
| 415 (357) +1 other reference |
| Pagano et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Bracco et al. (2014) |
| Vergani F. et al. (2020) |
| Cortesogno L. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bruno Marello collection |
| Galliano et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo (10) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Billows (1941) |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection. Identified by ... |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Lovisato (1908) +2 other references |
| EDX analysis by G.Blass |
| M.E. Ciriotti - 05.06.2008 - Probed |
| PANICHI U. (1924) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| SEM/EDX by Dario cericola +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references | |
| SEM-EDS (AMI UK Service) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2015) |
| Batacchi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Bazzoni et al. (2015) | |
| L. Dell'Anna (1967) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Brogi et al. (1997) |
| Daleffe et al. (2005) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (1979) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Russell et al. (1969) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| 奥村滋. (1986) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Hatsudai Minerals specimen |
| - (n.d.) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| Karpenko et al. (2004) | |
| Uvarova et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Onac (2025) |
Laos | |
| Michael J. Stott specimens |
Mexico | |
| Moore (1998) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) +1 other reference | |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Netherlands | |
| Buurman et al (1975) |
| Cesco Ramakers Collection +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) +2 other references |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Robert McKelvey Collection and photo |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Breivik (2015) |
| Raade (1981) +1 other reference |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] |
| Andersen et al. (1993) |
| Henningsmoen (1950) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Magnetite Olivine Pyroxene Plagioclase ... |
Peru | |
| Lewis (1964) |
Philippines | |
| Elveta et al. (1990) |
Poland | |
| Wieser (1974) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Milch L. (1894) +1 other reference | |
| Finckh L. (1926) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Chodyniecka L. (1969) | |
| Finckh L. (1926) |
| Dana 6: 693. |
| Badak J. |
Portugal | |
| Daza Brunet et al. (2014) |
| Michele Dondi |
| CEDOM |
| Michele Dondi |
Romania | |
| Marincea +4 other references |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) | |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Marincea et al. (2011) | |
| Marincea et al. (2014, September) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Acta Mineralogica Petrographica |
| Marincea +2 other references |
Russia | |
| Luzgin et al. (1977) |
| A. E. Zadov data |
| Pekov et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Nikolaevsky et al. (1912) +2 other references |
| [var: Ferriallophane] Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| ... |
| ... | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Serbia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Chukhrov et al. (1965) |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Miškovic J. (1990) |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Števko M. (2014) | |
| Uher et al. (2000) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Cílek V. +1 other reference |
| Varček (1959) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2023) |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Sainz de Baranda et al. (2009) |
| Calvo et al. (2000) |
| Garcia Guinea J.y Martinez Frias J. (1992) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) | |
| Mingueza et al. (Min. Catalunya/Paragénesis, 2025) |
| [var: Ferriallophane] Bareche (2005) |
| Moro et al. (2000) |
| Tomas (1919-20) | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2004) |
| Pedro Mingueza et al. (2022) |
| Calvo et al. (2007) |
Sweden | |
| Chukanov et al. (2010) |
Switzerland | |
| Dietrich (1972) |
| Krähenbüghl H. (1982) |
| [var: Cupro-Allophane] Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| 86. (in German) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2002) |
Taiwan | |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
Turkmenistan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| [Specimen at the Natural History Museum |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +1 other reference |
| Peter Trebilcock.Self Collected. |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury (MS1) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Collins (1871) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +1 other reference |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| David Ifold |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| www.geologyrocks.co.uk (2012) |
| De Putter et al. (2000) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Hanson Limited |
| Day (1999) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Hall (1868) |
| David Shannon label |
| [Specimen in the collection of the ... |
| Hollingworth et al. (1950) | |
| Turner et al. (2010) |
| Henmi et al. (1973) |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Jenkins |
Ukraine | |
| Golubovskaya (2001) |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +2 other references | |
| Field collected |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Rolf Luetcke | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Peterson (1962) +1 other reference |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references |
| Schwartz (1947) +3 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027138 |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Romslo (1948) +1 other reference |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| R.O. Meyer collection |
| Bideaux (1980) |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +2 other references | |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Haltom (1929) |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Hulin (1925) +2 other references |
| Hulin (1925) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Holmes et al. (1983) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6:693. |
| Specimens collected by Jeremy Zolan in ... |
| Schairer (1931) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Grant ( ) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Wada (1972) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| [var: Allophane-evansite] Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Sunderman et al. (1969) |
| The Kansas University Quarterly |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Yale Peabody Museum |
| Dana et al. (1868) |
| Emerson (1895) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +2 other references |
| - (1958) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Williams (1988) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wallace et al. (1975) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Amer. Museum of Nat. History +1 other reference |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gibbs (1989) |
| Loughlin et al. (1942) | |
| Rocks & Min.:5:127. | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| White (1974) | |
| Ex. New Mexico Bereau of Mines and ... | |
| Lasky (1932) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Soil Survey of Rutherford County | |
| [var: Phosphate-Allophane] Jaffe et al. (1950) |
| Dana 6:1067 +1 other reference |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1922 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 59:109-120 & 62:176-178. |
| The NSS Bulletin Volume 47 Number 1: ... |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| USGS Bull 470 |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| makalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wilson (1995) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| USGS TEI #514 +1 other reference | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Hawley (1934) |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Buchholz et al. (2019) |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishbobaev et al. (2023) |
Zambia | |
| personal visits and collecting in 1996 ... +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Hurlbut (1958) | |
Mars | |
| Lane et al. (2008) |
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Mosset rare earths deposit, Mosset, Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, Occitanie, France