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Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland i
Regional Level Types
Black Angel Mine Mine
Maarmorilik Village
Avannaata Municipality
Greenland Autonomous Territory

Regional Level Types
Black Angel Mine	Mine
Maarmorilik	Village
Avannaata	Municipality
Greenland	Autonomous Territory

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Galena, etc.

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Palygorskite

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Sphalerite, etc.

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Galena, etc.

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Palygorskite

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Sphalerite, etc.

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Galena, etc.

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Palygorskite

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland

Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):

71° 7' 44'' North , 51° 13' 35'' West

Latitude & Longitude (decimal):

G#: fuesdk9up

Type:

Köppen climate type:

Nearest Settlements:

Place	Population	Distance
Saattut	211 (2018)	38.2km

Mindat Locality ID:

8712

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:8712:7

GUID (UUID V4):

Other/historical names associated with this locality:

Black Angel deposit; Black Angel District; Black Angel Zn-Pb deposit

Other Languages:

Danish:

Sorte Engel Mine, Maamorilik, Avannaata Kommune, Grønland

Operated from 1973 to 1990. Known as one of the most unaccessible mines in the world. Reopened in 2010.

Paleoproterozoic hydrothermal Zn-Pb-Ag-rare metals mineralization. The ores are hosted by a greenschist-facies calcitic marble of the Marmorilik Formation of the Paleoproterozoic Karrat Group.
The origin of the deposit remains ambiguous (Horn et al., 2019). The deposit may be a metamorphosed carbonate-hosted polymetallic Kipushi-type deposit.

The Black Angel deposit on the West coast of Greenland is a signifcant Zn–Pb deposit hosted in the Paleoproterozoic Mârmorilik Formation, with pre-mining reserves of 13 Mt, at 12% Zn, 4% Pb, and 29 ppm Ag. The deposit encompasses eight diferent ore bodies and two satellite ore bodies (the Nunngarut orebodies) located ca. 4 km to the southwest. The deposit was metamorphosed to greenschist facies conditions and extensively deformed and sheared.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.

ⓘ Lead

ⓘ Zinc

Mineral List

26 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

ⓘ Chert

ⓘ 'Hydrothermal breccia'

ⓘ Marble

ⓘ Meta-evaporite

ⓘ Mudstone

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

Rosa, Diogo, Leach, David, Guarnieri, Pierpaolo, Bekker, Andrey (2023) The Black Angel deposit, Greenland: a Paleoproterozoic evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit. Mineralium Deposita, 58 (1) 51-73 doi:10.1007/s00126-022-01125-z

ⓘ Anhydrite

Formula: CaSO₄

References:

Horn, S., Dziggel, A., Kolb, J., Sindern, S. (2019) Textural characteristics and trace element distribution in carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag ores at the Paleoproterozoic Black Angel deposit, central West Greenland. Mineralium Deposita, 54 (4) 507-524 doi:10.1007/s00126-018-0821-5

Guarnieri, Pierpaolo, Sam T. Thiele, Nigel Baker, Erik V. Sørensen, Moritz Kirsch, Sandra Lorenz, Diogo Rosa, Gabriel Unger, and Robert Zimmermann. (2022) "Unravelling the Deformation of Paleoproterozoic Marbles and Zn-Pb Ore Bodies by Combining 3D-Photogeology and Hyperspectral Data (Black Angel Mine, Central West Greenland)" Minerals 12, no. 7: 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070800

ⓘ Arsenopyrite

Formula: FeAsS

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Bornite

Formula: Cu₅FeS₄

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Briartite

Formula: Cu₂FeGeS₄

References:

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

References:

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Enargite

Formula: Cu₃AsS₄

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

References:

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF₂

References:

ⓘ 'Freibergite Subgroup'

Formula: (Ag₆,[Ag₆]⁴⁺)(Cu₄ C²⁺₂)Sb₄S₁₂S_0-1

References:

ⓘ Galena

Formula: PbS

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Gold

Formula: Au

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Gold var. Electrum

Formula: (Au,Ag)

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Graphite

Formula: C

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Löllingite

Formula: FeAs₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Palygorskite

Formula: ◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O

Habit: fibrous sheet

Colour: white (stained brown)

Description: Foliated, paper-like sheet characteristic of "mountain leather". Could also be sepiolite.

References:

Ted Johnson collectionIdentification: Dealer/Collection Label

ⓘ Phlogopite

Formula: KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

References:

ⓘ Polybasite

Formula: [Ag₆Sb₂S₇][Ag₉CuS₄]

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

References:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ 'Scapolite'

References:

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ Stannite

Formula: Cu₂FeSnS₄

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ 'Tennantite Subgroup'

Formula: Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)As₄S₁₂S

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'

Formula: Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)Sb₄S₁₂S

References:

ⓘ Tremolite

Formula: ◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂

References:

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Gold var. Electrum	1.AA.05	(Au,Ag)
ⓘ		1.AA.05	Au
ⓘ	Graphite	1.CB.05a	C
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Bornite	2.BA.15	Cu₅FeS₄
ⓘ	Sphalerite	2.CB.05a	ZnS
ⓘ	Chalcopyrite	2.CB.10a	CuFeS₂
ⓘ	Stannite	2.CB.15a	Cu₂FeSnS₄
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Galena	2.CD.10	PbS
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Löllingite	2.EB.15a	FeAs₂
ⓘ	Arsenopyrite	2.EB.20	FeAsS
ⓘ	'Freibergite Subgroup'	2.GB.05	(Ag₆,[Ag₆]⁴⁺)(Cu₄ C²⁺₂)Sb₄S₁₂S_0-1
ⓘ	'Tennantite Subgroup'	2.GB.05	Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)As₄S₁₂S
ⓘ	'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'	2.GB.05	Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)Sb₄S₁₂S
ⓘ	Polybasite	2.GB.15	[Ag₆Sb₂S₇][Ag₉CuS₄]
ⓘ	Enargite	2.KA.05	Cu₃AsS₄
ⓘ	Briartite	2.KA.10	Cu₂FeGeS₄
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Fluorite	3.AB.25	CaF₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Anhydrite	7.AD.30	CaSO₄
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Tremolite	9.DE.10	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Phlogopite	9.EC.20	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Palygorskite	9.EE.20	◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Scapolite'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Palygorskite	◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O
H	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Graphite	C
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Anhydrite	CaSO₄
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Palygorskite	◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O
O	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Palygorskite	◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Palygorskite	◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O
Al	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Palygorskite	◻Al₂Mg₂◻₂Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ · 4H₂O
Si	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Anhydrite	CaSO₄
S	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
S	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
S	ⓘ Briartite	Cu₂FeGeS₄
S	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
S	ⓘ Enargite	Cu₃AsS₄
S	ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup	(Ag₆,[Ag₆]⁴⁺)(Cu₄ C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S_0-1
S	ⓘ Galena	PbS
S	ⓘ Polybasite	[Ag₆Sb₂S₇][Ag₉CuS₄]
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
S	ⓘ Stannite	Cu₂FeSnS₄
S	ⓘ Tennantite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)As₄S₁₂S
S	ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Anhydrite	CaSO₄
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Fluorite	CaF₂
Ca	ⓘ Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Fe	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
Fe	ⓘ Briartite	Cu₂FeGeS₄
Fe	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Löllingite	FeAs₂
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Stannite	Cu₂FeSnS₄
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Bornite	Cu₅FeS₄
Cu	ⓘ Briartite	Cu₂FeGeS₄
Cu	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Cu	ⓘ Enargite	Cu₃AsS₄
Cu	ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup	(Ag₆,[Ag₆]⁴⁺)(Cu₄ C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S_0-1
Cu	ⓘ Polybasite	[Ag₆Sb₂S₇][Ag₉CuS₄]
Cu	ⓘ Stannite	Cu₂FeSnS₄
Cu	ⓘ Tennantite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)As₄S₁₂S
Cu	ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
Ge	Germanium
Ge	ⓘ Briartite	Cu₂FeGeS₄
As	Arsenic
As	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
As	ⓘ Enargite	Cu₃AsS₄
As	ⓘ Löllingite	FeAs₂
As	ⓘ Tennantite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)As₄S₁₂S
Ag	Silver
Ag	ⓘ Gold var. Electrum	(Au,Ag)
Ag	ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup	(Ag₆,[Ag₆]⁴⁺)(Cu₄ C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S_0-1
Ag	ⓘ Polybasite	[Ag₆Sb₂S₇][Ag₉CuS₄]
Sn	Tin
Sn	ⓘ Stannite	Cu₂FeSnS₄
Sb	Antimony
Sb	ⓘ Freibergite Subgroup	(Ag₆,[Ag₆]⁴⁺)(Cu₄ C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S_0-1
Sb	ⓘ Polybasite	[Ag₆Sb₂S₇][Ag₉CuS₄]
Sb	ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S
Au	Gold
Au	ⓘ Gold var. Electrum	(Au,Ag)
Au	ⓘ Gold	Au
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Galena	PbS

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

North AmericaContinent

North America PlateTectonic Plate

Rinkinian OrogenShield

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Pedersen, Frank D.; Christensen, Kurt (1978) Sorte Engel. VARV. Bladet med de ældste nyheder, 1978 (2). 52-64

Pedersen, F. D. (1980) Remobilization of the massive sulfide ore of the Black Angel Mine, central West Greenland. Econonomic Geology, 75:1022-1041

Mining Annual Review (1985): 507

[1]Rosa, Diogo, Leach, David, Guarnieri, Pierpaolo, Bekker, Andrey (2023) The Black Angel deposit, Greenland: a Paleoproterozoic evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit. Mineralium Deposita, 58 (1) 51-73 doi:10.1007/s00126-022-01125-z

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Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, GreenlandiRegional Level TypesBlack Angel MineMine MaarmorilikVillage AvannaataMunicipality GreenlandAutonomous Territory function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

Select Mineral List Type

Commodity List

Mineral List

Rock Types Recorded

Select Rock List Type

Detailed Mineral List:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

List of minerals for each chemical element

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

References

Black Angel Mine, Maarmorilik, Avannaata, Greenland i
Regional Level Types
Black Angel Mine Mine
Maarmorilik Village
Avannaata Municipality
Greenland Autonomous Territory