Povondraite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Povondraite
Pavel Povondra
Formula:
NaFe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Colour:
Dark brown to brownish black
Lustre:
Resinous
Hardness:
7
Specific Gravity:
3.26
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in honour of Pavel Povondra (7 December 1924, Žamberk, Ústí nad Orlicí District, Pardubice Region, Czech Republic - 9 September 2013), mineralogist at Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, for his extensive work on the chemistry of the tourmaline group.
Povondraite was redefined (IMA 90-E) from the original “ferridravite” (Walenta and Dunn, 1979) because the initially assumed site assignments were incorrect and did not correspond to the Fe3+-equivalent of dravite (Grice et al. 1993). Hawthorne and Henry (1999) suggested that Mg is ordered at the Z site and should be part of the end-member formula.
The type locality was originally given imprecisely as the San Francisco mine. However, povondraite does not occur in the asbestos mine itself, but rather in the rock unit known as the Locotal Breccia, several hundred meters from the asbestos ore veins.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Povondraite.
The type locality was originally given imprecisely as the San Francisco mine. However, povondraite does not occur in the asbestos mine itself, but rather in the rock unit known as the Locotal Breccia, several hundred meters from the asbestos ore veins.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Povondraite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3274
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3274:8
IMA Classification of Povondraite
Approved
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
NaFe3+3(Fe3+4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Approval year:
1978
First published:
1979
Approval history:
Renamed by IMA: 1990
Classification of Povondraite
9.CK.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
K : [Si6O18]12- 6-membered single rings, with insular complex anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
C : Cyclosilicates
K : [Si6O18]12- 6-membered single rings, with insular complex anions
Dana 7th ed.:
61.3.1.8
61.3.1.6
61 : CYCLOSILICATES Six-Membered Rings
3 : Six-Membered Rings with borate groups
61 : CYCLOSILICATES Six-Membered Rings
3 : Six-Membered Rings with borate groups
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pov | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pov | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Povondraite
Resinous
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Dark brown to brownish black
Comment:
Light is transmitted only in thin splinters.
Streak:
Brown
Hardness:
7 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
None Observed
Density:
3.26(3) g/cm3 (Measured) 3.33 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Povondraite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.82 nε = 1.751
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.069
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
E : light brown and O: dark brown, blackish brown to opaque.
Chemistry of Povondraite
Mindat Formula:
NaFe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
K,Mg,Al,Cu,Pb,Sn,Ti,V,H2O
Crystallography of Povondraite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 16.18 Å, c = 7.44 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.46
Unit Cell V:
1,686.79 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Equant and simple. Crystals are comprised of the second-order hexagonal prism {1120} and the trigonal pyramids, {1011} and {2021}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018783 | Povondraite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | San Francisco mine, Villa Tu nari, Bolivia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001555 | Povondraite | Grice J D, Ercit T S, Hawthorne F C (1993) Povondraite, a redefinition of the tourmaline ferridravite American Mineralogist 78 433-436 |  | 1993 | San Francisco mine, Villa Tunari, Bolivia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.63 Å | (100) |
| 6.63 Å | (90) |
| 4.05 Å | (90) |
| 3.05 Å | (90) |
| 3.61 Å | (80) |
| 5.13 Å | (70) |
| 4.71 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Saltdome caprock
Type Occurrence of Povondraite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystals (to several mm), intergrown or forming subparallel aggregates. Not easily recognized as tourmaline. Crystals are not elongated along the c axis, but are more equant in habit.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, M35899.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 144478.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 144478.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Schist, possibly limited to younger fissures. Rare.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Povondraite
Other Language Names for Povondraite
Dutch:Povondraiet
German:Povondrait
Ferridravit
Ferridravit
Japanese:ポヴォンドラ電気石
Russian:Повондраит
Spanish:Ferridravita
Povondraita
Povondraita
Relationship of Povondraite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Tourmaline:
| Adachiite | CaFe3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Alumino-oxy-rossmanite | ◻Al3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Bosiite | NaFe3+3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Celleriite | ◻(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Chromium-dravite | NaMg3Cr3+6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Chromo-alumino-povondraite | NaCr3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Darrellhenryite | Na(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Dutrowite | Na(Fe2+2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ertlite | NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ferro-bosiite | NaFe3+3(Al4Fe2+2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Feruvite | CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-buergerite | NaFe3+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-liddicoatite | Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-rossmanite | ◻(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Fluor-schorl | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-tsilaisite | NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-uvite | CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Foitite | ◻(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Liddicoatite | Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Lucchesiite | CaFe2+3 Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Magnesio-dutrowite | Na(Mg2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Magnesio-foitite | ◻(Mg2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Magnesio-lucchesiite | CaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Maruyamaite | K(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Olenite | NaAl3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-chromium-dravite | NaCr3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-dravite | Na(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-foitite | ◻(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Oxy-schorl | Na(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-vanadium-dravite | NaV3(V4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Princivalleite | Na(Mn2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Rossmanite | ◻(LiAl2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Schorl | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Tsilaisite | NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| 'UM2000-64-SiO:BFeHKMg' | (K,Na)Fe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3O | |
| 'UM2008-52-SiO:AlBCaFFeHLiMgNa' | (Ca,Na,◻)(Al,Li,Fe,Mg)3Al6[Si6O18](BO3)3(OH,O)3(F,O) | |
| 'Unnamed (F analogue of feruvite)' | CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | |
| 'Unnamed (Mn2+-F-analogue of foitite)' | ◻(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F ? | |
| 'Unnamed (Pb-analogue of Fluor-liddicoatite)' | Pb(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | |
| Uvite | CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite | NaV3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Vanadio-oxy-dravite | NaV3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 4 photos of Povondraite associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 3 photos of Povondraite associated with Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 2 photos of Povondraite associated with Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 2 photos of Povondraite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Povondraite associated with Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.CK. | Adachiite | CaFe3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK. | Magnesio-dutrowite | Na(Mg2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK. | Darrellhenryite | Na(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK. | Fluor-schorl | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK. | Princivalleite | Na(Mn2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK. | Alumino-oxy-rossmanite | ◻Al3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK. | Dutrowite | Na(Fe2+2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK. | Ferro-bosiite | NaFe3+3(Al4Fe2+2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK. | Bosiite | NaFe3+3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK. | Celleriite | ◻(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Feruvite | CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Chromium-dravite | NaMg3Cr3+6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Fluor-rossmanite | ◻(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK.05 | Oxy-schorl | Na(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Fluor-elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK.05 | Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Fluor-uvite | CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK.05 | Foitite | ◻(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Vanadio-oxy-dravite | NaV3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Fluor-buergerite | NaFe3+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3F |
| 9.CK.05 | 'Unnamed (F analogue of feruvite)' | CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK.05 | Ertlite | NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Tsilaisite | NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK.05 | Uvite | CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Fluor-tsilaisite | NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK.05 | Oxy-foitite | ◻(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Liddicoatite | Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite | NaV3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Rossmanite | ◻(LiAl2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Oxy-vanadium-dravite | NaV3(V4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Olenite | NaAl3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | 'UM2000-64-SiO:BFeHKMg' | (K,Na)Fe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Magnesio-lucchesiite | CaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Lucchesiite | CaFe2+3 Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Chromo-alumino-povondraite | NaCr3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Fluor-dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F |
| 9.CK.05 | Oxy-dravite | Na(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | Oxy-chromium-dravite | NaCr3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.05 | 'Luinaite-(OH)' | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Schorl | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Magnesio-foitite | ◻(Mg2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 9.CK.05 | Maruyamaite | K(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 9.CK.10 | Abenakiite-(Ce) | Na26Ce6(Si6O18)(PO4)6(CO3)6(SO2)O |
| 9.CK.15 | Scawtite | Ca7(Si3O9)2CO3 · 2H2O |
| 9.CK.20 | Thorosteenstrupine | (Ca,Th,Mn)3Si4O11F · 6H2O |
| 9.CK.20 | Steenstrupine-(Ce) | Na14Mn2+2Fe3+2Ce6Zr(Si6O18)2(PO4)6(PO3OH)(OH)2 · 2H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Povondraite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3274.html
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References for Povondraite
Reference List:
Walenta, Kurt, Dunn, Pete J. (1979) Ferridravite, a new mineral of the tourmaline group from Bolivia. American Mineralogist, 64 (9-10) 945-948
Grice, Joel D., Ercit, T. Scott, Hawthorne, Frank C. (1993) Povondraite, a redefinition of the tourmaline ferridravite. American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 433-436
Žáček, V., Petrov, A., Hyršl, J. (1998) Chemistry and origin of povondraite-bearing rocks from Alto Chapare, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 43 (1-2) 59-68
Hawthorne, Frank C., Henrys, Darrell J. (1999) Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (2) 201-216 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/2/0201
Žáček, V., Frýda, J., Petrov, A., Hyršl, J. (2000) Tourmalines of the povondraite - (oxy)dravite series from the cap rock of meta-evaporite in Alto Chapare, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 45 (1-2) 3-12
Localities for Povondraite
Showing 20 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Jones et al. (1981) |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
| T Kapitany (pers comm) |
Austria | |
| B. Moser (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Žáček et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| - (erroneously attributed to San Francisco mine in the type description) |
| - (erroneously attributed to this mine in the type description) | |
Brazil | |
| erroneously reported [MinRec 33:209] |
China | |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
Mali | |
| Masurel et al. (2017) |
Norway | |
| ... |
Russia | |
| Mineralogy of the Peschanka porphyry copper deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) |
| Nikolaev et al. (2013) |
| Baksheev et al. (2015) |
| Baksheev et al. (2015) | |
| Baksheev et al. (2015) | |
Slovakia | |
| Bačík et al. (2008) |
| Bačík et al. (2008) |
USA | |
| Robert Jemkins +1 other reference |
| Ex collection Dipl. Min. Ulrich Vetter |
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Alto Chapare mining district, Chapare Province, Cochabamba, Bolivia