Pharmacolite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Pharmacolite
Formula:
Ca(HAsO4) · 2H2O
Colour:
White or colorless, grayish white; colorless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
2.53 - 2.73
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten in 1800 from the Greek φάρμακον ("pharmakon"), a substance with potent properties, a poison (but may also mean a drug or medicine; cf. pharmacy, pharmaceutical etc.), in allusion to its composition, containing arsenic.
The arsenate analogue of brushite.
Pharmacolite may be visually very similar to fresh (undehydrated) ferrarisite.
Structurally related to gypsum. Not structurally related to picropharmacolite with whom it is often associated.
Pharmacolite may be visually very similar to fresh (undehydrated) ferrarisite.
Structurally related to gypsum. Not structurally related to picropharmacolite with whom it is often associated.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3184
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3184:0
IMA Classification of Pharmacolite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca(As5+O3OH)·2H2O
Classification of Pharmacolite
8.CJ.50
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
J : With only large cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
J : With only large cations
39.1.1.2
39 : HYDRATED ACID PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
1 : A[HXO4]·xH2O
39 : HYDRATED ACID PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
1 : A[HXO4]·xH2O
20.2.8
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
2 : Arsenates of Be, Mg, Ca or Ba
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
2 : Arsenates of Be, Mg, Ca or Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pmc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Pharmacolite
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Luster pearly on cleavage.
Colour:
White or colorless, grayish white; colorless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}, perfect.
On {010}, perfect.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.53 - 2.73 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.73 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
2.710 ± 0.010 (artificial material)
Optical Data of Pharmacolite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.580 - 1.583 nβ = 1.589 - 1.590 nγ = 1.590 - 1.594
2V:
Measured: 77° , Calculated: 84°
Birefringence:
0.010
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010 - 0.011
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v
Optical Extinction:
Z=b; X ^ c = 29°
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Pharmacolite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(HAsO4) · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Pharmacolite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.9745 Å, b = 15.4340 Å, c = 6.2797 Å
β = 114.83°
β = 114.83°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.387 : 1 : 0.407
Unit Cell V:
525.52 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals tiny, rare, flattened on {010} or needle-like [001]. Silky fibrous; acicular clusters; botryoidal and stalactitic.
Comment:
Space group Ia (non-standard setting). If Z = 8, there is a similarity to krautite. Another setting is C-centered: a ~ 6.59, b ~ 15.43, c ~ 5.98 Å, β ~ 120.3°.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009386 | Pharmacolite | Ferraris G, Jones D W, Yerkess J (1971) Determination of hydrogen atom positions in the crystal structure of pharmacolite, CaHAsO4(H2O)2, by neutron diffraction Acta Crystallographica B27 349-354 |  | 1971 | Andreasberg, Harz Mts, Lower Saxony, Germany | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.7 Å | (90) |
| 5.3 Å | (20) |
| 5.1 Å | (70) |
| 4.3 Å | (100) |
| 4.01 Å | (10) |
| 3.84 Å | (20) |
| 3.70 Å | (10) |
| 3.08 Å | (80) |
| 3.05 Å | (20) |
| 3.02 Å | (80) |
| 2.92 Å | (20) |
| 2.84 Å | (20) |
| 2.70 Å | (90) |
| 2.66 Å | (90) |
| 2.56 Å | (40) |
| 2.48 Å | (50) |
| 2.43 Å | (50) |
| 2.30 Å | (10) |
| 2.21 Å | (40) |
| 2.18 Å | (10) |
| 2.13 Å | (10) |
| 2.00 Å | (40) |
| 1.98 Å | (1) |
| 1.96 Å | (10) |
| 1.92 Å | (50) |
| 1.908 Å | (40) |
| 1.901 Å | (50) |
| 1.857 Å | (50) |
| 1.829 Å | (50) |
| 1.812 Å | (50) |
| 1.752 Å | (50) |
| 1.668 Å | (20) |
| 1.658 Å | (10) |
| 1.640 Å | (10) |
| 1.614 Å | (10) |
| 1.605 Å | (40) |
| 1.588 Å | (10) |
| 1.564 Å | (40) |
| 1.553 Å | (20) |
| 1.538 Å | (10) |
| 1.521 Å | (10) |
| 1.506 Å | (10) |
| 1.468 Å | (40) |
| 1.432 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 25-138
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of arsenical ore deposits.
Type Occurrence of Pharmacolite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Found on oxidized arsenic ores; may be post-mining.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Pharmacolite
Arsenblüte (in part)
Arsenicite (in part)
Other Language Names for Pharmacolite
Dutch:Pharmacoliet
German:Pharmakolith
Arsenicit
Arsenikbluethe
Arsenikblüte
Arseniksaurer Kalk
Parmakit
Pharmacolit
Arsenikblüthe (in part)
Arsenicit
Arsenikbluethe
Arsenikblüte
Arseniksaurer Kalk
Parmakit
Pharmacolit
Arsenikblüthe (in part)
Italian:Farmacolite
Russian:Фармаколит
Spanish:Arsenicita
Relationship of Pharmacolite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Gypsum Supergroup:
| Brushite | Ca(PO3OH) · 2H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
| Churchite-(Y) | Y(PO4) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 27 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 19 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Picropharmacolite | Ca4Mg(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 · 11H2O |
| 19 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 12 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Native Arsenic | As |
| 11 photos of Pharmacolite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 11 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Orpiment | As2S3 |
| 10 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 8 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Guérinite | Ca6(HAsO4)3(AsO4)2 · 10.5H2O |
| 7 photos of Pharmacolite associated with Sainfeldite | Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CJ. | Airdite | Sr(V4+O)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ. | Dobšináite | Ca2Ca(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CJ. | Sainfeldite | Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ. | Caesiumpharmacosiderite | CsFe3+4[(AsO4)3(OH)4] · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ. | Jeankempite | Ca5(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 8.CJ.05 | Stercorite | (NH4)Na(PO3OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.10 | Swaknoite | (NH4)2Ca(PO3OH)2 · H2O |
| 8.CJ.10 | Mundrabillaite | (NH4)2Ca(PO3OH)2 · H2O |
| 8.CJ.15 | Nabaphite | NaBaPO4 · 9H2O |
| 8.CJ.15 | Nastrophite | Na(Sr,Ba)PO4 · 9H2O |
| 8.CJ.20 | Haidingerite | CaHAsO4 · H2O |
| 8.CJ.25 | Rhabdophane-(Y) | YPO4 · H2O |
| 8.CJ.25 | Vladimirite | Ca4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.27 | 'Churchite-(Dy)' | (Dy,Sm,Gd,Nd)PO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CJ.30 | Ferrarisite | Ca5(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2 · 9H2O |
| 8.CJ.35 | Fulbrightite | Ca(V4+O)2(As5+O4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.35 | Machatschkiite | (Ca,Na)6(AsO4)(HAsO4)3(PO4,SO4) · 15H2O |
| 8.CJ.40 | Rauenthalite | Ca3(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.CJ.40 | Phaunouxite | Ca3(AsO4)2 · 11H2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Brockite | (Ca,Th,Ce)PO4 · H2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Smirnovskite | (Th,Ca)PO4 · nH2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Rhabdophane-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) · 0.6H2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Rhabdophane-(La) | La(PO4) · H2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Rhabdophane-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) · H2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Tristramite | (Ca,U4+,Fe3+)(PO4,SO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Grayite | (Th,Pb,Ca)(PO4) · H2O |
| 8.CJ.45 | Štěpite | U(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.47 | Vysokýite | U4+[AsO2(OH)2]4 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.50 | Churchite-(Y) | Y(PO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CJ.50 | Brushite | Ca(PO3OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.CJ.50 | Ardealite | Ca2(PO3OH)(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.50 | 'Churchite-(Nd)' | Nd(PO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CJ.55 | Mcnearite | NaCa5(AsO4)(HAsO4)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.60 | Dorfmanite | Na2(PO3OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.CJ.65 | Sincosite | Ca(V4+O)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.65 | Bariosincosite | Ba(V4+O)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CJ.70 | Catalanoite | Na2(PO3OH) · 8H2O |
| 8.CJ.75 | Guérinite | Ca6(HAsO4)3(AsO4)2 · 10.5H2O |
| 8.CJ.85 | Ningyoite | (U,Ca,Ce)2(PO4)2 · 1-2H2O |
Fluorescence of Pharmacolite
May be fluorescent pale blue in SW UV
Other Information
Notes:
Flexible in thin lamellae. Readily soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Dehydrates rapidly at 60°C to haidingerite.
Health Risks:
This is a potentially dangerous mineral. Contains arsenic. Handle minimally and carefully. Do not lick or taste, do not breathe dust, wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Internet Links for Pharmacolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3184.html
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Pharmacolite
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1802) CVI. Untersuchung des Pharmakoliths. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 3. Rottmann. p.277-281.
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.593 - as Arsenicite
Schrauf, A. (1880) Ueber Arsenate von Joachimsthal. 1. Mixit, ein neues Kupferwismuthhydroarsenat. 2. Wapplerit. 3. Pharmakolith. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 4 (1). 277-285 doi:10.1524/zkri.1880.4.1.277
Des Cloizeaux, Alfred (1888) Note sur les caractères optiques de la pharmacolite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 11 (4) 192-195 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1888.3182
Jannettaz, Édouard (1888) Note sur la pharmacolite de Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (Alsace). Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, 11 (6). 212-215 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1888.3190
Church, A. H. (1895) A Chemical Study of Some Native Arsenates and Phosphates. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 11 (49) 1-12 doi:10.1180/minmag.1895.011.49.01
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. p.498
Pierrot, Roland (1964) Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates calciques et calcomagnésiens naturels. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 87 (2) 169-211 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1964.5727
Ferraris, G. (1969) The crystal structure of pharmacolite, CaH(AsO4)·2H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 25 (8) 1544-1550 doi:10.1107/s0567740869004304
Ferraris, G., Jones, D. W., Yerkess, J. (1971) Determination of hydrogen atom positions in the crystal structure of pharmacolite, CaHAsO4·2H2O, by neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 27 (2) 349-354 doi:10.1107/s0567740871002206
Catti, M., Ferraris, G. (1973) Hydrogen bonding in the crystalline state. Crystal structure of CaHAsO4·3H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 29 (1) 90-96 doi:10.1107/s0567740873002025
Catti, Michele, Franchini-Angela, Marinella (1979) Krautite, Mn(H2O)(AsO3OH): crystal structure, hydrogen bonding and relations with haidingerite and pharmacolite. American Mineralogist, 64 (11-12) 1248-1254
Heijnen, W.M.M., Hartman, P. (1991) Structural morphology of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) and pharmacolite (CaHAsO4·2H2O). Journal of Crystal Growth, 108 (1). 290-300 doi:10.1016/0022-0248(91)90376-g
Rodríguez-Blanco, Juan Diego; Jiménez, Amalia; Prieto, Manuel (2007) Oriented Overgrowth of Pharmacolite (CaHAsO4·2H2O) on Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Crystal Growth & Design, 7 (12). 2756-2763 doi:10.1021/cg070222+
Frost, Ray L., Bahfenne, Silmarilly, Čejka, Jiří, Sejkora, Jiří, Plášil, Jakub, Palmer, Sara J. (2010) Raman spectroscopic study of the hydrogen-arsenate mineral pharmacolite Ca(AsO3OH)·2H2O-implications for aquifer and sediment remediation. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 41 (10) 1348-1352 doi:10.1002/jrs.2556
Localities for Pharmacolite
Showing 136 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Ferrini et al. (2003) |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Peter Andersen collection |
Austria | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Fugger (1878) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Hatle et al. (1887) |
Canada | |
| Garske (n.d.) |
| Mauthner et al. (1996) |
| |
| Reiner Mielke 2012 |
| Percival | |
Chile | |
| Raman Spectroscopy and SEM-EDS by Joy ... |
China | |
| Zhu et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| Plášil |
| Plášil J. et al. (2008) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dr. Jan Hlousek label +1 other reference | |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Novák et al. (2004) |
| Tvrdý +1 other reference |
| |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Řídkošil et al. (1985) |
France | |
| Bari (1982) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
| Bari (1982) +1 other reference | |
| This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Pélisson et al. (1987) |
| Henriot et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet (2000) |
| Cuchet (2000) | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| |
| |
| Blaß et al. (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Markl (1992) |
| |
| Erzgräber 1987 (2) | |
| Lorenz (2004) +1 other reference |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Christophe Boutry collection | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996) |
| Hofmann (1992) |
| Möhn et al. (07/2020) |
| Vollstädt et al. (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Martin et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Hans-Jürgen Haas collection | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Fritz Schreiber collection +1 other reference | |
Iran | |
| Bariand et al. (1993) |
Ireland | |
| Stephen Moreton Collection |
Italy | |
| |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Japan | |
| OHNISHI et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Malaysia | |
| Breward et al. (1994) |
Mexico | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2007) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
North Macedonia | |
| Rieck (1993) +3 other references |
| Hiessleitner (1951) |
Poland | |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2003) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pierre Rosseel collection |
Romania | |
| U. Kolitsch (PXRD + EDS) |
| Koller G.2009 |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Savva et al. (2023) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2011) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Tóth M. et al. (in Hungarian) |
Spain | |
| Julio Alberto Cendon Martinez |
| López (n.d.) |
| Manuel Echevarria Rodriguez collection |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Analyses by N. Meisser (XRD - MGL, Lausanne) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
USA | |
| Onac (2025) |
| Irelan et al. (1890a) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2017) |
| Wilson et al. (1992) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| - (2005) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dunn (1995) |
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Dealul Crucii adit, Baia Mare, Maramureș County, Romania