The exposed strata primarily belong to the Archean Songjiakou Group of the Fuping Complex, comprising potassium feldspar granitic gneiss, plagioclase amphibolite, and syenogranitic rocks. Quaternary unconsolidated sediments are limited in distribution, mainly along valleys and streambeds. Intrusive rocks are categorized into two main groups: early-stage metamorphosed plutonic rocks, mainly amphibole-biotite plagioclase gneiss, and late-stage Yanshanian intermediate-acidic dikes, including quartz porphyry, aplite, quartz vein rocks, and pegmatite. These dikes intrude the basement gneisses and overlying units. Two types of orebodies are recognized: breccia-type (dominant) and altered-rock type. The breccia-type ores display semi-euhedral granular and brecciated textures with angular clasts and a matrix cemented by fine-grained hydrothermal minerals. Ore minerals such as pyrite, native silver, electrum, argentite, and stromeyerite are mainly distributed within the matrix and along open spaces between clasts, indicating mineralization postdates brecciation. Additionally, localized mineral grains are observed within the clasts themselves, suggesting multiphase fluid activity. In contrast, the altered-rock type ores show porphyritic and cryptocrystalline groundmass textures, characterized by fine vein-disseminated and cataclastic structures.
The mineralization process is divided into four stages: (1) sericitic alteration stage (Ser–W), (2) quartz–pyrite stage (Q–Py), (3) polymetallic sulfide stage (Sul), and (4) quartz–carbonate stage (Cc). Stages (2) and (3) are the principal ore-forming episodes. These hydrothermal stages are characterized by variable fluid temperatures and redox states, resulting in successive sulfide and carbonate mineral precipitation.

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