Baddeleyite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Baddeleyite
Formula:
ZrO2
Colour:
Colourless to yellow, green, greenish or reddish brown, brown, iron-black; colourless to brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
6½
Specific Gravity:
5.4 - 6.02
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Joseph Baddeley, British geologist, and superintendent of a railroad project in Rakwana, Sri Lanka. Baddeley sent samples of unusual minerals to the Museum of Practical Geology in London for analysis. This led to the discovery of geikielite. Baddeley then sent more samples of that mineral, but one of them was instead the new mineral, to be named baddeleyite.
Dimorph of:
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
480
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:480:8
Similar Names
| Baddeleyite (of Clarke) | A synonym of Ilvaite |
IMA Classification of Baddeleyite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Zr4+O2
First published:
1892
Type description reference:
Classification of Baddeleyite
4.DE.35
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
E : With medium-sized cations; with various polyhedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
E : With medium-sized cations; with various polyhedra
4.4.14.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.10.1
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bdy | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bdy | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Bdl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Baddeleyite
Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless to yellow, green, greenish or reddish brown, brown, iron-black; colourless to brown in transmitted light
Streak:
White to brownish white
Hardness:
6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
nearly perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010} and {110}
nearly perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010} and {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5.4 - 6.02 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Baddeleyite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.13 nβ = 2.19 nγ = 2.2
2V:
Measured: 30° to 31°, Calculated: 28°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.070
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v, rather strong
Comments:
X = yellow, reddish brown, oil-green; Y = oil-green, reddish brown; Z = brown, light brown; Orientation: X vs. c = 13°, Y = b
Chemistry of Baddeleyite
Mindat Formula:
ZrO2
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Common Impurities:
Ca,Fe,Hf,Si,Ti
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous : 2219.1 Ma to 105.2 ± 0.5 Ma - based on 9 recorded ages.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 105.2 ± 0.5 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | U-Pb |
| 2 | 292 ± 0.8 Ma | Cisuralian | U-Pb isotope |
| 3 | 293.7 ± 1.6 Ma | Cisuralian | U-Pb isotope |
| 4 | 294.3 ± 1.2 Ma | Cisuralian | U-Pb isotope |
| 5 | 479.6 ± 4.9 Ma | Early/Lower Ordovician | U-Pb |
| 6 | 810 ± 6 Ma | Tonian | U-Pb |
| 7 | 827.5 ± 1.3 Ma | Tonian | 206Pb/238U |
| 8 | 1270 ± 4 Ma | Ectasian | U-Pb |
| 9 | 2219.1 to 2215.9 Ma | Rhyacian | U-Pb |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Baddeleyite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.1505 Å, b = 5.2116 Å, c = 5.3173 Å
β = 99.23°
β = 99.23°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.988 : 1 : 1.02
Unit Cell V:
140.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals commonly tabular on {100} and somewhat elongated on [010], or short to long prismatic along [001], to 6 cm; rarely equant; prism faces striated parallel to [001]; also botryoidal masses with radially fibrous structure and concentric banding.
Twinning:
Ubiquitous; on {100} and {110}, both may be polysynthetic; rare on {201}.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
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Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
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Display Options
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View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019229 | Baddeleyite | Howard C J, Hill R J, Reichert B E (1988) Structures of the ZrO2 polymorphs at room temperature by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction Acta Crystallographica B44 116-120 |  | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0014064 | Baddeleyite | Kisi E H, Howard C J, Hill R J (1989) Crystal structure of orthorhombic zirconia in partially stabilized zirconia Journal of the American Ceramic Society 72 1757-1760 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0009296 | Baddeleyite | Smith D K, Newkirk H W (1965) The crystal structure of baddeleyite (monoclinic ZrO2) and its relation to the polymorphism of ZrO2 Acta Crystallographica 18 983-991 | | 1965 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009231 | Baddeleyite | McCullough J D, Trueblood K N (1959) The crystal structure of baddeleyite (monoclinic ZrO2) Acta Crystallographica 12 507-511 | | 1959 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017640 | Baddeleyite | Naray-Szabo S (1936) Zur Struktur des Baddeleyits Zr O2 _cod_database_code 1010912 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 94 414-416 | 1936 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007415 | Baddeleyite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H, Arashi H (1986) In situ determination of crystal structure for high pressure phase of ZrO2 using a diamond anvil and single crystal X-ray diffraction method Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 233-237 | 1986 | 1.5 | 293 | ||
| 0007416 | Baddeleyite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H, Arashi H (1986) In situ determination of crystal structure for high pressure phase of ZrO2 using a diamond anvil and single crystal X-ray diffraction method Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 233-237 | 1986 | 3.9 | 293 | ||
| 0007417 | Baddeleyite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H, Arashi H (1986) In situ determination of crystal structure for high pressure phase of ZrO2 using a diamond anvil and single crystal X-ray diffraction method Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 233-237 | 1986 | 5.1 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.15 Å | (10) |
| 2.835 Å | (9) |
| 2.62 Å | (5) |
| 1.817 Å | (5) |
| 3.66 Å | (4) |
| 3.51 Å | (4) |
| 1.847 Å | (4) |
Reference:
Comments:
Recorded on material from Palabora Mine, South Africa
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
| 3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
An accessory mineral in carbonatites and kimberlites; in syenites, diabases, gabbros, anorthosites; detrital in gem gravels; also in lunar basalt, tektites and meteorites.
Type Occurrence of Baddeleyite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England.
Synonyms of Baddeleyite
Other Language Names for Baddeleyite
Dutch:Baddeleyiet
French:Baddeleyite
Norwegian:Baddeleyitt
Russian:Бадделеит
Simplified Chinese:斜锆石
Spanish:Baddeleyita
Reitingerita
Reitingerita
Varieties of Baddeleyite
| Brazilite (of Hussak) | A fibrous variety of baddeleyite. May be mixed with zircon. Not to be confused with Brazilianite. The name has also been used for an oil shale. |
Relationship of Baddeleyite to other Species
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 13 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| 10 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 8 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 8 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| 7 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 6 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 6 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 6 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Kimzeyite | Ca3Zr2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
| 5 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| 5 photos of Baddeleyite associated with Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DE. | Colchesterite | Bi3+2Mo6+2O9 |
| 4.DE. | Pertoldite | GeO2 |
| 4.DE. | Ziroite | ZrO2 |
| 4.DE.05 | Downeyite | SeO2 |
| 4.DE.10 | Koragoite | (Mn2+,Fe3+)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(Nb,Mn)2(W,Ta)2O20 |
| 4.DE.15 | Russellite | Bi2WO6 |
| 4.DE.15 | Koechlinite | Bi2MoO6 |
| 4.DE.15 | Tungstibite | Sb3+2WO6 |
| 4.DE.20 | Tellurite | TeO2 |
| 4.DE.25 | Paratellurite | TeO2 |
| 4.DE.30 | Bismutotantalite | BiTaO4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Stibiotantalite | Sb3+TaO4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Cervantite | Sb3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Bismutocolumbite | BiNbO4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Stibiocolumbite | SbNbO4 |
| 4.DE.30 | Clinocervantite | Sb3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DE.40 | Billwiseite | Sb3+5Nb3WO18 |
| 4.DE.45 | Kyawthuite | Bi3+Sb5+O4 |
Fluorescence of Baddeleyite
Shows a blue-green cathodoluminescence
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Baddeleyite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Baddeleyite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-480.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Baddeleyite
Reference List:
Fletcher, L. (1893) On Baddeleyite (native zirconia), a new Mineral, from Rakwana, Ceylon. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 10 (46) 148-160 doi:10.1180/minmag.1893.010.46.08
Hussak, E., Reitinger, J. (1903) Ueber Monazit, Xenotim, Senaït und natürliches Zirkonoxyd aus Brasilien. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie und Mineralogie, 37 (1). 550-579 doi:10.1524/zkri.1903.37.1.550[as "zirconium oxide"]
Hiemstra, S. A. (1955) Baddeleyite from Phalaborwa, Eastern Transvaal. American Mineralogist, 40 (3-4) 275-282
Scatena-Wachel, D. E.; Jones, A. P. (1984) Primary baddeleyite (ZrO2) in kimberlite from Benfontein, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (347). 257-261 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.347.10
Purtscheller, F., Tessadri, R. (1985) Zirconolite and baddeleyite from metacarbonates of the Oetzstal–Stubai Complex (northern Tyrol, Austria) Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (353) 523-529 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.353.05
Schaltegger, Urs; Davies, Joshua H.F.L. (2017) Petrochronology of Zircon and Baddeleyite in Igneous Rocks: Reconstructing Magmatic Processes at High Temporal Resolution. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 83 (1). 297-328 doi:10.2138/rmg.2017.83.10
Nikiforov, Sergey, Dauletbekova, Alma, Gerasimov, Maksim, Kasatkina, Yana, Denisova, Olga, Lisitsyn, Viktor, Golkovski, Mikhail, Akylbekova, Aiman, Bazarbek, Assyl-Dastan, Akilbekov, Abdirash, Popov, Anatoli I. (2023) Thermoluminescent and Dosimetric Properties of Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics Irradiated with High Doses of Pulsed Electron Beam. Crystals, 13 (11) doi:10.3390/cryst13111585
Localities for Baddeleyite
Showing 452 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Gomes (Angola) +4 other references |
| Campeny et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Campeny et al. (2017) | |
| Campeny et al. (2017) | |
| Castellano Calvo A et al. (2014) |
| Amores Casals S et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Cruz et al. (2008) |
Antarctica | |
| Andronikov et al. (2001) |
| Mallik et al. (2024) |
| Niihara et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| McSween Jr. et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| ZAPPETTINI |
Armenia | |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
| |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| New York +4 other references |
| Sutherland |
| Habibi et al. (2026) |
| Keyser et al. (2019) | |
| Adam Abersteiner |
| Sebastian Meffre | |
| Ivanov et al. (2017) |
| Melluso et al. (2014) |
| v. 40 +3 other references |
| v. 40 +3 other references |
| v. 40 +4 other references | |
| geology.gsapubs.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (1986, September) +3 other references |
| v. 40 +3 other references | |
| Hsu et al. (Sept 2013) |
| Rasmussen (2009) |
| Dunkan et al. (1990) +4 other references |
| Tamaki et al. (2006) |
| Douglas GB et al. (1993) |
| Karykowski et al. (2015) |
| v. 40 +3 other references | |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Hsu et al. (2013) |
| Alvin et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Carinthia II (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Tropper (2001, 2003, 2005, 2007) |
| Purtscheller et al. (1985) | |
| Purtscheller et al. (1985) |
| Purtscheller et al. (1985) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
Belarus | |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Brazil | |
| Leandro et al. (2022) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Guarino (2010) +1 other reference |
| Romanian Journal of Mineral Deposits (1) | |
| Portella et al. (2016) |
| Thomson et al. (2014) |
| Franco (1945) |
| Waber (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Christopher O'Neill collection | |
| Carvalho et al. (2022) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| Wedow (1967) |
| Horstpeter H. G. J. Ulbrich (1984) | |
| Guarino et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Souza et al. (2024) |
| Prinz et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| COMIN-CHIARAMONTI et al. (2002) |
| Franco et al. (1948) |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
| Melcher (1965) +3 other references | |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) | |
| Rojas et al. (2016) |
| de Sá et al. (2018) |
| Macêdo Filho et al. (2026) | |
Cambodia | |
| Sutherland et al. (2015) +2 other references | |
Canada | |
| |
| Taseko |
| Vale SA |
| Pohlner et al. (2020) |
| Pohlner et al. (2020) | |
| Li et al. (2021) |
| Roach et al. (1998) |
| AmMin 59:249-253 |
| Am. Min. 59 | |
| Rukhlov et al. (2015) |
| Rukhlov et al. (2015) | |
| Rukhlov et al. (2015) |
| Sage (1983) | |
| McLaughlin (1990) |
| Mariano et al. (1989) +3 other references |
| Wilson et al. (2013) |
| Matte et al. (2025) |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Schilling et al. (2011) |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| Heaman et al. (2001) | |
| Zurevinski +2 other references |
| Néron et al. (2018) |
| Boulogne et al. (2026) |
| D. Turner and L.A. Groat (2010) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Kimura et al. (1991) |
China | |
| Xu (2008) |
| Zou et al. (2022) |
| Qiu Zhili et al. (2005) |
| Sun et al. (2021) |
| Jian Shao et al. (2009) |
| Zhang et al. (2017) |
| Zhen +1 other reference |
| Qian et al. (2023) |
| Xue et al. (2021) |
| Xue et al. (2021) | |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Yang et al. (2006) +2 other references |
| Chen et al. (2023) | |
| Jing et al. (2022) |
| Jing et al. (2022) |
| Bai (1985) +4 other references |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Qu et al. (2025) |
Colombia | |
| Betancur-Figueroa et al. (2020) |
Cuba | |
| Aiglsperger et al. (Eastern Cuban Ophiolites) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Jirasek et al. (2026) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Matýsek et al. (2018) |
| Novak et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| geolib.geology.cz (n.d.) +2 other references |
| geolib.geology.cz (n.d.) +3 other references | |
| Čopjáková et al. (2008) |
| Jirásek et al. (2022) |
| Houzar et al. (2006) |
DR Congo | |
| Pivin et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Aaron J. Cavosie +1 other reference |
| El Ramly +4 other references |
| Kamar et al. (2022, August) |
Finland | |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1663-1686. |
| Vartiainen (1980) +24 other references |
| Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020) |
| Pérez del Villar et al. (386) |
France | |
| Floran et al. (1978) |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
Gabon | |
| Maier et al. (2015) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Germany | |
| Tschauner +3 other references |
| Saarbrücken +3 other references |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) |
| Skrzyńska et al. (2023) | |
| Juroszek et al. (2025) | |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) |
| Hentschel (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralien-Welt 1/1993: 14 +1 other reference | |
| Hentschel (1978) |
| Hentschel (1978) |
| Hentschel (1978) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer +1 other reference | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) |
| Wand et al. (1989) +3 other references |
Greece | |
| Mondillo et al. (2022) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Mineralogical Magazine et al. (4) |
| Tappe et al. (2009) | |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| Shaikh et al. (2018) |
| Kumar et al. (1996) +4 other references |
| Lundberg et al. (1988) |
| Chandra et al. (2018) |
| Sandiford et al. (1991) +3 other references |
| Raychaudhuri et al. (2021, March) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Nayak et al. (2011) | |
Indonesia | |
| doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference |
| Hakim (2017) | |
Iran | |
| Iranmanesh et al. (2018) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Hermezi et al. (1986) |
Israel | |
| Ma et al. (2023) |
Italy | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Della Ventura et al. (2001) |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Imma Punzo find & collection |
| Collection from Elmar Lackner +3 other references |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Geologico ... | |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23 +1 other reference | |
| Di Vito et al. (1987) +21 other references | |
| Russo (2010) | |
| Punzo et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Punzo et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Russo et al. (2004) | |
| Pascal et al. (2008) +3 other references | |
| H.E. Belkin et al. (silicte/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) |
| Caponera et al. (2007) |
| Gianfagna et al. (1988) | |
| Luigi Mattei collection | |
| Parodi et al. (1994) | |
| Giuseppe Illuminati Collection |
| Mattei et al. (2009) |
| Liotti L. (1983) | |
| Caprilli (2000) |
| Gianfagna (1985) |
| Burli et al. (1988) | |
| Bonatti et al. (1950) +3 other references |
| |
| A Borrelli collection | |
| Carloni et al. (2002) |
| Oberti et al. (2001) | |
| Della Ventura et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Signoretti et al. (2001) |
| Dario Di Domenico collection | |
| Cresta et al. (2002) |
| Burli et al. (2010) |
| Burli et al. (2007) | |
| Pierini (2004) +1 other reference |
| Carlini | |
| Cámara et al. (2004) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Cabella et al. (1997) |
| Castellaro et al. (2025) |
| Tumiati et al. (2018) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Airaudi et al. (2009) |
| Zaccarini et al. (2005) |
| Clark (2024) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Hanke (2016) |
| Ferry J.M. et al. (2002) |
| Matteo Chinellato collection +1 other reference |
| Gianfranco Ciccolini Collection | |
| Zaccaria et al. (2021) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Allialy et al. (2011) |
| Pouclet A. et al. (2004) |
Japan | |
| Imaoka et al. (2024) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) +1 other reference |
| Mandarino (1996) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Korobkin et al. (2022) |
| Blyalova et al. (2025) |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
| |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Vrublevskii et al. (2017) +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| www.gemresearch.ch/andranon/madcon.htm. |
| Hatzl (2010) |
| Harmer et al. (2016) |
| Zhai et al. (2022) |
Mauritania | |
| - (2010) |
Mexico | |
| León et al. (2016) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
Mongolia | |
| Dostal et al. (2023) |
Morocco | |
| Malainine et al. (2025) |
| Lindner et al. (2022) |
| Ferrière et al. (2017) |
Mozambique | |
| Slobodník +7 other references |
Myanmar | |
| Phyo et al. (2019) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data +2 other references |
| Themelis (2008) | |
| RRUFF data | |
| Wu et al. (2023) | |
Namibia | |
| Blancher (2008) |
| KOLLER et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Nigeria | |
| Ma et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
North Korea | |
| Ju et al. (2021) |
| Ju et al. (2021) |
| Ju et al. (2021) |
| Ju et al. (2021) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Treiman et al. (2023) | |
| Irving et al. (2003, March) | |
| www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/news51.html | |
| Ozawa et al. (2009) | |
| White et al. (2019) | |
| ... | |
| Jambon et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Kronos |
| Kronos | |
| Dahlgren et al. (1990) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Zozulya et al. (2018) |
| Dahlgren et al. (1998) |
| Widenfalk et al. (1971) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Dahlgren et al. (1998) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| BINGEN (2001) |
Oman | |
| Zhang et al. (2009) |
| Nasir |
| Taylor et al. (2001) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin No. 86 | |
| - (2004, July) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Volokhina et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... +1 other reference |
| Lavarde et al. (2019) |
| Pedro Alves data and collection |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Carlos Augusto Alves Leal Gomes - ... +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2014) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) +2 other references |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
| Spiridonov et al. (2018) | |
| Cherednichenko (2023) |
| Murzin et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Popov et al. (2022) | |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| Galuskina et al. (2013) |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2026) |
| Potapova et al. (2026) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Ras et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Nedosekova et al. (2021) | |
| Sharygin +9 other references |
| Sokol et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| Anthony (1997) +5 other references |
| Gritsenko et al. (2022) |
| Nornickel |
| Barkov et al. (2021) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2016) | |
| Ryabov et al. (2010, October) |
| Pekov (1998) +3 other references |
| Serov (2021) | |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) | |
| Groshev et al. (2019) | |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2006) | |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Barkov et al. (2004) | |
| Barkov et al. (2026) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Bulakh et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Terry Williams (1996) +5 other references |
| Britvin et al. (2008) +2 other references | |
| Krivovichev et al. (2024) |
| Kaulina et al. (2023) |
| Smol’kin et al. (2023) | |
| Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| ... | |
| Kalashnikov et al. (2016) | |
| Bea et al. (2001) | |
| ... |
| Kazachenko et al. (2024) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) | |
| Bea et al. (2001) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) | |
| Putintseva et al. (2017) |
| Bystrov et al. (2015) |
| Коневин et al. (2020) |
| Kruk et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Антонов (2003) |
| Sklyarov +6 other references | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Hyršl (1992) |
| 6th orogenic lherzolite conference 2014 ... +1 other reference |
| Эпова et al. (2025) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Abuamarah et al. (2023) |
Sierra Leone | |
| Bowles et al. (2018) |
South Africa | |
| ... | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
| Lee +4 other references |
| Du Plessis (2019) | |
| Van der Merwe (2011) |
| R. Liferovich -L. Horváth p.c. 2004 |
| Andreoli et al. (1999) |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE +1 other reference |
| Konzett et al. (2013) | |
| Soltys et al. (2018) | |
Spain | |
| Ковальчук et al. (2014) |
| Casillas et al. (2011) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Nasdala et al. (2025) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Am Min 40 (1955) |
Sweden | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Zakrezewski et al. (1992) | |
| Billström et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Coin (2017) | |
| Sandström et al. (2010) |
| Sandström et al. (2010) | |
Tanzania | |
| Zaitsev A.N. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) |
Uganda | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
| Reedman (1984) |
UK | |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Williams (1978) +2 other references |
| Ferry (1996) |
| Reddy et al. (2015) |
Ukraine | |
| Gornostayev et al. (2002) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| V.V. Sharygin (2011) |
| Gurov et al. (2015) |
| Ryabchikov et al. (2008) |
| Amelin et al. (1994) |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) | |
| Popov (2023) |
Uruguay | |
| Prichard et al. (2004) |
USA | |
| Tice et al. (2001) |
| A.E. Smith (2005) | |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Watts et al. (2022) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Ague et al. (2012) |
| Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Volume ... |
| Carlson et al. (2021) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Good et al. (2010) |
| Benson et al. (2020) | |
| Ripley et al. (1993) |
| Dana 6:A3:10 +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Corkery (2002) |
| Macdonald et al. (2019) |
| XRD Czech Geol Survey Pequa Mineral Co ... |
| Hunt et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Audétat (2010) |
| Carlson (1998) |
| Falster et al. (2014) |
| Scoates et al. (ZrO2) |
Western Sahara | |
| - (2010) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
162173 Ryugu | |
The Moon | |
| El Goresy et al. (1971) |
| Mokhov et al. (2013) |
| Peckett et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Jin et al. (2025) |
| Tian et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Meyer et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
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Palabora Mine, Phalaborwa, Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality, Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa