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Greigite

A valid IMA mineral species

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Photos of Greigite (11)Discuss Greigite

Greigite Gallery Search Photos of Greigite

Edit Greigite Add Synonym Edit CIF structures Clear Cache

Greigite

Rio Tinto Borax Mine, Kramer Borate deposit, Boron, Kern County, California, USA

Greigite, etc.

Dybryn U deposit, Khiagda ore field, Vitim Plateau, Baunt District, Buryatia, Russia

Greigite

Montemesola, Taranto Province, Apulia, Italy

Greigite

Rio Tinto Borax Mine, Kramer Borate deposit, Boron, Kern County, California, USA

Greigite, etc.

Dybryn U deposit, Khiagda ore field, Vitim Plateau, Baunt District, Buryatia, Russia

Greigite

Montemesola, Taranto Province, Apulia, Italy

Greigite

Rio Tinto Borax Mine, Kramer Borate deposit, Boron, Kern County, California, USA

Greigite, etc.

Dybryn U deposit, Khiagda ore field, Vitim Plateau, Baunt District, Buryatia, Russia

Hide all sections | Show all sections

About GreigiteHide

Joseph W. Greig

Formula:

Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂S₄

Colour:

metallic pinkish, tarnishing to a metallic blue, sooty black when amorphous

Lustre:

Metallic, Earthy

Hardness:

4 - 4½

Specific Gravity:

4.049

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Linnaeite Subgroup > Thiospinel Group > Spinel Supergroup

Name:

Named in honor of Joseph Wilson Greig (1895, Ontario, Canada - 22 October 1977, Lewistown, Pennsylvania, USA), a mineralogist and physical chemist at at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C., USA and later at Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA. He was a pioneer in high-temperature phase equilibrium studies of oxide and sulfide systems. Perhaps his greatest contribution was a comprehensive study of liquid immiscibility in silicate systems, with important applications in high tempertaure furnaces.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Four Corners No. 3; 4 & 5 wells, Kramer Junction (Beecher's Corners; Beechers Corners; Four Corners), East Kramer Borate area (East Kramer Colemanite area), East Kramer Mining District, San Bernardino County, California, USA

Dimorph of:

'Unnamed (Fe Sulphide II)'

Linnaeite Group and Thiospinel Group.
Strongly magnetic.
An important biomineral, that may be associated with lake sediments.
Iron thiospinel occurs always in small crystals to 0.03 mm and as an X-ray amorphous colloidal precipitate from an iron sulfide gel known as the melnikovite of Doss.
Greigite is metastable with respect to pyrite and marcasite.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

1747

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:1747:9

Similar NamesHide

Krugite

IMA Classification of GreigiteHide

IMA status:

Approved

Approval year:

1963

First published:

1964

Type description reference:

Skinner, Brian J., Erd, Richard C., Grimaldi, Frank S. (1964) Greigite, the thio-spinel of iron; a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 49 (5-6) 543-555

Classification of GreigiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

2.DA.05

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4

Dana 8th ed.:

2.10.1.10

2 : SULFIDES
10 : A_mB_nX_p, with (m+n):p = 3:4

Hey's CIM Ref.:

3.9.5

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
9 : Sulphides etc. of Fe

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Grg	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Grg	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
Grg	Warr (2020)	Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of GreigiteHide

Lustre:

Metallic, Earthy

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Metallic pinkish, tarnishing to a metallic blue, sooty black when amorphous

Streak:

Black

Hardness:

4 - 4½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₅₀=401 - 423 kg/mm² - Vickers

Density:

4.049 g/cm³ (Measured) 4.079 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of GreigiteHide

Type:

Isotropic

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)
400nm	30.5%
440nm	31.7%
480nm	32.7%
520nm	33.6%
560nm	34.7%
600nm	35.9%
640nm	37.1%
680nm	38.1%
700nm	38.7%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 38.7%.

Colour in reflected light:

Pale creamy white

Chemistry of GreigiteHide

Mindat Formula:

Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂S₄

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Fe	56.639 %
S	43.361 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Fe, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Cu,Ni,Zn,Mn,Cr,Sb,As

Crystallography of GreigiteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fd3m

Setting:

Fd3m

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.876 Å

Unit Cell V:

963.26 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Balls of intergrown octahedra, cubes, granular

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0000127	Greigite	Skinner B J, Erd R C, Grimaldi F S (1964) Greigite, the thio-spinel of iron; a new mineral American Mineralogist 49 543-555		1964		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Greigite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Skinner B J'
'Erd R C'
'Grimaldi F S'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 49 
_journal_year 1964
_journal_page_first 543
_journal_page_last 555
_publ_section_title
;
 Greigite, the thio-spinel of iron; a new mineral
;
_database_code_amcsd 0000127
_chemical_formula_sum 'Fe3 S4'
_cell_length_a 9.876
_cell_length_b 9.876
_cell_length_c 9.876
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 963.260
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      4.079
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'F d 3 m'
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loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Fe   0.12500   0.12500   0.12500   0.04053
Fe   0.50000   0.50000   0.50000   0.04053
S   0.25050   0.25050   0.25050   0.04053

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.980 Å	(100)
1.746 Å	(77)
2.470 Å	(55)
3.498 Å	(32)
1.008 Å	(31)
1.901 Å	(29)
1.105 Å	(16)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration	4.566-4.550
6 : Secondary asteroid phases	4.566-4.560
Near-surface Processes
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])
Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere	<4.0
44 : Anoxic microbially mediated minerals (see also #44)
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44)	<0.54

Geological Setting:

Lacustrine beds, hydrothermal veins

Type Occurrence of GreigiteHide

Type Locality:

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Smithsonian

Reference:

Skinner, Brian J., Erd, Richard C., Grimaldi, Frank S. (1964) Greigite, the thio-spinel of iron; a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 49 (5-6) 543-555

Synonyms of GreigiteHide

IMA1963-007

Melnikovite (of Doss)

Iron sulfide (in part)

Other Language Names for GreigiteHide

Dutch:Greigiet

German:Greigit

Russian:Грейгит

Simplified Chinese:胶黄铁矿
硫复铁矿

Spanish:Greigita

Relationship of Greigite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Linnaeite Subgroup > Thiospinel Group > Spinel Supergroup

Other Members of Linnaeite Subgroup:

Cadmoindite	CdIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Cuprorhodsite	(Cu⁺_0.5Fe³⁺_0.5)Rh³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Grimmite	NiCo₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Indite	FeIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Joegoldsteinite	MnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Kalininite	ZnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Linnaeite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Polydymite	Ni²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Siegenite	CoNi₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Tarkianite	(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)₄S₈	Iso. 43m : F43m
Violarite	Fe²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Xingzhongite	Pb²⁺Ir³⁺₂S₄	Iso.

Forms a series with:

Violarite

Greigite-Violarite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

6 photos of Greigite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
5 photos of Greigite associated with Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆) · H₂O
5 photos of Greigite associated with Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
5 photos of Greigite associated with Hectorite	Na_0.3(Mg,Li)₃(Si₄O₁₀)(F,OH)₂
4 photos of Greigite associated with Stibnite	Sb₂S₃
3 photos of Greigite associated with Peretaite	Ca(SbO)₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₂ · 2H₂O
3 photos of Greigite associated with Klebelsbergite	Sb₄O₄(SO₄)(OH)₂
2 photos of Greigite associated with Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
2 photos of Greigite associated with Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
2 photos of Greigite associated with Quartz	SiO₂

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

2.DA.	Ferrodimolybdenite	FeMo₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.DA.	Zaykovite	Rh₃Se₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.DA.	Ezochiite	Cu⁺(Rh³⁺Pt⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.	Grimmite	NiCo₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.	Zolenskyite	FeCr₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.DA.05	Shiranuiite	Cu⁺(Rh³⁺Rh⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Fletcherite	CuNi₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Florensovite	(Cu,Zn)Cr_1.5Sb_0.5S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
2.DA.05	Siegenite	CoNi₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cadmoindite	CdIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Kalininite	ZnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Violarite	Fe²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Nickeltyrrellite	CuNi₂Se₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Linnaeite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Carrollite	CuCo₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cuproiridsite	(Cu,Fe)Ir₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cuprorhodsite	(Cu⁺_0.5Fe³⁺_0.5)Rh³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Berndlehmannite	Cu(CrV)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Polydymite	Ni²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Trüstedtite	Ni₃Se₄	Iso.
2.DA.05	Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cuprokalininite	Cu(Cr³⁺Cr⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Joegoldsteinite	MnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Bornhardtite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂Se₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Tyrrellite	Cu(Co,Ni)₂Se₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Indite	FeIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Xingzhongite	Pb²⁺Ir³⁺₂S₄	Iso.
2.DA.05	Malanite	Cu⁺(Ir³⁺Pt⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
2.DA.10	Rhodostannite	Cu⁺(Fe²⁺_0.5Sn⁴⁺_1.5)S₄	Tet. 4/m : I4₁/a
2.DA.10	Toyohaite	Ag⁺(Fe²⁺_0.5Sn⁴⁺_1.5)S₄	Tet. 4/m : I4₁/a
2.DA.15	Brezinaite	Cr₃S₄	Mon. 2/m
2.DA.15	Heideite	(Fe,Cr)_1.15(Ti,Fe)₂S₄	Mon. 2/m
2.DA.20	Konderite	Cu₃Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)₈S₁₆	Hex. 6/m : P6/m
2.DA.20	Inaglyite	Cu₃Pb(Ir,Pt)₈S₁₆	Hex.
2.DA.25	Kingstonite	Rh₃S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Other InformationHide

Magnetism:

Ferrimagnetic

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for GreigiteHide

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References for GreigiteHide

Reference List:

De Jong, W. F., Willems, H. W. V. (1927) Die Verbindungen Fe3S4, Ni3S4 und ihre Struktur. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 161 (1). 311-315 doi:10.1002/zaac.19271610128

Skinner, Brian J., Erd, Richard C., Grimaldi, Frank S. (1964) Greigite, the thio-spinel of iron; a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 49 (5-6) 543-555

Radusinovic, Dusan R. (1966) Greigite from the Lojane chromium deposit, Macedonia. American Mineralogist, 51 (1-2) 209-215

Fleischer, Michael (1969) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 54 (1-2) 326-330

Dell, C. I. (1972) An Occurrence of Greigite in Lake Superior Sediments. American Mineralogist, 57 (7-8). 1303-1304

Hey, M. H. (1982) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine, 46 (341) 513-514 doi:10.1180/minmag.1982.046.341.25

Schoonen, M. A. A., Barnes, H. L. (1991) Reactions forming pyrite and marcasite from solution: II. Via FeS precursors below 100°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55 (6) 1505-1514 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90123-m

Krupp, Ralf E. (1994) Phase relations and phase transformations between the low-temperature iron sulfides mackinawite, greigite, and smythite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6 (2) 265-278 doi:10.1127/ejm/6/2/0265

Peters, C., Thompson, R. (1998) Magnetic identification of selected natural iron oxides and sulphides. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 183. 365-374 doi:10.1016/s0304-8853(97)01097-4

Frankel, R. B. (2003) Biologically Induced Mineralization by Bacteria. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 54 (1). 95-114 doi:10.2113/0540095

(2005) Greigite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Kasama, T., Pósfai, M., Chong, R., Finlayson, A.P., Buseck, P.R., Frankel, R.B., Dunin-Borkowwski, R.E. (2006) Magnetic properties, microstructure, composition, and morphology of greigite nanocrystals in magnetotactic bacteria from electron holography and tomography. American Mineralogist, 91 (8-9). 1216-1229 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2227

Gibbs, G. V., Cox, D. F., Rosso, K. M., Ross, N. L., Downs, R. T., Spackman, M. A. (2007) Theoretical Electron Density Distributions for Fe- and Cu-Sulfide Earth Materials: A Connection between Bond Length, Bond Critical Point Properties, Local Energy Densities, and Bonded Interactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111 (8). 1923-1931 doi:10.1021/jp065086i

Chang, Liao; Roberts, Andrew P.; Rowan, Christopher J.; Tang, Yan; Pruner, Petr; Chen, Qianwang; Horng, Chorng‐Shern (2009) Low‐temperature magnetic properties of greigite (Fe₃S₄). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10 (1). doi:10.1029/2008gc002276

Gramp, Jonathan P., Bigham, Jerry M., Jones, F. Sandy, Tuovinen, Olli H. (2010) Formation of Fe-sulfides in cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175. 1062-1067 doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.119

Chang, L., Pattrick, R. A. D., van der Laan, G., Coker, V. S., Roberts, A. P. (2012) ENIGMATIC X-RAY MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM IN GREIGITE (Fe3S4) The Canadian Mineralogist, 50 (3) 667-674 doi:10.3749/canmin.50.3.667

Chang, Liao; Winklhofer, Michael; Roberts, Andrew P.; Dekkers, Mark J.; Horng, Chorng‐Shern; Hu, Lei; Chen, Qianwang (2012) Ferromagnetic resonance characterization of greigite (Fe₃S₄), monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe₇S₈), and non‐interacting titanomagnetite (Fe_3‐xTi_xO₄). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13 (5). Q05Z41 doi:10.1029/2012gc004063

Winklhofer, Michael; Chang, Liao; Eder, Stephan H. K. (2014) On the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of greigite (Fe₃S₄). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15 (4). 1558-1579 doi:10.1002/2013gc005121

Chang, Liao; Vasiliev, Iuliana; van Baak, Christiaan; Krijgsman, Wout; Dekkers, Mark J.; Roberts, Andrew P.; Gerald, John D. Fitz; van Hoesel, Annelies; Winklhofer, Michael (2014) Identification and environmental interpretation of diagenetic and biogenic greigite in sediments: A lesson from the Messinian Black Sea. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15 (9). 3612-3627 doi:10.1002/2014gc005411

Pattrick, Richard A. D., Coker, Victoria S., Akhtar, Masood, Malik, M. Azad, Lewis, Edward, Haigh, Sarah, O'Brien, Paul, Shafer, Padraic C., van der Laan, Gerrit (2017) Magnetic spectroscopy of nanoparticulate greigite, Fe₃S₄. Mineralogical Magazine, 81 (4) 857-872 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.114

Li, Ssu Han, Chen, Yen-Hua, Lee, Jey-Jau, Sheu, Hwo-Shuenn (2018) Phase transition of iron sulphide minerals under hydrothermal conditions and magnetic investigations. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 45 (1) 27-38 doi:10.1007/s00269-017-0898-x

Lin, Min-Yu, Chen, Yen-Hua, Lee, Jey-Jau, Sheu, Hwo-Shuenn (2018) Reaction pathways of iron-sulfide mineral formation: an in situ X-ray diffraction study. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (1) 77-84 doi:10.1127/ejm/2017/0029-2681

Byrne, James M., Amor, Matthieu (2023) Biomagnetism: Insights Into Magnetic Minerals Produced by Microorganisms. Elements, 19 (4) 208-214 doi:10.2138/gselements.19.4.208

Le Pape, P.; Baptiste, B.; Radtke, G.; Cabaret, D.; Aufort, J.; Brest, J.; Baya, C.; Elkaim, E.; Ona-Nguema, G.; Juillot, F.; et al. (2026) Mackinawite transformation into greigite at room temperature under anoxic and acidic conditions: a corrosion pathway? European Journal of Mineralogy, 38 (2). 135-152 doi:10.5194/ejm-38-135-2026

Localities for GreigiteHide

Showing 86 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Albania
Shkodër County Vau i Dejës Drin valley ⓘ Koman deposit	Ferrini et al. (2003)

Antarctica
East Antarctica Queen Maud Land Queen Fabiola Mountains ⓘ Yamato 691 meteorite	El Gorsey et al. (1988)
West Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands ⓘ Deception Island	Agusto et al. (2004)

Argentina
Catamarca Province Andalgalá Department Andalgalá Capillitas mining district ⓘ Bordón vein	MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA
Jujuy Province Humahuaca Department El Aguilar ⓘ Aguilar Mine	Paar et al. (2016)
ⓘ Esperanza prospect	Singer et al. (2009)
Rinconada Department Rinconada ⓘ Cerro Redondo prospect	Coira et al. (1995)
La Rioja Province ⓘ Los Llantenes mining district	de Brodtkorb +2 other references

Atlantic Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex Ashadze hydrothermal area ⓘ Ashadze 1	Firstova et al. (2016)
ⓘ Pobeda-1 hydrothermal field	Maslennikov et al. (2023)

Australia
New South Wales Sandon Co. Hillgrove ⓘ Watsons prospect	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Tasmania West Coast municipality Zeehan mining district North Dundas ⓘ Renison Bell Mine ?	Kitto

Austria
Carinthia Wolfsberg District Reichenfels Mischlinggraben ⓘ Staubmann Mines	C.Auer (2013)

Belgium
Flanders East Flanders Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht Beveren ⓘ Kieldrecht	Hatert et al. (2002)
ⓘ Grote Geule	Jedwab (1967) +2 other references
Wallonia Liège Engis ⓘ La Mallieue	Kucha et al. (1996)

Canada
Manitoba ⓘ Namew Lake mine	Menard et al. (1996)
Nova Scotia Lunenburg Co. Riverport ⓘ Cunard Cove	Dr. Robert C. Smith
Québec Montérégie La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM Mont Saint-Hilaire ⓘ Poudrette quarry (De-Mix quarry; Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire; MSH)	Grice (1989) +1 other reference

Chile
Atacama Copiapó Province Tierra Amarilla Pampa Larga mining district Alacrán ⓘ Alacrán Mine	Popova et al. (1986) +1 other reference
Huasco Province Alto del Carmen ⓘ Pascua Lama project	Chouinard et al. (2005)

China
Anhui Tongling Shizishan ore field ⓘ Baocun Au deposit	Yunsheng Ren et al. (2005)
ⓘ Shuizhuling Cu-Fe-Au-S deposit	Hongyang Li et al. (2010)
Tongguanshan ore field ⓘ Tianmashan Mine	Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001)
Guizhou Guiyang Qingzhen County ⓘ Qingzhen meteorite	El Gorsey et al. (1988)
Hubei Yichang Yiling District ⓘ Yangtze Gorge	Dong et al. (2013)
Jiangxi Jiujiang Ruichang Co. ⓘ Wushan Mine (Wujia Cu-Au deposit)	Zhongling Wang (1987)
Qinghai Hainan ⓘ Qinghai Lake (Lake Koko Nor)	Fu et al. (2016)
Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Da Qaidam (Dachaidan Co.) Xitieshan ⓘ Xitieshan Mine	Feng et al. (2022)

Costa Rica
Alajuela Province Sarchí Canton ⓘ Poás Volcano	Rodríguez et al. (2017)

Czech Republic
Karlovy Vary Region Sokolov District ⓘ Lomnice	Beran +3 other references

Ethiopia
Oromia Region Megado ⓘ Lega Dembi Mine ?	Cook et al. (2000)

Europe
ⓘ Sedmochislenitsi Mine (Sedmocislenici Mine)	ATANASSOVA +1 other reference

Finland
Lapland Kittilä ⓘ Porkonen-Pahtavaara	Paakkola

France
Brittany Morbihan Pontivy Guern ⓘ Quistiav (Quistiave)	R. Pierrot
Corsica Haute-Corse Corte Matra ⓘ Matra Mine	Picot et al. (1977)
Nouvelle-Aquitaine Corrèze Ussel Davignac ⓘ Le Boucheron	Deliens et al. (2004)
Deux-Sèvres Bressuire Mauléon La Chapelle-Largeau ⓘ Bel Air Mine	Lièvre et al. (2002)

Gabon
Haut-Ogooué Province Léboumbi-Leyou Department Mounana ⓘ Mounana Mine	Lheur et al. (2001)

Germany
Rhineland-Palatinate Donnersbergkreis Nordpfälzer Land Obermoschel ⓘ Landsberg	Krupp (1989)

Greece
South Aegean Milos Milos Island ⓘ Paliochori beach (Paleochori bay)	Kotopoulou et al. (2022)

Hungary
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Kazincbarcika District ⓘ Rudabánya
Heves County Pétervására District Recsk ⓘ Recsk Mine (Deep Level)	Mecsek-Oko

Italy
Apulia Taranto Province ⓘ Montemesola	Garavelli et al. (1971) +1 other reference
Piedmont Metropolitan City of Turin Balangero ⓘ Poggio San Vittore asbestos mine	Piccoli et al. (2007)
Tuscany Grosseto Province Scansano ⓘ Pereta Mine	Brizzi G. & Meli R. (1995)
Veneto ⓘ Venice Lagoon (Venetian Lagoon)	Bertolin et al. (1995)

Japan
Akita Prefecture Odate ⓘ Hanaoka mine	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Iwate Prefecture Oshu City Esashi ward ⓘ Akagane mine	Mineralogical Society of America - ...

Middle East
ⓘ Hatrurim Formation	Gross (1977)

North Macedonia
Lipkovo Municipality ⓘ Lojane	Radusinovic (1966)

Philippines
Luzon Calabarzon Region Batangas Province Mt. Makiling ⓘ Mudpool	Oles et al. (1998)

Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Dzierżoniów County Piława Górna ⓘ DSS Piława Górna Quarry	Dulski et al. (2025)
Podlaskie Voivodeship Suwałki County Suwałki Massif ⓘ Krzemianka ?	Kucha H. et al. (1979)

Romania
Hunedoara County Certeju de Sus ⓘ Săcărâmb	Dincă et al. (2025)

Russia
Altai Krai Shipunovsky District ⓘ Bakchar deposit	Rudmin et al. (2022)
Bashkortostan Uchalinsky District ⓘ Zapadno-Ozernoye Cu deposit	Belogub et al. (2008)
Buryatia Baunt District Vitim Plateau Khiagda ore field ⓘ Dybryn U deposit	Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011)
Chelyabinsk Oblast Kaslinsky District Kasli ⓘ Mauk deposit	Safina et al. (2015)
Krasnodar Krai Taman Peninsula Anapa ⓘ Zheleznyi Rog (Zheleznaya balka)	Chang et al. (2014)
Primorsky Krai Krasnoarmeysky District Arminsky ore district ⓘ Tigrinoe Sn-W-Mo deposit (Tigriny)	Gonevchuk et al. (2005)
Sverdlovsk Oblast Karpinsk Urban Okrug ⓘ Kosva massif	Sharygin et al. (2014)
Serovsky District Turya river Tur'insk ⓘ Vorontsovskoe deposit (Vorontsovsk gold deposit; Vorontsovka deposit)	American Mineralogist +2 other references

Slovakia
Košice Region Rožňava District ⓘ Nižná Slaná	Koděra et al. (1986)
Prešov Region Prešov District Červenica ⓘ Dubník	Duda
Zlatá Baňa ⓘ Zlatá Baňa deposit	Duda et. all.
Vranov nad Topľou District Vechec ⓘ Vechec quarry	Ďuďa

South Africa
Mpumalanga Ehlanzeni District Municipality Mbombela Local Municipality ⓘ Barberton	Cairncross et al. (1995)
North West Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Rustenburg Local Municipality Rustenburg ⓘ Karee Mine	Junge et al. (2014)

Switzerland
Valais Goms Binn Fäld ⓘ Lengenbach Quarry	Stalder et al. (1998)

Taiwan
ⓘ Gaoping Submarine Canyon	Huang et al. (2024)

UK
England Cornwall St Endellion ⓘ Treore Mine ?	Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference

Ukraine
Crimea ⓘ Kerch Peninsula	Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR)

USA
California Alpine County Monitor - Mogul Mining District Leviathan Peak ⓘ Leviathan Mine	Committee et al. (1989)
Fresno County Wright Mountain ⓘ Christie Mine (Christi Mine; Christy Mine; Christie Asbestos; Coalinga Asbestos)	ID by Dr. Travis Olds
Humboldt County ⓘ Coyote Peak	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
Kern County ⓘ Boron	www.mineralsocal.org (1999)
ⓘ Kramer Borate deposit	U.S. Borax
ⓘ Rio Tinto Borax Mine	Wise et al. (1988) +1 other reference
West Baker ⓘ Mudd Mine	Am Min 49:543-555
San Bernardino County East Kramer Mining District East Kramer Borate area (East Kramer Colemanite area) Kramer Junction (Beecher's Corners; Beechers Corners; Four Corners) ⓘ Four Corners No. 3; 4 & 5 wells (TL)	Skinner et al. (1964)
Michigan Alger County ⓘ Greigite occurrence	Dell (1972)
Missouri Madison County ⓘ Fredericktown Mining District	Sherwood et al. (1998)
Nevada Churchill County Cottonwood Canyon Bolivia ⓘ Nickel Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
New Mexico Eddy County Carlsbad Caverns National Park ⓘ Lechuguilla Cave	Northrop et al. (1996)

Mars
Syrtis Major quadrangle ⓘ Jezero Crater	Joel A. Hurowitz et al. (Texas)

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Greigite

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