Coalingite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Coalingite
Formula:
Mg10Fe3+2(OH)24[CO3] · 2H2O
Colour:
Deep reddish brown, brown, straw-yellow; golden brown in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Resinous
Hardness:
1 - 2
Specific Gravity:
2.32 - 2.42
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named for the town of Coalinga, California, USA, near the type locality. The name is pronounced kōl-inǵ-gīt.
This page provides mineralogical data about Coalingite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1095
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1095:1
IMA Classification of Coalingite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Mg10Fe3+2CO3(OH)24·2H2O
Approval year:
1965
Classification of Coalingite
5.DA.55
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
D : Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O
A : With medium-sized cations
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
D : Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O
A : With medium-sized cations
16b.7.6.1
16b : HYDRATED CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : Miscellaneous
16b : HYDRATED CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : Miscellaneous
11.13.5
11 : Carbonates
13 : Carbonates of Fe
11 : Carbonates
13 : Carbonates of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Clg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Clg | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Coalingite
Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Deep reddish brown, brown, straw-yellow; golden brown in transmitted light.
Hardness:
1 - 2 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{0001}, perfect; another at 45°
{0001}, perfect; another at 45°
Density:
2.32 - 2.42 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.26 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Coalingite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.588 - 1.635 nε = 1.56 - 1.59
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.028 - 0.045
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
0 = golden brown, dark brown; E = colorless.
Comments:
May be anomalously biaxial.
Chemistry of Coalingite
Mindat Formula:
Mg10Fe3+2(OH)24[CO3] · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Coalingite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m(32/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.12 Å, c = 37.4 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 11.987
Unit Cell V:
315.29 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Hexagonal plates, equant grains.
Twinning:
reflection across {0001}, common
Comment:
Z = 0.5
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Rotation
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Labels
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014454 | Coalingite | Pastor-Rodriguez J, Taylor H F W (1971) Crystal structure of coalingite Mineralogical Magazine 38 286-294 | ![]() | 1971 | New Idria serpentinite, Coalinga, California, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.34 Å | (100) |
| 4.20 Å | (80) |
| 6.05 Å | (50) |
| 1.558 Å | (50) |
| 13.4 Å | (40 broad) |
| 2.67 Å | (30) |
| 1.884 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Coalinga, California, USA. Data from Mumpton et al. (1965).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 38 : Ophiolites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Type Occurrence of Coalingite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Soft, reddish-brown platelets, 0.1 to 0.2 mm in size.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 119335.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Weathering of iron rich brucite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Coalingite
Other Language Names for Coalingite
Relationship of Coalingite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Hydrotalcite Supergroup:
| Akopovaite | Al4Li2(OH)12(CO3)(H2O)3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Amoraite | Ca12Al6(OH)36(CO3)2(SO3) · 15H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Brugnatellite | Mg6Fe3+(CO3)(OH)13 · 4H2O | Hex. |
| Carbocalumite | Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 6H2O | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c |
| Cualstibite Group | M2R(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6], where M = Zn, Ni, Cu and R = Al or Fe3+ | |
| Dritsite | Li2Al4(OH)12Cl2 · 3H2O | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mcm |
| Fougèrite Group | ||
| Glaucocerinite Group | ||
| Hydrocalumite Group | ||
| Hydrotalcite Group | M6R3+2(OH)16Z · 4H2O, where M=Mg, Fe, Ni, R3+ = Al, Cr, Co or Fe, and Z=CO3, Cl | |
| Marioantofilliite | [Cu4Al2(OH)12](CO3) · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Muskoxite | Mg7Fe4O13 · 10H2O | Trig. 3m(32/m) |
| Poellmannite | Ca6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Quintinite Group | ||
| Rotemite | Ca4Cr2(OH)12Cl2 · 4H2O | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c |
| 'UM1987-05-OH:AlCMg' | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3,SO4) · 3H2O | |
| Wermlandite Group | M7R3+2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O, where = Mg, Fe, Zn and R= Al or Fe | |
| Woodwardite Group | May be considered a subgroup of the Hydrotalcite Group. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 4 photos of Coalingite associated with Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| 4 photos of Coalingite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 3 photos of Coalingite associated with Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 2 photos of Coalingite associated with Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 2 photos of Coalingite associated with Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 2 photos of Coalingite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 1 photo of Coalingite associated with Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 1 photo of Coalingite associated with Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.DA. | Alexkhomyakovite | K6(Ca2Na)(CO3)5Cl · 6H2O |
| 5.DA. | Amoraite | Ca12Al6(OH)36(CO3)2(SO3) · 15H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | Dypingite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | 'UM1986-10-CO:ClHMgMnZn (also called Mineral F, Dunn, 1995)' | Mg5(Zn,Mn)3(CO3)2(OH,Cl)12 · H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | 'UM1987-01-CO:HMgS' | Mg4(CO3)2(OH)4 · 6H2O ? |
| 5.DA.05 | Giorgiosite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5-6H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | Widgiemoolthalite | Ni5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 5.DA.10 | Artinite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.10 | Chlorartinite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)Cl · 2H2O |
| 5.DA.10 | Indigirite | Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2 · 15H2O |
| 5.DA.15 | Zaratite | Ni3(CO3)(OH)4 · 4H2O ? |
| 5.DA.15 | Otwayite | Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 5.DA.20 | Kambaldaite | NaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.25 | Callaghanite | Cu2Mg2(CO3)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 5.DA.30 | Claraite | (Cu,Zn)15(CO3)4(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)14 · 7H2O |
| 5.DA.35 | Hydroscarbroite | Al14(CO3)3(OH)36 · nH2O |
| 5.DA.35 | Scarbroite | Al5(CO3)(OH)13 · 5H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Karchevskyite | Mg18Al9(OH)54Sr2(CO3)9(H2O)6(H3O)5 |
| 5.DA.40 | 'UM1987-05-OH:AlCMg' | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3,SO4) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Quintinite | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Charmarite | Mn2+4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Caresite | Fe2+4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | 'Hydrotalcite-2H' | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | 'Stichtite-2H' | Mg6(Cr,Al)2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Brugnatellite | Mg6Fe3+(CO3)(OH)13 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Zaccagnaite | Zn4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | 'Pyroaurite-2H' | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Liudongshengite | Zn4Cr2(OH)12(CO3) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Chlormagaluminite | Mg4Al2(OH)12Cl2 · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Pyroaurite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Takovite | Ni6Al2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Reevesite | Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Kaznakhtite | Ni6Co3+2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Comblainite | Ni4Co2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Marioantofilliite | [Cu4Al2(OH)12](CO3) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Stichtite | Mg6Cr3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Desautelsite | Mg6Mn3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.55 | Akopovaite | Al4Li2(OH)12(CO3)(H2O)3 |
| 5.DA.60 | Šlikite | Zn2Mg(CO3)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.65 | Marklite | Cu5(CO3)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
DTA shows endothermic peaks at 175°, 310°, and 400° C.
Notes:
Iron-rich brucite specimens transformed to coalingite in the laboratory, exposed to the atmosphere for several months.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Coalingite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1095.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Coalingite
Reference List:
Mumpton, F. A., Jaffe, H. W., Thompson, C. S. (1965) Coalingite, a new mineral from the New Idria serpentinite, Fresno and San Benito Counties, California. American Mineralogist, 50 (11-12) 1893-1913
Jambor, J. L. (1969) Coalingite from the Muskox Intrusion, Northwest Territories. American Mineralogist, 54 (3-4) 437-447
Pastor-Rodriguez, J., Taylor, H. F. W. (1971) Crystal structure of coalingite. Mineralogical Magazine, 38 (295) 286-294 doi:10.1180/minmag.1971.038.295.02
Hamilton, John D., Beermann, Eberhardt (1981) « Coalingite » from the Woodsreef serpentinite Barraba, New South Wales, Australia. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 104 (4) 548-555 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1981.7505
Delnavaz, H.; Allmann, R. (1988) Synthesen von Fe-Brucit, Coalingit und Pyroaurit im System MgO- Fe-O2-H2O-(CO2). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 183 (1-4). 175-178 doi:10.1524/zkri.1988.183.14.175
Frost, Ray L., Bahfenne, Silmarilly, Graham, Jessica (2008) Infrared and infrared emission spectroscopic study of selected magnesium carbonate minerals containing ferric iron—Implications for the geosequestration of greenhouse gases. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 71 (4) 1610-1616 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2008.06.006
Frost, Ray L., Bahfenne, Silmarilly (2009) Raman and mid-IR spectroscopic study of the magnesium carbonate minerals - brugnatellite and coalingite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 40 (4). 360-365 doi:10.1002/jrs.2110
Frost, Ray L., Reddy, B. Jagannadha, Bahfenne, Silmarilly, Graham, Jessica (2009) Mid-infrared and near-infrared spectroscopic study of selected magnesium carbonate minerals containing ferric iron—Implications for the geosequestration of greenhouse gases. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 72 (3) 597-604 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2008.10.043
Localities for Coalingite
Showing 34 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| |
| Oskierski et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| R Bottrill |
Austria | |
| Bojar et al. (2005) |
| Exel (1993) |
Canada | |
| Jambor (1969) |
| Crook III et al. (1979) |
| Horváth et al. (2013) |
Czech Republic | |
| Kovář +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Ferraris (1971) +2 other references |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
Japan | |
| Suzuki et al. (1976) |
| 上原誠一郎. (1987) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
Poland | |
| Ł. Kruszewski (PXRD data) |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Zayakina et al. (2015) |
Spain | |
| González-Pérez et al. (2023) |
USA (TL) | |
| Mumpton et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Mumpton et al. (1965) | |
| Emil Box |
| Learned (1965) +3 other references |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| FM newsletter vol.31 no.1 Jan-Mar '01 ... |
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Clear Creek deposits, Idria Peak, San Benito County, California, USA