Clinoclase
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Leslie Almberg
About Clinoclase
Formula:
Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3
Colour:
Blue, greenish-blue, dark green-black; blue-green in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
4.38
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1830 by August Breithaupt from the Greek κλίυειυ = "to incline" and κλαυ = "to break," in allusion to its oblique basal cleavage.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
This page provides mineralogical data about Clinoclase.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1055
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1055:5
IMA Classification of Clinoclase
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+3As5+O4(OH)3
Classification of Clinoclase
8.BE.20
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
E : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
E : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 2:1
41.3.1.1
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)3(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)3(XO4)Zq
20.1.3
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cno | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Clinoclase
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Clinoclase
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on cleavage surfaces.
Colour:
Blue, greenish-blue, dark green-black; blue-green in transmitted light
Streak:
Bluish green
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {001}, perfect.
On {001}, perfect.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.38 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.42 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Clinoclase
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.73 nβ = 1.87 nγ = 1.91
2V:
Measured: 30° , Calculated: 52°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.180
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v, relatively strong
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Pale blue-green
Y = b = Light blue green
Z = near a = Benzol green
Y = b = Light blue green
Z = near a = Benzol green
Chemistry of Clinoclase
Mindat Formula:
Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Clinoclase
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.4 Å, b = 6.47 Å, c = 7.27 Å
β = 99.58°
β = 99.58°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.917 : 1 : 1.124
Unit Cell V:
575.12 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystals elongated [010] and tabular {001}; also rhombohedral in aspect, or elongated [001] with {100} prominent; grouped into rosettes, as crusts and coatings. Densely aggregated with a fibrous structure at times.
Forms include: {001}, {100}, {110}, {302}, (201}, {111}, {552}, {401}, {972}.
Forms include: {001}, {100}, {110}, {302}, (201}, {111}, {552}, {401}, {972}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009293 | Clinoclase | Ghose S, Fehlmann M, Sundaralingam M (1965) The crystal structure of clinoclase, Cu3AsO4(OH)3 Acta Crystallographica 18 777-787 |  | 1965 | Majuba Hill, Nevada, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0010215 | Clinoclase | Eby R K, Hawthorne F C (1990) Clinoclase and the geometry of [5]-coordinate Cu2+ in minerals Acta Crystallographica C46 2291-2294 | | 1990 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.3 Å | (60) |
| 3.55 Å | (100) |
| 2.88 Å | (40) |
| 2.53 Å | (40) |
| 2.49 Å | (40) |
| 2.30 Å | (50) |
| 2.24 Å | (40) |
| 2.10 Å | (40) |
| 2.05 Å | (50) |
| 1.542 Å | (40) |
Comments:
Data from Palache and Berry 1946.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Clinoclase
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number H5104 and 52.70 (type).
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Clinoclase
Other Language Names for Clinoclase
Catalan:Clinoclasa
Dutch:Clinoclaas
German:Klinoklas
Abichit
Aphanesit
Clinoclasit
Klinoklasit
Siderochalcit
Strahlenerz
Strahlenkupfer
Strahlerz
Strahliges Olivenerz
Abichit
Aphanesit
Clinoclasit
Klinoklasit
Siderochalcit
Strahlenerz
Strahlenkupfer
Strahlerz
Strahliges Olivenerz
Italian:Clinoclasio
Portuguese:Clinoclase
Russian:Клиноклаз
Simplified Chinese:光线石
Slovak:Klinoklas
Ukrainian:Кліноклаз
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 192 photos of Clinoclase associated with Cornwallite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 97 photos of Clinoclase associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 48 photos of Clinoclase associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 36 photos of Clinoclase associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 36 photos of Clinoclase associated with Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 30 photos of Clinoclase associated with Cornubite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 26 photos of Clinoclase associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 26 photos of Clinoclase associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 18 photos of Clinoclase associated with Liroconite | Cu2Al(AsO4)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 17 photos of Clinoclase associated with Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BE.05 | Augelite | Al2(PO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BE.10 | Grattarolaite | Fe3+3(PO4)O3 |
| 8.BE.15 | Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BE.25 | Gilmarite | Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BE.25 | Arhbarite | Cu2Mg(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BE.30 | Flinkite | Mn2+2Mn3+(AsO4)(OH)4 |
| 8.BE.30 | Argandite | Mn7(VO4)2(OH)8 |
| 8.BE.30 | Raadeite | Mg7(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| 8.BE.30 | Allactite | Mn2+7(AsO4)2(OH)8 |
| 8.BE.35 | 'Mineral E (of Dunn, et. al., 1982)' | |
| 8.BE.35 | Chlorophoenicite | (Mn,Mg)3Zn2(AsO4)(OH,O)6 |
| 8.BE.35 | Magnesiochlorophoenicite | (Mg,Mn)3Zn2(AsO4)(OH,O)6 |
| 8.BE.40 | Gerdtremmelite | (Zn,Fe)(Al,Fe)2(AsO4)(OH)5 |
| 8.BE.45 | Dixenite | CuMn2+14Fe2+(SiO4)2(As5+O4)(As3+O3)5(OH)6 |
| 8.BE.45 | Mcgovernite | Mn19Zn3(AsO4)3(AsO3)(SiO4)3(OH)21 |
| 8.BE.45 | Hematolite | (Mn,Mg,Al,Fe3+)15(As5+O4)2(As3+O3)(OH)23 |
| 8.BE.45 | Turtmannite | (Mn,Mg)22.5Mg3-3x((V5+,As5+)O4)3(As3+O3)x(SiO4)3O5-5x(OH)20+x |
| 8.BE.45 | Carlfrancisite | Mn2+3(Mn2+,Mg,Fe3+,Al)42[As3+O3]2(As5+O4)4[(Si,As5+)O4]6[(As5+,Si)O4]2(OH)42 |
| 8.BE.45 | Arakiite | (Zn,Mn2+)(Mn2+,Mg)12(Fe3+,Al)2(As5+O4)2(As3+O3)(OH)23 |
| 8.BE.45 | Kraisslite | Zn3(Mn,Mg)25(Fe3+,Al)(As3+O3)2[(Si,As5+)O4]10(OH)16 |
| 8.BE.50 | Synadelphite | Mn2+9(As5+O4)2(As3+O3)(OH)9 · 2H2O |
| 8.BE.55 | Holdenite | (Mn2+,Mg)6Zn3(AsO4)2(SiO4)(OH)8 |
| 8.BE.60 | Kolicite | Mn2+7Zn4(AsO4)2(SiO4)2(OH)8 |
| 8.BE.65 | Sabelliite | (Cu,Zn)2Zn(AsO4,SbO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BE.70 | Jarosewichite | Mn2+3Mn3+(AsO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BE.75 | Theisite | Cu5Zn5(AsO4,SbO4)2(OH)14 |
| 8.BE.80 | Coparsite | Cu4(AsO4,VO4)O2Cl |
| 8.BE.85 | Waterhouseite | Mn2+7(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| 8.BE.90 | Vasilseverginite | Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Clinoclase
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1055.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Clinoclase
Reference List:
Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie (1st ed.). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. p.1050 - as Strahlenkupfer
Haüy, René Just (1822) Traité de Minéralogie (2nd ed.) Vol. 3. Bachelier, Paris. as Cuivre arseniaté
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.602
Dana, James D., Brush, George Jarvis (1868) A System of Mineralogy (5th ed.). p.882p.570 - as Clinoclasite
Hillebrand, W. F., Washington, H. S. (1888) Notes on certain rare copper minerals from Utah. American Journal of Science, s3-35 (208). 298-307 doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-35.208.298p.305
Church, A. H. (1895) A Chemical Study of Some Native Arsenates and Phosphates. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 11 (49) 1-12 doi:10.1180/minmag.1895.011.49.01
Gianella, Vincent P. (1946) Clinoclasite from Majuba Hill, Nevada. American Mineralogist, 31 (5-6) 259-260
Ghose, S., Fehlmann, M., Sundaralingam, M. (1965) The crystal structure of clinoclase, Cu3AsO4(OH)3. Acta Crystallographica, 18 (4). 777-787 doi:10.1107/s0365110x65001779
Eby, R. K., Hawthorne, F. C. (1990) Clinoclase and the geometry of [5]-coordinate Cu2+ in minerals. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 46 (12) 2291-2294 doi:10.1107/s0108270190004723
Frost, Ray L., Martens, Wayde N., Williams, Peter A. (2002) Raman spectroscopy of the phase-related basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornwallite, cornubite and clinoclase. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (6). 475-484 doi:10.1002/jrs.880
Martens, Wayde N., Frost, Ray L., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Williams, Peter A. (2003) The basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornubite, cornwallite, and clinoclase: An infrared emission and Raman spectroscopic study. American Mineralogist, 88 (4) 501-508 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0404
Localities for Clinoclase
Showing 167 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) +2 other references | |
Australia | |
| |
| Crane et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Day et al. (1995) +3 other references |
| Bayliss et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
Austria | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Hatton (1992) | |
| C.Auer (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2014) |
| Mélon (1954) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
Chile | |
| X-ray diffraction probed [Uwe Kolitsch] |
| Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1988) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
DR Congo | |
| Lhoest (1992) |
France | |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Bari (1982) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Pélisson et al. (1987) |
| Favreau et al. (2003) |
| Caubel (1997) |
| collection bernard bouissac/antoine ... |
| van den Berg (1987) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Ko Jansen collection | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis (10) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Chollet Pascal photo |
| Skarpelis et al. (2004) |
Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (2006) |
Italy | |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
| Redazione (2005) |
| Vergani (2019) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè +2 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
Japan | |
| Tokyo University collection |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Melvin Machin collection |
| - (n.d.) |
| Boyuan Zhang specimen +1 other reference |
| Minato (1954) |
| SHIROSE et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) | |
Mexico | |
| Jean des Rivieres |
| Peter Megaw +1 other reference |
| Megaw (2023) |
Morocco | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection |
| JP Barral collection +1 other reference |
| Favreau (2026) | |
Namibia | |
| Knoll et al. (2008) +3 other references |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
Russia | |
| Nenasheva et al. (2011) |
| Gleb Korovko collection |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko |
| Kodě +2 other references | |
| Števko et al. (2011) |
| Števko et al. (2012) |
| Sejkora J. |
| Števko M. et al. (2017) |
| Julia Herrmann et al. (2018) | |
| Řídkošil (1981) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
South Africa | |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1989) | |
| Malcolm Southwood (2002) | |
| Meulenbeld et al. (2014) |
Spain | |
| Favreau et al. (2013) |
| José Miguel Sola Fernández and group. |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Boixereu-Vila et al. (2025) |
| Gröbner et al. (1999) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| BMS Collection |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references | |
| David Ifold collection | |
| Collins (1871) |
| Rollinson et al. (2017) |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references |
| Phillips (1823) +1 other reference | |
| Hall (1868) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| BMS Collection +1 other reference |
| Ian Jones collection. | |
| Rushton (1972) |
USA | |
| Keith (1972) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Brian Beck Collected | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| King et al. (1993) |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Storm Sears collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Jensen (1993) | |
| Jensen (1993) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Dana 6:1092 +1 other reference |
| Collection of Tom Wyman. ID by Chuck ... | |
| Chuck Adan Collection | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 63: 130. +3 other references | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| Min News 8:1 p6-7 +1 other reference |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Quick NavTopAbout ClinoclaseUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPronunciation Physical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Tin Stope, Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA