ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (1882โ€“1944)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Moshe Ben-Eliezer

    ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื’ืœืžื‘ื•ืฆืงื™) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืดื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืžืดื‘, 6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1882 ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื™ืŸ (ืคืœืš ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ืœื™ื˜ื). ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืดื”ื“ื•ืจืด ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืดื”ื–ืžืŸืด. ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ (ื‘ืฉื-ื”ืขื˜: ืž. ืœืึทื–ืึทืจืขื•ื•) ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ืดื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืด (ื•ื•ืจืฉื”). ื‘-1906 ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ ืดื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืด ื•ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืดืฉื‘ืœื™ืืด. ื›ืžื•-ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ ืดืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืด (ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื˜: ืž. ืœืึทื–ืึทืจืกืึธืŸ). ื‘-1910 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืดื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืด ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื” (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช). ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ื–ื• ืคื™ืจืกื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืขืช-ื”ื”ื™ื. ื‘-1914 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื“ืกื” ื•ืชื™ืจื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืดืžื•ืจื™ื”ืด ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื™ืจื’ื ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืดืื•ืžื ื•ืชืด ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืชื™ืจื’ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืืฉ. ื‘-1922 ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜. ื‘-1924 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืดื”ืืจืฅืด. ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืดื”ื“ื•ืืจืด ื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงื™. ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืดื— ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืดื“, 7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, Yiddish leksikon, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื”ืืจื ืง ื•ื”ืขื ื™. ื”ืื›ืจ ื•ื”ืชืฃ (ืื•ื“ื™ืกื” : ื“ืคื•ืก ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจืขืดื•)
  • ื”ื ืขืœ. ืžืœืš ืœืฉื ื” : ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืขึปื‘ึผึทื“ื•ึนืช (ืื•ื“ื™ืกื” : ื“ืคื•ืก ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจืขืดื•)
  • ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ : ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื™ืจ, ืชืจืคืดื— 1928)
  • ื”ื‘ื•ืจื— : ืกืคื•ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืดืฅ)
  • ื™ืจื‘ืขื ื•ืจื—ื‘ืขื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ืฉ. ืฉืจื‘ืจืง, 1939)
  • ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืฉืดื” 1945)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™ : ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจืคืดื•)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื / ื”. ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ (ื•ืจืฉื”-ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ : ืื—ื™ืกืคืจ, ืชืจืขืดื’)
  • ืขื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืช : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ื’ื•ืื™ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืคืกืŸ (ื•ืจืฉื” : ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืคืดื‘ 1922) <ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื” ื‘-1944 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ>
  • ื“ื•ื“ ืงืคืจืคื™ืœื“ / ื˜ืฉืจืœืก ื“ื™ืงื ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืคืดื—)
  • ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช / ื™ืณ ืžืก ืื ื“ืจืก ืืช ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจื ืจ ืื ื“ืจืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืจืคืดื˜)
  • ื”ืื / ืฉืœื•ื ืืฉ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืจืคืดื˜) (ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืืฉ, ืกืคืจ ื”)
  • ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืช / ืฉืœื•ื ืืฉ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1930) (ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืืฉ, ืกืคืจ ื•)
  • ื”ื ื•ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ / ืงืคื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ-ื™ืจื“ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืืดื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 1935)
  • ืกืคืจ ืขื“ื•ืช : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ / ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงื•ืจืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดื“ 1944)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื ืชืŸ. ืž. ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื‘ืžืœืืช ืœื• ืฉืฉื™ื).  ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื”ืณ, ื’ืœืณ ื-ื‘ (ืชืฉืจื™-ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืดื’, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ-ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1942), ืขืžืณ 52โ€“53.
  • ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจ, ืคื™ืฉืœ.  ืž. ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ : ื‘ืžืœืืช ืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.  ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” : ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1953), ืขืžืณ 236โ€“238 <ื ื—ืชื: ืชืจืฆืดื‘>

ืขืœ ืดืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจืด

  • ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ืดืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจืด.   ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช / ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื›ื™ื ืก ื–ืื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืงืจื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, ืชืฉืดืš 1960), ืขืžืณ 94โ€“95 <ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืดื”ื“ื•ืืจืด, 24 ื‘ืžืื™ 1929>
ืขืœ ืดื™ืจื‘ืขื ื•ืจื—ื‘ืขืืด
ืขืœ ืดื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœืด
ืขืœ ืดื“ื•ื“ ืงืคืจืคื™ืœื“ืด ืœื˜ืฉืจืœืก ื“ื™ืงื ืก
ืขืœ ืดื”ืืืด ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืฉ
  • ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ืงืจ.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ), ืฉื ื” ืืณ, ื’ืœืณ ืœืดื˜ (ื™ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืดืฅ, 10 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1930), ืขืžืณ 14 <ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืดื ืงื‘ืง - ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ>
  • ืงื‘ืง, ืื”ืจืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืžืื–ื ื™ื (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ), ืฉื ื” ืืณ, ื’ืœืณ ืœืดื— (ื’ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืดืฅ, 3 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1930), ืขืžืณ 14โ€“15 <ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืž. ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ - ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ>
ืขืœ ืดืกืคืจ ืขื“ื•ืชืด ืžืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงื•ืจืฅ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:


ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ