ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก (1900โ€“1984)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Miriam Yalan-Stekelis

    ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ืงื™ (ืœื™ื“ ืงืจืžื ืฆืณื•ื’, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”) ื‘ื›ืดื• ื‘ืื‘ ืชืจืดืก, 21 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1900 ืœืื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ืดืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืœื ืกืงื™. ืžืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืžื“ื” ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืชื” ืืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื–ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 20 ืขืœืชื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืงืขื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืคืจืกืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืจืงื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ึพ1956 ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ึพ1929 ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก.  ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื–ืณ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืžืดื“, 9 ื‘ืžืื™ 1984.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”,  Jewish Women's Archive, ื“ืฃื“ืฃ,  ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ะญะปะตะบั‚ั€ะพะฝะฝะฐั ะตะฒั€ะตะนัะบะฐั ัะฝั†ะธะบะปะพะฟะตะดะธั]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื–ื™ื]

ืกืคืจื™ื”:
  • ื“ื ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื™ืœื” ืขืดื™ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1943) <ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื‘ื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื™ืจืฅ>
  • ื”ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืื™ ืื•ืœื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืดื“ 1944) <ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ>
  • ื”ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืื™ ืื•ืœื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื‘ 1952) <ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ืื™ื–ื”>
  • ื‘ื™ืžื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ืณ ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉื™ืดื’ 1952) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ>
  • ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื— 1957) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืฆืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ>
  • ืกืคืจ ื“ื ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื— 1998) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง>
  • ืฉื•ืขืœ, ืืจื ื‘ ื•ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื ืดื˜ 1999) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ>
  • ืคืจื— ื ืชืชื™ ืœื ื•ืจื™ืช (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืกืดื” 2005) <ืœืงื˜ื” ื•ืขืจื›ื” ื™ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ; ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื“ื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื•ื ืกืงื™>
  • ื”ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืื™ ืื•ืœื™ (ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” : ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืขืดื“ 2014) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืชื™ื” ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ>
ืชืจื’ื•ื:
  • ืกืคื•ืจื™ื / ืื ื” ืคืจื ืง ; ืชืจื’ืžื” ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘) <ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื ืดืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ืกืชืจืด ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืžืดื— 1988>
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”:
ืกืคืจื™ื:
  • ืืœืžื•ื’, ื’ืื•ืœื”.  ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืงืจื™ืช ื’ืช : ื“ื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื, 1995)
  • ื‘ืŸึพืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืจื”.  ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” : ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืขืดื” 2015) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืจืžื™ ื‘ืŸึพืจืื•ื‘ืŸ>
  • ื’ึตืจื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื”.  ืจืฆืฃ ื•ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื• 1995) <ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื” โ€” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ, ืชืฉื ืดื• 1995>
  • ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ืžื™ื›ืœ.  ืกื“ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ : ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื™ื ื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ืงืœื™ืก (ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข : ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืดืฉ ืงื™ื™, ืชืฉื ืดื’)
ืžืืžืจื™ื:
ืขืœ ืดื‘ื™ืžื™ืด
  • ื˜ืจืกื™-ื’ื™ื, ืืกืชืจ.  ืดื‘ื™ืžื™ืด.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื•ื˜ื : ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜), ืขืžืณ 27โ€“30.
ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืด
  • ื˜ืจืกื™-ื’ื™ื, ืืกืชืจ.  ืดืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืด.  ื‘ืกืคืจื”: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื•ื˜ื : ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž. ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื›ืดื˜), ืขืžืณ 62โ€“64.
ืขืœ ืดื”ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืื™ ืื•ืœื™ืด

ืขืœ ืดืกืคื•ืจื™ืืด ืœืื ื” ืคืจื ืง
  • ืื•ื”ืœ, ืžื™ืœื.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื ื” ืคืจื ืง.  ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, 10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1962.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL170268A Wikidata โ€“ Q2911340 NLI โ€“ 987007270185805171 LC โ€“ no92011841 VIAF โ€“ 41405550
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 12 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2026

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ