ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื (1970)

Dov Elbaum

ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื›"ื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืœ"ื, 21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1970. ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื’ืจ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืขื ื’ื™ื•ืกื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ื›ืชื‘ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ "ื‘ืžื—ื ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขืกืง ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช" ื•"ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืชื—ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื“ื ื™ ืฉื—ืจ, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™) ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื‘-2005 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ (ืžื—ืงืจื• ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืกืคืจื• "ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ"). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืžืคืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื”: "ื–ืžืŸ-ืืœื•ืœ" [ืจื•ืžืŸ, 1997] ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” "ื—ื™ื™ ืขื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช"[2001, ืจื•ืžืŸ], ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื "ืš, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขื ื”ืืœ. ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื• ื–ื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื, "ื—ื™ื™ ืขื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช" ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก 'ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”' ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืจืขืžืชืŸ ื•ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื” ื’ื".  ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2006 ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช".
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืืชืจื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ITHL]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื–ืžืŸ ืืœื•ืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื "ื– 1997)
  • ื—ื™ื™ ืขื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช : ืื’ื“ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืก"ื 2001)
  • ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืจืขืžืชืŸ ื•ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื” ื’ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืก"ื• 2006) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœ; ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื‘> <ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื>
  • ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ : ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืก"ื– 2007)
  • ื–ืื‘ื™ืง ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื•ืกื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2008) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœ>
  • ื™ื ื•ืงื ื‘ืื™ ื”ื ืฉืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืข"ื‘ 2012) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ ; ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื‘> <ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื˜ืœ, ืจื•ื ืŸ.  ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกื•ืคืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›"ื• ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืก"ื—, 26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2008, ืขืž' 26ึพ31 <"ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื">
  • ืงื•ืคืคืจ, ืจื•ืชื”. ื ืกื™ืš ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื’ืœืจื™ื”, ืœ' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื•, 28 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2006, ืขืž' 1, 11.
  • ืจื•ืชื, ืชืžืจ.  ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื”.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™, ื›' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื‘, 12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012, ืขืž' 32ึพ36.
ืขืœ "ื–ืžืŸ-ืืœื•ืœ"
  • ืื•ืคื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉื. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›"ื ื‘ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื—, 21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1997, ืขืž' 29.
  • ื‘ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืื™ ืขืงื•ื. ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื' ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื "ื—, 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1998, ืขืž' 7.
  • ื’ื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื™ื”. ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื—, 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1997, ืขืž' ื“ 3.
  • ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืขืœ. ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ. ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 217 (1998), ืขืž' 7.
  • ืกื’ืœ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืขืœื ื”ืกื•ื“. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœ' 255 (ื˜"ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื—, 14 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1998), ืขืž' 6.
  • ืคืจื™ื“ืœื ื“ืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื—ื˜ืื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช - ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœ' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื "ื—, 31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1997, ืขืž' 26.
  • ืฉื•ืœืžืŸ, ืชืžื™. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช?  ื”ื“ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 77, ื’ืœ' ื™' (ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื "ื—, 10 ื‘ืžืืจืก 1998), ืขืž' 19.
ืขืœ "ื—ื™ื™ ืขื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช"
  • ื‘ืฉืŸ, ื˜ืœ. "ืชืฉืžืข, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื›ื” ื•ื›ื›ื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช". ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืกื•ืคืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืœ' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืก"ื, 23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2001, ืขืž' 34ึพ36, 38 <ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื>
  • ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืื‘ื™ืจืžื”. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืš. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœ' 428 (ื˜"ื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืก"ื, 9 ื‘ืžืื™ 2001), ืขืž' 1, 17.
  • ื’ื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื™ื”. ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืจื–ื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื, 20 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2001, ืขืž' ื‘ 15.
  • ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื ืจ. ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื ื—ื•ื-ืชืงื•ื. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช - ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื, 30 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2001, ืขืž' 26ึพ27 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•: ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื : ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, 2005), ืขืž' 251ึพ253>
  • ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืขืžื•ืก. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื˜ืจื“ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™. ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื’ืœ' 651 (2001), ืขืž' 37, 43.
  • ืžืœืฆืจ, ื™ื•ืจื. ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›"ื— ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืก"ื, 23 ื‘ืžืืจืก 2001, ืขืž' 26.
ืขืœ "ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืจืขืžืชืŸ ื•ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื” ื’ื" ืขืœ "ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื•ื™"
  • ืื™ื“ืจ, ื“ืจื•ืจ.  ื”ืงืืžื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.  ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื’ืœ'  751 (ื’' ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื–, 18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2007), ืขืž' 8.
  • ืืœืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืœื™ืื•ืจ.  ื”ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื• ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.  Time Out ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื’ืœ' 247 (26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืขื“ 2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007), ืขืž' 132.
  • ื’ืœืกื ืจ, ืืจื™ืง.  ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื.  ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช - ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื—' ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื–, 25 ื‘ืžืื™ 2007, ืขืž' 26.
  • ืœื•ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ืืœ.  ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“.  ืจืฆื™ืฃ: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื’ืœ' 2 (ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007), ืขืž' 39ึพ41.
  • ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืขืžื•ืก.  ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืข ืžื•ืคืœื.  ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ืœ' 323 (ืื‘-ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืก"ื–, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007), ืขืž' 30ึพ31.
  • ืœืžื‘ืจื’ืจ, ื“ื•ืจื™ืช.  ืžืกืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขืชื™ืงื”.  ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืก"ื–, 29 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2007, ืขืž'
  • ืžืื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”. ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืืœื•ืช : ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฉืืœื”.  ืืงื“ืžื•ืช: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื’ืœ' ื›"ื (ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืก"ื—, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2008), ืขืž' 215ึพ223.
  • ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื–ืื‘.  ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืฉืœื•.  ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืช, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืก"ื–, 12 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2007, ืขืž' 26.
ืขืœ "ื–ืื‘ื™ืง ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื•ืกื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื"
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ