Celsian
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Celsian
Anders Celsius
Formula:
Ba(Al2Si2O8)
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
3.10 - 3.39
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1895 by Stens Anders Hjalmar Sjögren in honour of Anders Celsius [November 27, 1701 Uppsala, Sweden - April 25, 1744 Uppsala, Sweden], Swedish astronomer, physicist, and naturalist. He had the Astronomical Observatory built and he experimented with standardising temperature measurements and the Celsius temperature scale is also named in his honour.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Feldspar Group. Celsian-Hyalophane Series; Celsian-Orthoclase Series.
The distinctly monoclinic (115.2°) dimorph of Paracelsian; the latter is considered a metastable modification (Lin & Foster, 1968).
Chemically very similar to cymrite.
See also Barium-Nepheline.
The distinctly monoclinic (115.2°) dimorph of Paracelsian; the latter is considered a metastable modification (Lin & Foster, 1968).
Chemically very similar to cymrite.
See also Barium-Nepheline.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
928
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:928:3
IMA Classification of Celsian
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
BaAl2Si2O8
First published:
1895
Classification of Celsian
9.FA.30
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
A : Tektosilicates without additional non-tetrahedral anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
A : Tektosilicates without additional non-tetrahedral anions
76.1.1.4
76 : TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework
1 : Al-Si Framework with Al-Si frameworks
76 : TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework
1 : Al-Si Framework with Al-Si frameworks
16.12.4
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
12 : Aluminosilicates of Sr, Ba and Zn
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
12 : Aluminosilicates of Sr, Ba and Zn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cls | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cls | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Cls | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Cln | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Celsian
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellow
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}, good on {010}, poor on {110}
Perfect on {001}, good on {010}, poor on {110}
Density:
3.10 - 3.39 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.26 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Celsian
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.58 - 1.584 nβ = 1.585 - 1.587 nγ = 1.594 - 1.596
2V:
Measured: 86° to 90°, Calculated: 62° to 74°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.012 - 0.014
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Celsian
Mindat Formula:
Ba(Al2Si2O8)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,K,F
Crystallography of Celsian
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.622(4) Å, b = 13.078(6) Å, c = 14.411(8) Å
β = 115.2°
β = 115.2°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.659 : 1 : 1.102
Unit Cell V:
1,470.31 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Short prismatic to acicular crystals, commonly massive
Twinning:
Simple twins in accordance with the
Manebach, Baveno, or Carlsbad laws.
Manebach, Baveno, or Carlsbad laws.
Comment:
Space group I2/c (non-standard setting).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000519 | Celsian | Griffen D T, Ribbe P H (1976) Refinement of the crystal structure of celsian American Mineralogist 61 414-418 |  | 1976 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.47 Å | (100) |
| 3.35 Å | (100) |
| 3.02 Å | (95) |
| 2.582 Å | (75) |
| 3.26 Å | (60) |
| 3.80 Å | (55) |
| 6.52 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Jakobsberg, Sweden.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Geological Setting:
Amphibolite regional or contact metamorphic rocks rich in barium
Type Occurrence of Celsian
Synonyms of Celsian
Ba Feldspar (in part)
Other Language Names for Celsian
Varieties of Celsian
| Kasoite | A potassian (K-bearing) variety of celsian. |
Relationship of Celsian to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Feldspar Group:
| Alkali Feldspar | A subgroup of the Feldspar Group, poor in calcium, and mostly rich in potassium. | |
| Buddingtonite | (NH4)(AlSi3O8) | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Filatovite | K(Al,Zn)2(As,Si)2O8 | Mon. 2/m |
| Hexacelsian | BaAl2Si2O8 | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P63/mcm |
| Kokchetavite | K(AlSi3O8) | Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6/mcc |
| Kumdykolite | Na(AlSi3O8) | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnnm |
| Paracelsian | Ba(Al2Si2O8) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 | |
| Reedmergnerite | NaBSi3O8 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Slawsonite | Sr(Al2Si2O8) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Svyatoslavite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| 'Unnamed (New Ordered Member of the Alkali Feldspar Series)' | KNa(Si6Al2)O16 | Mon. m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 14 photos of Celsian associated with Titantaramellite | Ba4(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg)4(B2Si8O27)O2Clx |
| 14 photos of Celsian associated with Sanbornite | BaSi2O5 |
| 11 photos of Celsian associated with Gillespite | BaFe2+Si4O10 |
| 11 photos of Celsian associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 10 photos of Celsian associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 10 photos of Celsian associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 10 photos of Celsian associated with Bazirite | BaZr(Si3O9) |
| 9 photos of Celsian associated with 'Hyalophane' | (K,Ba)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| 7 photos of Celsian associated with Native Lead | Pb |
| 6 photos of Celsian associated with Melanotekite | Pb2Fe3+2(Si2O7)O2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.FA. | Bonaccorsiite | KK2Na3(Al6Si36)O84 |
| 9.FA. | Hexacelsian | BaAl2Si2O8 |
| 9.FA. | Wodegongjieite | KCa3(Al7Si9)O32 |
| 9.FA.05 | Panunzite | (K,Na)AlSiO4 |
| 9.FA.05 | Yoshiokaite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)O4] |
| 9.FA.05 | Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
| 9.FA.05 | Trinepheline | NaAlSiO4 |
| 9.FA.05 | Davidsmithite | (Ca,◻)2Na6Al8Si8O32 |
| 9.FA.05 | Kaliophilite | KAlSiO4 |
| 9.FA.05 | Kalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
| 9.FA.05 | 'Carnegieite' | NaAlSiO4 |
| 9.FA.05 | Megakalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
| 9.FA.05 | Trikalsilite | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
| 9.FA.10 | Malinkoite | NaBSiO4 |
| 9.FA.15 | Virgilite | LiAlSi2O6 |
| 9.FA.25 | Lisitsynite | KBSi2O6 |
| 9.FA.30 | Ferrisanidine | K[Fe3+Si3O8] |
| 9.FA.30 | Buddingtonite | (NH4)(AlSi3O8) |
| 9.FA.30 | Rubicline | Rb(AlSi3O8) |
| 9.FA.30 | 'Monalbite' | NaAlSi3O8 |
| 9.FA.30 | Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 9.FA.30 va | 'Germanate-celsian' | BaAl2Ge2O8 |
| 9.FA.30 | Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 9.FA.30 | Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 9.FA.35 | Reedmergnerite | NaBSi3O8 |
| 9.FA.35 | Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 9.FA.35 | Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| 9.FA.40 | Paracelsian | Ba(Al2Si2O8) |
| 9.FA.45 | Svyatoslavite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| 9.FA.45 | Kumdykolite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 9.FA.50 | Slawsonite | Sr(Al2Si2O8) |
| 9.FA.55 | Lisetite | CaNa2Al4Si4O16 |
| 9.FA.60 | Stronalsite | Na2SrAl4Si4O16 |
| 9.FA.60 | Banalsite | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
| 9.FA.65 | Maleevite | BaB2Si2O8 |
| 9.FA.65 | Pekovite | SrB2Si2O8 |
| 9.FA.65 | Danburite | CaB2Si2O8 |
| 9.FA.70 | Liebermannite | KAlSi3O8 |
| 9.FA.70 | Lingunite | NaAlSi3O8 |
| 9.FA.70 | Stöfflerite | CaAl2Si2O8 |
| 9.FA.75 | Pfaffenbergite | KNa3(Al4Si12)O32 |
| 9.FA.75 | Kokchetavite | K(AlSi3O8) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Celsian
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-928.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Celsian
Reference List:
Sjögren, Hj. (1895) Celsian, en anorthiten motsvarande bariumfältspat från Jakobsberg. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 17 (6) 578-582 doi:10.1080/11035899509453948
Dana, Edward Salisbury (1899) A System of Mineralogy - First Appendix to the Sixth Edition of Dana's System of Mineralogy. p.15
Spencer, L. J. (1942) Barium-felspars (celsian and paracelsian) from Wales. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 26 (178) 231-245 doi:10.1180/minmag.1942.026.178.01
Seki, Yôtarô, Kennedy, George C. (1964) Phase relations between cymrite, BaAlSi3O8(OH), and celsian, BaAl2Si2O8. American Mineralogist, 49 (9-10) 1407-1426
Gay, P. (1965) An X-ray powder method for the estimation of (K, Ba) feldspars. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 34 (268). 204-213 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.034.268.16
Lin, H. C., Foster, W. R. (1968) Studies in the system BaO-Al2O3-SiO2: I. The polymorphism of celsian. American Mineralogist, 53 (1-2) 134-144
Gay, P.; Roy, N. N. (1968) The mineralogy of the potassium-barium feldspar series. III: Subsolidus relationships. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (283). 914-932 doi:10.1180/minmag.1968.283.036.02
Mall, A. P., Rudert, V. (1974) Studies in the system KAlSiO4-BaAl2Si2O8-SiO2-H2O. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 48 (1) 81-88 doi:10.1007/bf00399112
Grifen, Dana T., Ribbe, P. H. (1976) Refinement of the crystal structure of celsian. American Mineralogist, 61 (5-6) 414-418
Müller, W. F. (1976) On Polymorphism of BaAl2Si2O8. In Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p.354-360. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66196-9_27
Viswanathan, Krishnamoorthy, Brandt, Karl (1980) The crystal structure of a ternary (Ba,K,Na)-feldspar and its significance. American Mineralogist, 65 (5-6) 472-476
Fortey, N. J., Beddoe-Stephens, B. (1982) Barium silicates in stratabound Ba-Zn mineralization in the Scottish Dalradian. Mineralogical Magazine, 46 (338) 63-72 doi:10.1180/minmag.1982.046.338.11
Viswanathan, Krishnamoorthy, Kielhorn, Hedwig-Maria (1983) Al,Si distribution in a ternary (Ba,K,Na)-feldspar as determined by crystal structure refinement. American Mineralogist, 68 (1-2) 122-124
Swamy, V.; Menon, A. G.; Anantha Iyer, G. V. (1994) High-Temperature Reactions of Alkali and Plagioclase Feldspars With Alkali and Alkaline Earth Chlorides: Formation of Celsian. Journal Geological Society of India, 43 (3). 305-310 doi:10.17491/jgsi/1994/430308
Skellern, Matthew G.; Howie, R. Alan; Lachowski, Eric E.; Skakle, Janet M. S. (2003) Barium-deficient celsian, Ba1−xAl2−2xSi2+2xO8 (x= 0.20 or 0.06). Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 59 (2). i11-i14 doi:10.1107/s0108270102023053
Cressey, G. (2004) W.A. Deer, R.A. Howie, W.S. Wise and J. Zussman. Rock-Forming Minerals. Volume 4B. Second Edition. Framework Silicates: Silica Minerals, Feldspathoids and the Zeolites.
London (The Geological Society) 2004, xv + 982 pp. £125 (£62.50 to GSL members) ISBN 1-86239-144-0. Hardback. Mineralogical Magazine, 68 (5) 831-832 doi:10.1180/0680831pp.166-178
Sinha, Kaustav, Pearson, Brett, Casolco, Said R., Garay, Javier E., Graeve, Olivia A. (2009) Synthesis and Consolidation of BaAl2Si2O8:Eu: Development of an Integrated Process for Luminescent Smart Ceramic Materials. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 92 (11). 2504-2511 doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03242.x
Localities for Celsian
Showing 163 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Crozaz et al. (1988) |
Australia | |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference | |
| Teals et al. (2006) | |
| Mason (1987) | |
| Cave et al. (2023) |
| Knights | |
| Zaw et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| rumbleresources.com.au (2021) |
| minedex.dmirs.wa.gov.au (2020) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
Brazil | |
| Dr Jaroslav Hyrsl specimen |
| Guarino et al. (2021) | |
| Prinz et al. (1977) +2 other references |
Canada | |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| British Columbia Ministry of Energy |
| Caudle +1 other reference |
| Bartholomew (2005) |
| McClenaghan et al. (2009) |
| Grema et al. (2024) |
| Pabst et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Gardner et al. (1985) |
| Ansdell et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
China | |
| Ma et al. (2007) |
| Haiqi Yan et al. (2007) |
| Ju et al. (2025) |
Cuba | |
| Blanco-Quintero et al. (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| Tasáryová et al. (2014) |
| Jirasek et al. (2026) |
| Fojt |
| Matýsek et al. (2025) |
| Matýsek et al. (2016) |
| Matýsek et al. (2016) |
| Matýsek et al. (2016) |
| Souček |
| Pauliš | |
| Minerální a horninová asociace z ... +2 other references |
| Novak et al. (2010) |
Eswatini | |
| Roerdink et al. (2016) |
Europe | |
| Zelinková et al. (2022) |
Finland | |
| Sergeeva et al. (2011, February) |
France | |
| Cluzel et al. (2024) |
| Pouit et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT's collection |
| Johan et al. (1991) |
Germany | |
| Skrzyńska et al. (2023) |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) | |
| Juroszek et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Reinecke (1982) |
India | |
| Devaraju et al. (1999) +2 other references |
| Pradhan et al. (2019) |
| Baidya |
| Baidya (2014) | |
| Baidya | |
| Baidya | |
| Baidya | |
| Chakrabarty et al. (2011) +2 other references | |
Iraq | |
| Mohammad et al. (2007) |
Israel | |
| Krzątała et al. (2022) |
| Krzątała et al. (2023) | |
| Galuskina et al. (2025) |
| Galuskina et al. (2026) +1 other reference | |
Italy | |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Balestra C. (2014) |
| Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... |
| Pezzotta et al. (1999) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1994) |
Japan | |
| Am Min 85:242-250 |
| Handbook of Mineralogy (c) |
| Am Min 85:242-250 +1 other reference |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/fmm/detail-menu2/min109-corundum/corundum.html (in matrix of corundum-bearing river cobbles) |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) |
| Mandarino (2001) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Saburov (2005) |
Mexico | |
| An E-rock sample (December 23, 2020) |
| Alfors et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Ostrooumov et al. (2010) |
Mongolia | |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Bea et al. (2013) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
| Shi et al. (2012) | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Namibia | |
| Viswanathan et al. (1980) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Riches et al. (2012) | |
| Riches et al. (2012) | |
Norway | |
| Bjerkgård et al. (2013) |
Poland | |
| Kruszewski et al. (2014) |
| Pierwoła |
| Łukasz Kruszewski preliminary ... |
| Kruszewski et al. (2012) |
Romania | |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Савельева et al. (2021) |
| Mitchell et al. (1993) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| И.И. et al. (2023) |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| Keith Bell et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Kostin (2021) | |
| Okrugin et al. (2023) |
| Brusnitsyn (2000) |
| Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) |
Slovakia | |
| Myšľan et al. (2025) |
South Africa | |
| Moore et al. (2011) |
South Korea | |
| Jeong et al. (1999) |
| Gi Young Jeong (2006) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2008) |
| Navarro et al. (2008) | |
| Casillas et al. (2024) |
| Moro et al. (2001) |
| Moro et al. (2001) |
| Manuel et al. (2018) |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
| Sjögren (1895) +2 other references |
| Nysten (2004) |
Switzerland | |
| Graeser et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Taiwan | |
| Yui et al. (1989) |
UK | |
| Richard Bell Collection |
| Moles et al. (2024) | |
| Moles (2025) | |
| Coats (1980) +4 other references | |
| Moles (2025) | |
| Cotterell (2006) |
| BMS Collection. +3 other references |
USA | |
| Steeves et al. (2016) |
| Cliff D. Taylor (April 2001) |
| Slack et al. (2014) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Schaller (1929) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +3 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Rogers (1932) +5 other references |
| David Lowe analysis of sample ... |
| Gross et al. (1967) +3 other references |
| Alfors et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Sandfire Resources America Inc. |
| Gammons et al. (2024) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report ... +1 other reference |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Frondel et al. (1966) +2 other references |
| FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Jackson (1986) |
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Benallt Mine, Rhiw, Aberdaron, Gwynedd, Wales, UK