Brannerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Brannerite
John Casper Branner
Formula:
UTi2O6
Often contains impurities; an older formula is (U4+,REE,Th,Ca)(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)2(O,OH)6.
Colour:
Black, brownish olive-green, yellow-brown to yellow with alteration; yellowish green in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous, Dull
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Specific Gravity:
4.2 - 5.43
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For Dr. John Casper Branner (4 July 1850, New Market, Tennessee, USA - 1 March 1922, Palo Alto, California, USA), geologist and Professor of Geology and President of Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. He served as president of the Geological Society of America in 1904 and the Seismological Society of America in 1911.
Brannerite-Thorutite Series.
Compare also uranopolycrase and orthobrannerite which, despite the name, is not a polymorph of brannerite.
Compare also uranopolycrase and orthobrannerite which, despite the name, is not a polymorph of brannerite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
754
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:754:0
Similar Names
| Braunerite | A valid IMA mineral species - pending publication | K2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3 · 6H2O |
| Breunnerite | A variety of 'Iron-bearing Magnesite' [Magnesite] | (Mg,Fe)CO3 |
| Brunnerite | A synonym of 'Prunnerite' |
IMA Classification of Brannerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
U4+Ti4+2O6
First published:
1920
Classification of Brannerite
4.DH.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
8.3.4.1
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
7.16.23
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
16 : Oxides of U
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
16 : Oxides of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bnr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Brn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Brannerite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Brannerite
Vitreous, Resinous, Dull
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black, brownish olive-green, yellow-brown to yellow with alteration; yellowish green in transmitted light
Streak:
Dark greenish brown to yellowish brown
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.2 - 5.43 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.2 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Brannerite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 2.23 - 2.3
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) |
|---|---|
| 400nm | 13.9% |
| 420nm | 13.5% |
| 440nm | 13.1% |
| 460nm | 12.8% |
| 480nm | 12.7% |
| 500nm | 12.5% |
| 520nm | 12.3% |
| 540nm | 12.2% |
| 560nm | 12.1% |
| 580nm | 12.0% |
| 600nm | 11.9% |
| 620nm | 11.8% |
| 640nm | 11.7% |
| 660nm | 11.7% |
| 680nm | 11.6% |
| 700nm | 11.5% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 13.9%.
Chemistry of Brannerite
Mindat Formula:
UTi2O6
Often contains impurities; an older formula is (U4+,REE,Th,Ca)(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)2(O,OH)6.
Often contains impurities; an older formula is (U4+,REE,Th,Ca)(Ti,Fe3+,Nb)2(O,OH)6.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ba,Fe,Pb,REE,Si,Sr,Th,Zr
Chemical Analysis
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | U0.90(Th2.07Nb0.03)2.1(O,OH)6 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Albertville, Savoie, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France | Analyzed by N. Meisser |
Crystallography of Brannerite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.8123 Å, b = 3.7697 Å, c = 6.9253 Å
β = 118.957°
β = 118.957°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.603 : 1 : 1.837
Unit Cell V:
224.14 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Indistinct prismatic crystals, to 30 cm, some showing an orthogonal prism zone; more typically as rounded, detrital grains and pebbles and as irregular embedded grains and masses.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005188 | Brannerite | Szymanski J T, Scott J D (1982) A crystal structure refinement of synthetic brannerite UTi2O6 and its bearing on rate of alkaline-carbonate leaching of brannerite in ore The Canadian Mineralogist 20 271-280 |  | 1982 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.41 Å | (10) |
| 1.903 Å | (8) |
| 4.73 Å | (6) |
| 3.32 Å | (6) |
| 2.462 Å | (6) |
| 2.276 Å | (6) |
| 1.864 Å | (6) |
Comments:
Recorded on material from Custer Co., Idaho, USA, after recrystallisation in air at 1000 °C
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
In granite pegmatites and in granitic gneisses; in silicified pebble conglomerates; in hydrothermal quartz and calcite veins; detrital in placers
Type Occurrence of Brannerite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Detrital crystals and grains.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA (Nos. 105793, 114997)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Detrital material in a gold-bearing placer.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Brannerite
Other Language Names for Brannerite
Varieties of Brannerite
| Absite | A variety of Brannerite containing around 12.7% ThO2. Originally described from Crocker Well (Crocker's Well), Plumbago homestead, Olary Province, South Australia, Australia. |
Relationship of Brannerite to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 46 photos of Brannerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 34 photos of Brannerite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 27 photos of Brannerite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 25 photos of Brannerite associated with Native Gold | Au |
| 7 photos of Brannerite associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| 6 photos of Brannerite associated with Uraninite | UO2 |
| 6 photos of Brannerite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 5 photos of Brannerite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 5 photos of Brannerite associated with Anatase | TiO2 |
| 4 photos of Brannerite associated with 'Aquamarine' |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DH. | Cesiokenopyrochlore | ◻Nb2(O,OH)6(Cs,◻) |
| 4.DH. | Roméite Group | A2(Sb5+)2O6Z |
| 4.DH. | Oxyplumboroméite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH. | Fluornatropyrochlore | (Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)2Nb2O6F |
| 4.DH. | Hydroxykenomicrolite | (◻,Na,Sb3+)2Ta2O6(OH,Cs) |
| 4.DH. | 'Fluornatroroméite' | (Na,Ca)2Sb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH. | Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y) | Y2Ti2O6O |
| 4.DH.05 | Thorutite | (Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.05 | Orthobrannerite | U4+U6+Ti4O12(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.10 | Kassite | CaTi2O4(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(La) | |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorhydropyrochlore' | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Hydroxynatromicrolite' | (Na,Bi3+,◻)2Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroplumboelsmoreite | (Pb,◻)(W,Fe3+)2O6 · H2O |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Hydroxymanganopyrochlor)' | (Mn,Ca,Y)2(Sb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenopyrochlore | (◻,x)2Nb2O6(H2O,Cs) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxybismutomicrolite | (Bi1.33◻0.67)Σ2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenomicrolite | ◻2Ta2[O4(OH)2]◻ |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluornatromicrolite | (Na1.5Bi0.5)Ta2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxynatropyrochlore' | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na,U,◻)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciopyrochlore | Ca2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorstrontiopyrochlore' | (Sr,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyplumbopyrochlore | Pb2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorplumbopyrochlore' | (Pb,Y,Th,U,Na,Ca)2-x(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Bismutomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Bismutopyrochlore (of Chukanov et al.)' | (Bi,Ca,U,Pb)2-xNb2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Kenoplumbopyrochlore' | (Pb,◻)Nb2O6(◻,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore | (Pb1.5◻0.5)Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Stibiomicrolite (of Groat et al.)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y)' | (Y,◻)2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorkenopyrochlore' | (◻,Sr,Ce,Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciomicrolite | Ca1.5Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Strontiopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)' | (Sr,Ce,Ca)0.66(Nb,Fe)2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.15 va | 'Alumotungstite' | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxycalciobetafite' | Ca2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxyuranobetafite' | (U,Ca,◻)2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciomicrolite | (Ca,Na)2(Ta,Nb)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciomicrolite | Ca2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystannomicrolite | Sn2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbomicrolite | (Pb,◻)2Ta2O6(◻,OH,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxynatromicrolite | (Na,Ca,U)2(Ta,Nb)2O6(O,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystibiomicrolite | (Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Hydromicrolite' | (H2O,◻)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenomicrolite | (◻,H2O)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenoelsmoreite | (◻,Pb)2(W,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 va | 'Yttromicrolite (of Hogarth)' | (Ca,Y3+,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb,Ti,Fe3+)2O7 |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenopyrochlore | (◻,Ce,Ba)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxymanganopyrochlore | (Mn2+,Th,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | 'Cuproroméite' | Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxycalcioroméite | (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxyferroroméite | (Fe2+1.5◻0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Fluorcalcioroméite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Sb5+2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.20 | Oxycalcioroméite | Ca2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Monimolite | Pb2Sb5+2O7 |
| 4.DH.25 | Rosiaite | PbSb5+2O6 |
| 4.DH.30 | Stefanweissite | (Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Zirconolite | CaZrTi2O7 |
| 4.DH.30 | Laachite | (Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Nöggerathite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.35 | Liandratite | U(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.35 | Petscheckite | UFe(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.40 | Ingersonite | Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14 |
| 4.DH.45 | Pittongite | Na0.22(W,Fe3+)(O,OH)3 · 0.44H2O |
| 4.DH.50 | Tazzoliite | Ba4-xNaxTi2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]x(OH)(1-2x) |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 55.3866% | 13,846,650 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Health Risks:
Radioactive
Internet Links for Brannerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-754.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Brannerite
Reference List:
Moddle, Douglas A. (1957) Brannerite from eastern Ontario. The Canadian Mineralogist, 6 (1). 155-157
Hewett, D. F., Stone, Jerome, Levine, and Harry (1957) Brannerite from San Bernardino County, California. American Mineralogist, 42 (1-2) 30-38
Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. Bulletin 1064. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1064 pp.333-337
Patchett, Joseph Edmund; Nuffield, Edward Wilfrid (1960) The synthesis and crystallography of brannerite, [Part] 10 of Studies of radioactive compounds. The Canadian Mineralogist, 6 (4). 483-490
IMA (1967) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (277) 131-136 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.277.20
Localities for Brannerite
Showing 363 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
Australia | |
| Drake-Brockman (1995) |
| Angela Giblin (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1987) | |
| Andy Wilde et al. (2013) |
| Andy Wilde et al. (2013) | |
| Andy Wilde et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralium Deposita 44 (2009) +2 other references | |
| Chipley et al. (2007) | |
| Williams et al. (2005) |
| by L.J.Lawrence Vol.LXVI Sept.1955. +2 other references |
| Griessmann (2011) |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| American Mineralogist: 46: 12-25. |
| Coats et al. (1971) |
| Regional and Economic Geology of The ... |
| |
| |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| [var: Absite] USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +1 other reference |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +4 other references |
| |
| Habibi et al. (2025) |
| Lottermoser et al. (2006) |
| [var: Absite] Noble 1983 +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Raye et al. (2025) |
| Douglas et al. (2011) |
| CJR Migisha +3 other references |
Austria | |
| |
| Auer (2019) |
| Michael Waitzinger et al. (2021) |
| Meixner (1968) | |
| PUTZ et al. (2005) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Martin Slama collection | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Walter (2010) | |
| Walter (2010) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Paar et al. (1978) | |
| Paar et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2024) | |
| Steinwender et al. (2014) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2004) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
| Walter (2010) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Bernhard et al. (2006) |
| Postl et al. (1985) +2 other references |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) | |
| Weber (1997) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Belgium | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1982) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| SEM analysis by Tony Nikischer |
Brazil | |
| Pires et al. (2014) |
| Waber et al. (1992) |
| Waber et al. (1992) |
| Gomes et al. (2023) | |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Eric Quinter collection | |
| Robertson (1976) |
| Robertson (1976) +1 other reference | |
| MDI Number: MDI41J07NE00035 | |
| MDI Number: MDI41J07NE00002 |
| Robertson (1976) | |
| MDI Number: MDI41J07NE00004 |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... | |
| MDI Number: MDI41J07NE00008 | |
| Robertson (1976) | |
| MDI Number: MDI41J07NE00012 | |
| Robertson (1976) |
| Steacy et al. (1974) |
| MDI Number: MDI31C16SW00142 |
| www.ursamajorminerals.com (2022) |
| H.D. Meyn and M.K. Matthews (1980) |
| SASSANO et al. (1987) |
| Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences et al. (11) +2 other references |
| data.geology.gov.yk.ca (n.d.) |
| Hunt et al. (2005) |
| Hunt et al. (2005) | |
| Hunt et al. (2005) | |
Chad | |
| Olivier et al. (2021) |
Chile | |
| Escolme et al. (2020) |
China | |
| Xin Xiong et al. (2013) |
| Diyun Chen et al. (1995) |
| Shao et al. (2024) |
| Teng et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Zhu et al. (2024) |
| Orberger et al. (2005) |
| Guangyin Shen (2011) |
| |
| Yingxia Xu et al. (2006) |
| Wei-Dong Xiang et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Hongtao Li et al. (2007) +4 other references |
| Fan et al. (2024) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) | |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Linfei Qiu et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +2 other references | |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) | |
| Yang et al. (2026) | |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) | |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) | |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) +4 other references | |
| Yu et al. (2023) | |
| Chengfa Wang (1984) | |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) |
| Yu et al. (2023) |
| Huirao et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Yang et al. (2026) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Wu et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Huang et al. (2024) |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Deyin Wang (1986) | |
| Niu et al. (2024) |
| WANG et al. (2022) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Zhou Weixun et al. (2004) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) +1 other reference | |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Fiala |
| René et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Kolektiv autorů (1984) +2 other references |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) +2 other references |
Egypt | |
| Bisher (2012) |
Finland | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... +1 other reference |
| Vuorelainen | |
| Poutiainen et al. (1996) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
France | |
| J. Geffroy |
| - (1998) |
| Jordi Fabre +1 other reference |
| Michelin et al. (2013) | |
| Michelin et al. (2013) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2000) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2000) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) | |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2008) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
Germany | |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Seeliger et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Guyana | |
| Mishra et al. (2024) |
| Alexandre (2010) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Koch (1985) |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| Vijay Kumar et al. (2025) |
| Dipak C. Pal et al. (2011) |
| Aurora (1985) |
| Current Science |
| Nanda et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Jain et al. (1999) |
| Raju et al. (2003) |
| Kumar et al. (2008) |
| Baidya |
| Baidya et al. (2) +1 other reference | |
| Baidya | |
| Baidya | |
| Baidya | |
Iran | |
| Khoshnoodi et al. (2025) |
| Khoshnoodi et al. (2023) |
Ireland | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
Italy | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Philippe et al. (1987) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2005) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Ishihara and Kawachi (1959) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Mali | |
| Randabel et al. (2018) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
Morocco | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| ONA |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Lebedev et al. (2019) | |
Namibia | |
| Chen et al. (2025) |
| Rio Tinto Group | |
North Macedonia | |
| Baric (1965) |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Van Autenboer et al. (1957) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) +1 other reference |
| Viola et al. (2008) |
| Svein (1988) +1 other reference |
| Grønlie et al. (1969) |
Poland | |
| Oligóra et al. (2012) |
| Lis et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Kucha H. | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... +1 other reference | |
| Kucha (2021) |
Romania | |
| Săbău et al. (2023) |
| Zajzon et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Zajzon et al. (2015) | |
| Rădulescu |
Russia | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| ... |
| Mironov et al. (2008) |
| Zhmodik et al. (2023) | |
| Damdinov et al. (2022) |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Golubev et al. (2008) |
| Golubev et al. (2008) |
| Palyanova et al. (2025) |
| Solodov et al. (2006) |
| Karpov S.M. et al. (2012) +2 other references |
| Kalinin (2021) +1 other reference |
| Kravtsova et al. (2002) |
| |
| Koval et al. (2019) |
| Kochetkov. A. Ya. (2006) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Leontev et al. (2017) | |
| Shadchin et al. (2024) |
| Malkovsky et al. (2010) |
| Laverov et al. (2008) | |
Slovakia | |
| Kopáčik R. (2019) |
| Háber et al. (SGR) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +2 other references |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| European Uranium Resources |
| Ferenc Š. et al. (2017) |
| Donát A. |
| Koděra et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Rojkovič I. (1991) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| D. Pienaar et al. (2015) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Fuchs et al. (2017) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Nedachi et al. (1998) | |
South Korea | |
| Cheong et al. (2003) |
| Shin et al. (2016) |
Spain | |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| J.M. Charlet : "Découverte d'indices uranifères à l'extrémité orientale du Massif de la Maladeta (Pyrénées Centrales Espagnoles) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
Sweden | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Bächtiger (1963) +2 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß (1982) +1 other reference |
| Graeser et al. (1990) |
| |
| Ansermet et al. (2026) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Meisser (2012) |
Thailand | |
| amdis.bgl.esdm.go.id (2016) |
Togo | |
| Joppich (1979) |
UK | |
| Tindle (2008) | |
Ukraine | |
| Dudar et al. (2018) |
| Dudar et al. (2018) | |
| Poliakovska et al. (2023) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Cuney et al. (2012) |
| O.F.Makivchuk et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| AV et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Dudar et al. (2018) | |
| Cuney et al. (2012) | |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Pabst (1954) +3 other references |
| Pabst (1960) +3 other references |
| Hewett et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ferris et al. (1971) | |
| Dings et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Hess (1920) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology ... +2 other references |
| Charles Young collection |
| Elston (1968) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Hall et al. (2022) |
| Huntting (1957) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
Zambia | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 | |
| Kampunzu et al. (2009) +2 other references |
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Dieresis Mine, El Cabril, Sierra Albarrana, Hornachuelos, Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain