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Benjaminite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Benjaminite (12)Discuss Benjaminite

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Benjaminite

Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Benjaminite, etc.

Bolivar Mine, Cerro Bonete, Sud Lípez Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Benjaminite

Outlaw Mine, Round Mountain Mining District, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nevada, USA

Benjaminite

Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Benjaminite, etc.

Bolivar Mine, Cerro Bonete, Sud Lípez Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Benjaminite

Outlaw Mine, Round Mountain Mining District, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nevada, USA

Benjaminite

Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Benjaminite, etc.

Bolivar Mine, Cerro Bonete, Sud Lípez Province, Potosí, Bolivia

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About BenjaminiteHide

Formula:

Ag₃Bi₇S₁₂

Ag may be replaced by minor Cu and Bi by minor Pb.

Colour:

Grey; tarnishes dull or yellow to copper-red

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

3½

Specific Gravity:

6.34

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Member of:

Pavonite Homologous Series Group

Name:

For Marcus Benjamin (1857-1932), American chemist, engineer, and editor of the U.S. National Museum (Smithsonian Institute).

Co-Type Localities:

ⓘ Silver Bear mine (Terra mines; North mine; Terra Mining and Exploration Company mine), Camsell River area, Northwest Territories, Canada
ⓘ Keeley-Frontier Mine, South Lorrain Township, Cobalt-Gowganda region, Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada
ⓘ Outlaw Mine, Round Mountain Mining District, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nevada, USA

Cu-rich and Cu-poor varieties are described by Makovicky et al. (2010).

Difficult to distinguish from pavonite; single-crystal XRD methods are necessary (Harris & Chen, 1975).

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

625

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:625:9

IMA Classification of BenjaminiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1925

Type description reference:

Shannon, E.V. (1925): Benjaminite, a new sulfosalt mineral of the klaprothite group. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 65(24), 1-9.

Classification of BenjaminiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

2.JA.05e

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
A : Galena derivatives with little or no Pb

Dana 8th ed.:

3.8.10.3

3 : SULFOSALTS
8 : 1 < ø < 2

Hey's CIM Ref.:

5.7.39

5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Bnj	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Bnj	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Pronunciation of BenjaminiteHide

Pronunciation:

Play	Recorded by	Country
	Jolyon Ralph	United Kingdom

Physical Properties of BenjaminiteHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Grey; tarnishes dull or yellow to copper-red

Streak:

Dull lead-gray

Hardness:

3½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₅₀=186 - 232 kg/mm² - Vickers

Cleavage:

Imperfect/Fair
Fair in one direction.

Density:

6.34 g/cm³ (Measured) 6.68 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of BenjaminiteHide

Anisotropism:

Strong

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)	R₂ (%)
400nm	44.2%	47.2%
420nm	44.8%	47.8%
440nm	45.2%	48.6%
460nm	45.2%	49.0%
480nm	45.0%	49.2%
500nm	44.8%	49.2%
520nm	44.5%	49.0%
540nm	44.0%	48.6%
560nm	43.6%	48.0%
580nm	43.3%	47.6%
600nm	43.1%	47.2%
620nm	43.0%	46.8%
640nm	42.8%	46.3%
660nm	42.7%	45.9%
680nm	42.6%	45.6%
700nm	42.5%	45.2%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 49.2%.
R₁ shown in black, R₂ shown in red

Colour in reflected light:

Creamy white to very pale brownish

Pleochroism:

Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of BenjaminiteHide

Mindat Formula:

Ag₃Bi₇S₁₂

Ag may be replaced by minor Cu and Bi by minor Pb.

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Bi	67.374 %
S	17.722 %
Ag	14.904 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Ag, Bi, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of BenjaminiteHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

2/m - Prismatic

Space Group:

B2/m

Setting:

C2/m

Cell Parameters:

a = 13.25(2) Å, b = 4.05(1) Å, c = 20.25(3) Å
β = 103.14(7)°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 3.272 : 1 : 5

Unit Cell V:

1,058.21 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Massive and laths.

Twinning:

Commonly polysynthetic.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0005170	Benjaminite	Makovicky E, Mumme W G (1979) The crystal structure of benjaminite Cu.5Pb.4Ag2.3Bi6.8S12 The Canadian Mineralogist 17 607-618		1979		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Benjaminite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Makovicky E'
'Mumme W G'
_journal_name_full 'The Canadian Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 17 
_journal_year 1979
_journal_page_first 607
_journal_page_last 618
_publ_section_title
;
 The crystal structure of benjaminite Cu.5Pb.4Ag2.3Bi6.8S12
;
_database_code_amcsd 0005170
_chemical_formula_sum 'Ag2.3 Cu.5 Bi6.7 Pb.4 S12'
_cell_length_a 13.299
_cell_length_b 4.070
_cell_length_c 20.209
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 103.32
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 1064.425
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      6.701
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'C 1 2/m 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,z'
  'x,-y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,z'
  '-x,y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
AgMe1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.50000
CuMe1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.50000
BiMe2   0.75990   0.00000   0.09130   1.00000
BiMe3   0.00000   0.00000   0.50000   0.50000
AgMe4   0.69580   0.00000   0.40920   0.70000
BiMe4   0.69580   0.00000   0.40920   0.30000
PbMe4   0.69580   0.00000   0.40920   0.20000
BiMe5   0.38560   0.00000   0.31930   1.00000
BiMe6   0.07810   0.00000   0.22830   0.80000
AgMe6   0.07810   0.00000   0.22830   0.20000
S1   0.85940   0.50000   0.02790   1.00000
S2   0.61700   0.50000   0.10800   1.00000
S3   0.84610   0.50000   0.46330   1.00000
S4   0.53960   0.50000   0.36980   1.00000
S5   0.24070   0.50000   0.28320   1.00000
S6   0.93020   0.50000   0.19850   1.00000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
AgMe1 0.00848 0.14300 0.04114 0.00000 -0.00129 0.00000
CuMe1 0.00848 0.14300 0.04114 0.00000 -0.00129 0.00000
BiMe2 0.01951 0.05824 0.01959 0.00000 -0.00387 0.00000
BiMe3 0.02121 0.05446 0.01959 0.00000 -0.00387 0.00000
AgMe4 0.02630 0.06344 0.02939 0.00000 0.00387 0.00000
BiMe4 0.02630 0.06344 0.02939 0.00000 0.00387 0.00000
PbMe4 0.02630 0.06344 0.02939 0.00000 0.00387 0.00000
BiMe5 0.01612 0.06621 0.02547 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
BiMe6 0.02885 0.07544 0.02939 0.00000 0.00516 0.00000
AgMe6 0.02885 0.07544 0.02939 0.00000 0.00516 0.00000
S1 0.00255 0.01947 0.03722 0.00000 0.00645 0.00000
S2 0.03733 0.05362 0.00588 0.00000 0.01031 0.00000
S3 0.03818 0.03189 0.01763 0.00000 0.00129 0.00000
S4 0.01867 0.02719 0.02351 0.00000 -0.00645 0.00000
S5 0.03903 0.10255 0.02939 0.00000 -0.00902 0.00000
S6 0.00339 0.08300 0.02351 0.00000 -0.00774 0.00000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.539 Å	(80)
3.427 Å	(80)
3.302 Å	(50)
2.851 Å	(100)
2.813 Å	(60)
2.022 Å	(60)
2.007 Å	(60)

Comments:

Camsell River, Canada. Easily mistaken for pavonite.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])

Geological Setting:

Hydrothermal veins

Type Occurrence of BenjaminiteHide

Co-Type Localities:

General Appearance of Type Material:

Large and small bunches and blotches in quartz. Irregular masses up to 5 cm.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, 13805; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 85749; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 95058.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

In a quartz vein near the contact of a soda-granite and an intrusive rhyolite.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Aikinite	Chalcopyrite	Covellite	Molybdenite	Muscovite
Pyrite	Quartz

Reference:

Shannon, E.V. (1925): Benjaminite, a new sulfosalt mineral of the klaprothite group. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 65(24), 1-9.

Other Language Names for BenjaminiteHide

Dutch:Benjaminiet

German:Benjaminit

Russian:Бенджаминит

Simplified Chinese:铜银铅铋矿
本硫铋银矿

Spanish:Benjaminita

Relationship of Benjaminite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Pavonite Homologous Series Group

Other Members of Pavonite Homologous Series:

Cupromakopavonite	Ag₃Cu₈Pb₄Bi₁₉S₃₈	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Cupromakovickyite	Cu₄AgPb₂Bi₉S₁₈	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Cupropavonite	Cu_0.9Ag_0.5Pb_0.6Bi_2.5S₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Dantopaite	Ag₅Bi₁₃S₂₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Graţianite	MnBi₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Grumiplucite	HgBi₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Kudriavite	(Cd,Pb)Bi₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Luboržákite	Mn₂AsSbS₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Makovickyite	Cu_1.12Ag_0.81Pb_0.27Bi_5.35S₉	Mon. 2/m
Mummeite	Cu_0.58Ag_3.11Pb_1.10Bi_6.65S₁₃	Mon.
Pavonite	AgBi₃S₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Sunshuite	FeBi₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

9 photos of Benjaminite associated with Quartz	SiO₂
4 photos of Benjaminite associated with Matildite	AgBiS₂
4 photos of Benjaminite associated with Native Bismuth	Bi
3 photos of Benjaminite associated with 'UM1988-05-S:AgBiCuHgPb'	(Hg,Ag,Cu,Pb)₅Pb₅Bi₁₁S₂₇
3 photos of Benjaminite associated with Cupropavonite	Cu_0.9Ag_0.5Pb_0.6Bi_2.5S₅
3 photos of Benjaminite associated with Gustavite	AgPbBi₃S₆
2 photos of Benjaminite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
2 photos of Benjaminite associated with Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
1 photo of Benjaminite associated with Bismuthinite	Bi₂S₃
1 photo of Benjaminite associated with Sphalerite	ZnS

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

2.JA.	Ferdowsiite	Ag₈(Sb₅As₃)S₁₆	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.JA.	Luboržákite	Mn₂AsSbS₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.	Sangenaroite	Ag₈(Sb_8-xAs_x)S_Σ16	Mon. 2/m
2.JA.05a	Pavonite	AgBi₃S₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05b	Grumiplucite	HgBi₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05c	Kudriavite	(Cd,Pb)Bi₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05d	Cupromakovickyite	Cu₄AgPb₂Bi₉S₁₈	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05i	Livingstonite	HgSb₄S₆(S₂)	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.JA.05h	Mozgovaite	PbBi₄S₇	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
2.JA.05	Dantopaite	Ag₅Bi₁₃S₂₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05a	Cupropavonite	Cu_0.9Ag_0.5Pb_0.6Bi_2.5S₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05	Selenodantopaite	Ag₅Bi₁₃Se₂₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05g	Borodaevite	Ag₅(Bi,Pb,Fe)₈(Sb,Bi)₂S₁₇	Mon.
2.JA.05a	Cupromakopavonite	Ag₃Cu₈Pb₄Bi₁₉S₃₈	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.05d	Makovickyite	Cu_1.12Ag_0.81Pb_0.27Bi_5.35S₉	Mon. 2/m
2.JA.05f	Mummeite	Cu_0.58Ag_3.11Pb_1.10Bi_6.65S₁₃	Mon.
2.JA.10b	Kupčíkite	Cu_3.4Fe_0.6Bi₅S₁₀	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.10d	Pizgrischite	(Cu,Fe)Cu₁₄PbBi₁₇S₃₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.10c	Hodrušite	Cu₈Bi₁₂S₂₂	Mon. 2/m
2.JA.10a	Cuprobismutite	Cu₈AgBi₁₃S₂₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.JA.10e	Padĕraite	Cu₇[(Cu,Ag)_0.33Pb_1.33Bi_11.33]S₂₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.JA.15	Schapbachite	Ag_0.4Pb_0.2Bi_0.4S	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fm3m
2.JA.15	Cuboargyrite	AgSbS₂	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
2.JA.20	Matildite	AgBiS₂	Trig. 32 : P3₁21
2.JA.20	Volynskite	AgBiTe₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
2.JA.20	Bohdanowiczite	AgBiSe₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for BenjaminiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-625.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Benjaminite on Webmineral

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for BenjaminiteHide

Reference List:

Shannon, E.V. (1925): Benjaminite, a new sulfosalt mineral of the klaprothite group. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 65(24), 1-9.

Nuffield, E. W. (1953) Benjaminite. American Mineralogist, 38 (5-6) 550-552

Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x

Nuffield, E. W. (1975) Benjaminite - a re-examination of the type material. The Canadian Mineralogist, 13 (4) 394-401

Harris, D. C., Chen, T. T. (1975) Benjaminite, reinstated as valid species. The Canadian Mineralogist, 13 (4) 402-407

Makovicky, E., Mumme, W. G. (1979) The crystal structure of benjaminite Cu_0.5Pb_0.4Ag_2.3Bi_6.8S₁₂. The Canadian Mineralogist, 17 (3) 607-618

Herbert, H.K., Mumme, W.G. (1981): Unsubstituted benjaminite from the AW mine, New South Wales: a discussion of metal substitutions and stability. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 69-80.

Chang, Luke L. Y., Daqing Wu, , Knowles, Charles R. (1988) Phase relations in the system Ag2S-Cu2S-PbS-Bi2S3. Economic Geology, 83 (2) 405-418 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.2.405

SHIMIZU, Masaaki, KATO, Akira, MATSUYAMA, Fumihiko (1998) Two Se-bearing Ag-Bi Sulphosalts, Benjaminite and Matildite from the Ikuno Deposits, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan -Au-Ag Mineralization in Polymetallic Zone. Resource Geology, 48 (2) 117-124 doi:10.1111/j.1751-3928.1998.tb00011.x

(2005) Benjaminite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Makovicky, E., Paar, W. H., Putz, H., Zagler, G. (2010) Dantopaite, Ag₅Bi₁₃S₂₂, the 6P natural member of the pavonite homologous series, from Erzwies, Austria. The Canadian Mineralogist, 48 (3) 467-481 doi:10.3749/canmin.48.3.467

Perez-Mato, J.M., Elcoro, Luis, Makovicky, Emil, Topa, Dan, Petříček, Václav, Madariaga, Gotzon (2013) Conspicuous variation of the lattice unit cell in the pavonite homologous series and its relation with cation/anion occupational modulations. Materials Research Bulletin, 48 (6) 2166-2174 doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.02.008

Localities for BenjaminiteHide

Showing 65 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Argentina
Jujuy Province Rinconada Department Mina Pirquitas ⓘ Pirquitas Mine	Silver Standard Resources Inc
San Miguel Open pit ⓘ Oploca Vein System	Paar et al. (2000)
Salta Province Los Andes department San Antonio de los Cobres Organullo mining district ⓘ Julio Verne mine	Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references

Australia
New South Wales Clive Co. Bolivia ⓘ A W Mine	Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference
Queensland Mareeba Shire ⓘ Anastasia Au deposit	Nethery et al. (1998)
South Australia City of Onkaparinga Cherry Gardens ⓘ Almanda mine (Wheal Maria mine; Wheal Mary Anne mine) ?	Grguric et al. (2017)

Austria
Carinthia Spittal an der Drau District Großkirchheim Zirknitz Kleine Zirknitz valley Kluidscharte ⓘ Waschgang Mine	Paar et al. (1982) +1 other reference
Rennweg am Katschberg Pölla valley Lanisch ⓘ Schurfspitze (Egydi adit; Ochsenleiten) ?	Auer (2021)
Salzburg St. Johann im Pongau District Bad Hofgastein ⓘ Erzwies mining area	Makovicky et al. (2010)

Belgium
Wallonia Liège Eupen Ternell ⓘ Herzogenhügel	Godfroid (1999) +2 other references

Bolivia
La Paz Aroma Province Sica Sica Municipality ⓘ Laurani Mine	Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009)
Oruro Cercado Province Oruro ⓘ San José Mine ?	Keutsch et al. (2008)
Potosí Sud Lípez Province Cerro Bonete ⓘ Bolivar Mine	Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964)
ⓘ Los Colorados de Bolivia mine (Rosario I mine)	USGS Bulletin #1975 (1992)
ⓘ Porvenir Mine	Mineralogical Society of America - ...

Brazil
Minas Gerais Mariana Passagem de Mariana ⓘ Passagem mine	Oberthür et al. (2008)

Bulgaria
Sofia Province Etropole Municipality ⓘ Svishti Plaz Mine	www.bgd.bg (n.d.) +1 other reference

Canada (TL)
Northwest Territories Camsell River area ⓘ Silver Bear mine (Terra mines; North mine; Terra Mining and Exploration Company mine) (TL)	Shannon (1924) +3 other references
Ontario Timiskaming District Cobalt-Gowganda region South Lorrain Township ⓘ Keeley-Frontier Mine (TL)	Nuffield (1953) +2 other references

China
Guangxi Hechi Nandan County ⓘ Kengma Sn deposit (Kenma Sn deposit; Kangma Sn deposit)	Yingchen Ren (1999)
Inner Mongolia Chifeng City (Ulanhad League; Chifeng Prefecture) Linxi County ⓘ Dajing Sn-Cu-polymetallic deposit	Yuhua Xie and Jiayin Zhang (1990)
Jiangsu Nanjing Jiangning District ⓘ Funiushan Cu-Au-Fe deposit ?	Xiang-Ping et al. (2001)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Ortenaukreis Oberwolfach ⓘ Clara Mine	Blaß et al. (2001) +1 other reference
Zell am Harmersbach Nordrach Moosbach valley ⓘ St Jakob Mine (incl. Amalie adit)	Staude et al. (2010)
Karlsruhe Region Freudenstadt Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach ⓘ Daniel im Dehs Mine	Staude et al. (2010)
ⓘ Siegerland	Schramm et al. (2023)

Japan
Hyogo Prefecture Asago City Ikuno-cho-ono ⓘ Ikuno Mine	The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) +1 other reference
ⓘ Daimaru vein	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
ⓘ Nanten vein	Mineralogical Society of America - ...

Kazakhstan
Akmola Region Bulandy District ⓘ Raigorodok deposit	Kovalev et al. (2018)

Norway
Telemark Tokke ⓘ Bandaksli	Kvamsdal (2023)
Skafså ⓘ Riplusdalsnuten deposit ?	Larsen et al. (2018)
ⓘ Vein No. 1 ?	Larsen et al. (2018)
ⓘ Unamed prospect	Kvamsdal (2023)

Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Kamienna Góra County Gmina Kamienna Góra Rędziny ⓘ Dolomitic marble quarry	Gołębiowska et al. (2006) +2 other references

Romania
Bihor County Nucet ⓘ Băiţa mining district	www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009)
Maramureș County Băiuț ⓘ Văratec deposit	Cook (1998)

Russia
Primorsky Krai Kavalerovsky District Karadubsky ore field ⓘ Verkhnee Tin deposit	www.fegi.ru (2001)
Sakha Indigirka River Basin Ust'-Nera ⓘ Alyaskitovoye Sn-W deposit	Jambor et al. (1994)

Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Poltár District Kokava nad Rimavicou ⓘ Bohaté	Ferenc Š et al. (Kokava nad Rimavicou)
Žarnovica District Hodruša-Hámre Hodruša-Hámre mines ⓘ Rozália Mine	Jeleň et al. (2012)
Košice Region Košice-okolie District Medzev ⓘ Kobaltová vein	Mikuš T. (2019) +1 other reference
Rožňava District ⓘ Gemerská Poloma	Koděra et al. (1986)
Sobrance District ⓘ Remetské Hámre	Bacsó
Trebišov District ⓘ Brehov	Kaličiak
Žilina Region Liptovský Mikuláš District ⓘ Vyšná Boca	Ozdín et al. (1999)

Sweden
Värmland County Säffle ⓘ Nysäter

Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Pamir Silver District Bazardara ore cluster ⓘ Akjilga Ag-Sb deposit	Pavlova et al. (2009)
Sughd Ghafurov District Adrasmon (Adrasman) ⓘ Adrasman Mine	Safonov et al. (2000) +1 other reference
Mastchoh District ⓘ Kaptarkhan deposit	Lur'ye et al. (1971)

Ukraine
Zakarpattia Oblast Berehove Raion Berehove ⓘ Beregovo ore field	Biruk et al. (2012)

USA
Alaska Haines ⓘ Glacier Creek Prospect	Steeves et al. (2016)
Colorado Clear Creek County Alice Mining District (Yankee Mining District; Lincoln Mining District) ⓘ Alice Mine	Eckel et al. (1997)
ⓘ Alice Glory Hole	Hanson et al. (Rusty)
Montezuma (Summit Co.) Cinnamon Gulch ⓘ Unnamed prospect	Eckel et al. (1997)
Ouray County Ouray Mining District Gold Hill ⓘ American Nettie Mine	U.S. Geological Survey Professional ...
Park County Montezuma Mining District Hall Valley (Hall's Valley) ⓘ Missouri Mine ?	Eckel et al. (1997)
San Juan County Poughkeepsie Gulch ⓘ Alaska Mine	Mineralogical Society of America - ...
ⓘ Old Lout Mine	Karup-Møller (1977) +1 other reference
Summit County ⓘ Montezuma Mining District (Snake River Mining District)	Eckel et al. (1997)
Montana Jefferson County Whitehall Mining District (Cardwell Mining District) ⓘ Golden Sunlight Mine ?	Barrick Gold Corporation
Nevada Nye County Toquima Range Round Mountain Mining District ⓘ Outlaw Mine (TL)	Shannon (1924) +3 other references
New Mexico Santa Fe County Old Placers District ⓘ Cunningham mine	Maynard (2014)
Utah Utah County East Tintic Mining District ⓘ Trixie Mine (Trixie shaft; Old Trump prospect)	SEM-EDS analyzed by Dr. Rob Bowell.

Uzbekistan
Tashkent Region Ohangaron District ⓘ Kockbulak mine (Kochbulak Au-Ag-Te deposit)	Kovalenker et al. (1997)

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Benjaminite

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