Barstowite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Barstowite
Formula:
Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O
Colour:
Transparent to white
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
5.71
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named after Richard W. Barstow (1947-1982), Cornish mineral collector and dealer.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
540
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:540:9
IMA Classification of Barstowite
Classification of Barstowite
3.DC.95
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
12.1.7.1
12 : COMPOUND HALIDES
1 : Miscellaneous
12 : COMPOUND HALIDES
1 : Miscellaneous
12.1.24
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bsw | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Barstowite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Transparent to white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=111(4) kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Prismatic
Prismatic
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
5.71 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.77 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Barstowite
Anisotropism:
weak to moderate
Bireflectance:
Moderate grey to dark grey
Internal Reflections:
Abundant
Chemistry of Barstowite
Mindat Formula:
Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Barstowite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.2043(8) Å, b = 9.199(2) Å, c = 16.663(3) Å
β = 91.82(1)°
β = 91.82(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.457 : 1 : 1.811
Unit Cell V:
644.12 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Comment:
Two published structure refinements are in good agreement.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019157 | Barstowite | Kutzke H, Klapper H, Merlino S, Pasero M, Perchiazzi N, Eggert G (2000) The crystal structure of barstowite, Pb4Cl6(CO3)*H2O, determined on crystals from Etruscan slags and from a Late-Hellenistic shipwreck Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 215 110-113 | 2000 | a Late-Hellenistic shipwreck found near Mahdia, Tunisia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014538 | Barstowite | Steele I M, Pluth J J, Stanley C J (1999) Crystal structure of barstowite (3PbCl2PbCO3H2O) Mineralogical Magazine 63 901-907 |  | 1999 | Bounds Cliff, St Endellion, Cornwall | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.16 Å | (5) |
| 4.02 Å | (10) |
| 3.79 Å | (3) |
| 3.045 Å | (3) |
| 2.377 Å | (6) |
| 2.296 Å | (8) |
| 2.108 Å | (4) |
Comments:
Data for type material.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) | |
| 57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Type Occurrence of Barstowite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London [statutory name: British Museum(Natural History)] as specimen BM 1990, 25 and polished section E. 1353.
Synonyms of Barstowite
Other Language Names for Barstowite
Common Associates
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 3.DC. | Gajardoite | KCa0.5As3+4O6Cl2 · 5H2O |
| 3.DC. | Lucabindiite | (K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br) |
| 3.DC. | Cuatrocapaite-(NH4) | (NH4)3(NaMg◻)(As2O3)6Cl6 · 16H2O |
| 3.DC. | Cuatrocapaite-(K) | K3(NaMg◻)(As2O3)6Cl6 · 16H2O |
| 3.DC. | Napoliite | Pb2OFCl |
| 3.DC. | Torrecillasite | Na(As,Sb)3+4O6Cl |
| 3.DC.05 | Paralaurionite | PbCl(OH) |
| 3.DC.05 | Laurionite | PbCl(OH) |
| 3.DC.05 | Mauriziodiniite | (NH4)(As2O3)2I |
| 3.DC.05 | Russoite | (NH4)ClAs2O3(H2O)0.5 |
| 3.DC.10 | Fiedlerite | Pb3FCl4(OH) · H2O |
| 3.DC.15 | Penfieldite | Pb2Cl3(OH) |
| 3.DC.15 | Telluroperite | Pb3TeO4Cl2 |
| 3.DC.20 | Laurelite | Pb7F12Cl2 |
| 3.DC.25 | Zhangpeishanite | BaFCl |
| 3.DC.25 | Matlockite | PbFCl |
| 3.DC.25 | Zavaritskite | (BiO)F |
| 3.DC.25 | Rorisite | CaFCl |
| 3.DC.25 | Bismoclite | BiOCl |
| 3.DC.25 | Vegrandisite | BaCl2 |
| 3.DC.30 | Nadorite | PbSbClO2 |
| 3.DC.30 | Perite | PbBiClO2 |
| 3.DC.40 | Thorikosite | Pb3Cl2(OH)(SbO3,AsO3) |
| 3.DC.45 | Mereheadite | Pb47Cl25(OH)13O24(CO3)(BO3)2 |
| 3.DC.50 | Blixite | Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4 |
| 3.DC.52 | Rumseyite | Pb2OClF |
| 3.DC.55 | Vladkrivovichevite | [Pb32O18][Pb4Mn2O]Cl14(BO3)8 · 2H2O |
| 3.DC.55 | Pinalite | Pb3WO5Cl2 |
| 3.DC.57 | Yeomanite | Pb2O(OH)Cl |
| 3.DC.60 | Symesite | Pb10(SO4)O7Cl4 · H2O |
| 3.DC.60 | 'Lorettoite' | Pb7O6Cl2 |
| 3.DC.62 | 'Sarawakite (of Frenzel)' | Sb, O, Cl (?) |
| 3.DC.65 | Ecdemite | Pb6As3+2O7Cl4 |
| 3.DC.70 | Mendipite | Pb3Cl2O2 |
| 3.DC.75 | Damaraite | Pb3Cl(OH)O2 |
| 3.DC.80 | Onoratoite | Sb8Cl2O11 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Barstowite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-540.html
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References for Barstowite
Reference List:
Stanley, C. J., Jones, G. C., Hart, A. D., Keller, P., Lloyd, D. (1991) Barstowite, 3PbCl2.PbCO3.H2O, a new mineral from Bounds Cliff, St Endellion, Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine, 55 (378) 121-125 doi:10.1180/minmag.1991.055.378.10
Kutzke, Hartmut, Barbier, Bruno, Becker, Petra, Eggert, Gerhard (1997) Barstowite as a corrosion product on a lead object from the Mahdia shipwreck. Studies in Conservation, 42 (3). 176-180 doi:10.1179/sic.1997.42.3.176
Kutzke, H., Klapper, Helmut, Merlino, St., Pasero, M., Perchiazzi, N., Eggert, G. (2000) The crystal structure of barstowite, Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O, determined on crystals from Etruscan slags and from a Late-Hellenistic shipwreck. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 215 (2). 110-113 doi:10.1524/zkri.2000.215.2.110
Localities for Barstowite
Showing 13 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| - (1994, July) |
Czech Republic | |
| C.Auer (2017) |
Greece | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis) |
Italy | |
| Kutzke et al. (2000) |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +3 other references |
Kazakhstan | |
| Mel'nikova (1972) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Van den Berg et al. (2020) |
Tunisia | |
| Kutzke et al. (1996) +2 other references |
Turkey | |
| Powell et al. (2021) |
UK (TL) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
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Baratti slag locality, Piombino, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy