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Voltaite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Voltaite

Meggen Mine, Lennestadt, Olpe, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Voltaite

Mátraszentimre, Gyöngyös District, Heves County, Hungary

Voltaite

Alcaparrosa Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile

Voltaite

Meggen Mine, Lennestadt, Olpe, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Voltaite

Mátraszentimre, Gyöngyös District, Heves County, Hungary

Voltaite

Alcaparrosa Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile

Voltaite

Meggen Mine, Lennestadt, Olpe, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Voltaite

Mátraszentimre, Gyöngyös District, Heves County, Hungary

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About VoltaiteHide

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta

Formula:

K₂Fe²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O

Colour:

Green to greenish-black; oil-green to pale green in transmitted light.

Lustre:

Resinous

Hardness:

3 - 3½

Specific Gravity:

2.645

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Voltaite Group

Name:

Named after Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745, Como, Italy - 5 March 1827, Como, Italy), physicist and pioneer in electricity who invented the electric battery.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Pozzuoli, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

Voltaite Group. The Fe²⁺ analogue of magnesiovoltaite, and K-Fe²⁺ analogue of ammoniomagnesiovoltaite.

Belongs to a group of ferrous-ferric sulfate minerals, together with bílinite, copiapite, römerite (purely Fe minerals), metavoltine, and pertlikite.

Some voltaites may be a sink of thallium (compare "monsmedite").

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

4203

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:4203:7

Similar NamesHide

Vilateite	A variety of Phosphosiderite	FePO₄ · 2H₂O
Violatite	A synonym of Augite
Voltzite	A variety of Wurtzite	(Zn,Fe,Mn) S [with O C H ]

IMA Classification of VoltaiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

K₂Fe²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(S⁶⁺O₄)₁₂·18H₂O

Classification of VoltaiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

7.CC.25

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H₂O
C : With medium-sized and large cations

Dana 8th ed.:

29.9.1.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
9 : Miscellaneous

Hey's CIM Ref.:

25.11.10

25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Vlt	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Vlt	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of VoltaiteHide

Lustre:

Resinous

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Green to greenish-black; oil-green to pale green in transmitted light.

Streak:

Gray-green

Hardness:

3 - 3½ on Mohs scale

Fracture:

Conchoidal

Density:

2.645 g/cm³ (Measured) 2.663 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of VoltaiteHide

RI values:

n = 1.593 - 1.608

Surface Relief:

Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Comments:

Anomalously biaxial sectors.

Chemistry of VoltaiteHide

Mindat Formula:

K₂Fe²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	52.044 %
Fe	22.019 %
S	18.964 %
K	3.854 %
H	1.788 %
Al	1.330 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Al, Fe, H, K, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of VoltaiteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fd3c

Setting:

Fd3c

Cell Parameters:

a = 27.254(8) Å

Unit Cell V:

20,243.74 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals (to 2 cm) are commonly octahedral and modified by the cube and dodecahedron. Other minor forms are rare. Granular, massive, and in efflorescences.(HoM)

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0015642	Voltaite	Mereiter K (1972) Die kristallstruktur des voltaits, K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al[SO4]1218H2O* Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 18 185-202		1972		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Voltaite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Mereiter K'
_journal_name_full 'Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen'
_journal_volume 18 
_journal_year 1972
_journal_page_first 185
_journal_page_last 202
_publ_section_title
;
 Die kristallstruktur des voltaits, K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al[SO4]12*18H2O
;
_database_code_amcsd 0015642
_chemical_formula_sum 'K2 Fe8 Al S12 O66 H36'
_cell_length_a 27.254
_cell_length_b 27.254
_cell_length_c 27.254
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 20243.740
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.663
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'F d 3 c'
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loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
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_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
K   0.25000   0.25000   0.25000   1.00000   0.03065
Fe1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   1.00000   0.00975
Fe2+2   0.25000   0.10260  -0.10260   0.83300   0.01267
Fe3+2   0.25000   0.10260  -0.10260   0.16700   0.01267
Al   0.12500   0.12500   0.12500   1.00000   0.00950
S   0.23718   0.27548   0.11810   1.00000   0.01077
O1   0.24978   0.24675   0.07345   1.00000   0.01634
O2   0.22387   0.32574   0.10382   1.00000   0.02356
O3   0.19490   0.25353   0.14252   1.00000   0.03078
O4   0.27934   0.27529   0.15144   1.00000   0.02406
Ow5   0.18041   0.42171   0.12172   1.00000   0.02330
Wat6   0.08957   0.14629   0.07076   0.25000   0.02014
Wat7   0.06896   0.08872   0.10406   0.25000   0.02330
H52   0.14900   0.31900   0.07100   1.00000   0.03610
H53   0.10400   0.30500   0.07900   1.00000   0.03610
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
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_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
K 0.03067 0.03067 0.03067 0.01103 0.01103 0.01103
Fe1 0.00975 0.00975 0.00975 0.00252 0.00252 0.00252
Fe2+2 0.01291 0.01268 0.01268 -0.00064 -0.00064 -0.00075
Fe3+2 0.01291 0.01268 0.01268 -0.00064 -0.00064 -0.00075
Al 0.00948 0.00948 0.00948 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
S 0.01167 0.01039 0.01027 -0.00064 0.00026 -0.00075
O1 0.01848 0.01949 0.01114 0.00354 -0.00305 -0.00252
O2 0.03522 0.01392 0.02141 0.00278 -0.00230 -0.00011
O3 0.03052 0.02393 0.03763 -0.01103 0.01204 0.00011
O4 0.02254 0.03507 0.01445 0.00647 -0.00444 -0.00647
Ow5 0.01735 0.02939 0.02318 0.00391 0.00188 0.00064
Wat6 0.02243 0.02216 0.01569 0.00470 -0.00113 -0.00546
Wat7 0.01268 0.02521 0.03191 -0.00166 -0.00429 0.00369

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.54 Å	(10)
3.41 Å	(9)
5.57 Å	(7)
3.04 Å	(5)
9.66 Å	(3)
6.79 Å	(3)
3.15 Å	(3)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates]
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites]
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals

Geological Setting:

Fumaroles, solfataras, mud volcanoes and as an alteration product of pyrite-rich deposits in arid regions.

Type Occurrence of VoltaiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Pozzuoli, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Solfatara

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Halotrichite

Synonyms of VoltaiteHide

Monsmedite

Pettkoite

Other Language Names for VoltaiteHide

Dutch:Voltaiet

German:Voltait

Russian:Вольтаит

Simplified Chinese:绿钾铁矾
水钾铊矾

Spanish:Voltaita

Varieties of VoltaiteHide

Thallian Voltaite

Two varieties are recognized (Biagioni et al., 2020):

(1) (K_1.94Tl_0.28)_Σ2.22(Fe²⁺_3.57Mg_0.94Mn_0.55)_Σ5.06Fe³⁺_3.06Al_0.98S_11.92O₄₈·18H₂O;

(2) (K_2.04Tl_0.32)_Σ2.36(Fe²⁺_3.83Mg_0.91Mn_0.29)_Σ5.03Fe³⁺_3.05Al_0.97S_11.92O₄₈·18H₂O

Relationship of Voltaite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Voltaite Group

Other Members of Voltaite Group:

Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite	(NH₄)₂Mg²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c
Ammoniovoltaite	(NH₄)₂Fe²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂(H₂O)₁₈	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c
Magnesiovoltaite	K₂Mg₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c
Pertlikite	K₂(Fe²⁺,Mg)₂(Mg,Fe³⁺)₄Fe³⁺₂Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
Zincovoltaite	K₂Zn₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

84 photos of Voltaite associated with Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
44 photos of Voltaite associated with Coquimbite	AlFe₃(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O
40 photos of Voltaite associated with Römerite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O
17 photos of Voltaite associated with Khademite	Al(SO₄)F · 5H₂O
16 photos of Voltaite associated with Copiapite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₄(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O
12 photos of Voltaite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
9 photos of Voltaite associated with Goldichite	KFe(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O
7 photos of Voltaite associated with Fibroferrite	Fe³⁺(SO₄)(OH) · 5H₂O
6 photos of Voltaite associated with Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O
5 photos of Voltaite associated with Alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

7.CC.	Cobaltoblödite	Na₂Co(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.	Andychristyite	PbCu²⁺Te⁶⁺O₅(H₂O)	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CC.	Ammoniovoltaite	(NH₄)₂Fe²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂(H₂O)₁₈	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c
7.CC.05	Krausite	KFe(SO₄)₂ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CC.10	Tamarugite	NaAl(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.15	Mendozite	NaAl(SO₄)₂ · 11H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CC.15	Kalinite	KAl(SO₄)₂ · 11H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CC.20	Alum-(Na)	NaAl(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
7.CC.20	Lonecreekite	(NH₄)Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
7.CC.20	Alum-(K)	KAl(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
7.CC.20	Tschermigite	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
7.CC.20	Lanmuchangite	Tl⁺Al(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Pa3
7.CC.25	Zincovoltaite	K₂Zn₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c
7.CC.25	Magnesiovoltaite	K₂Mg₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c
7.CC.25	Pertlikite	K₂(Fe²⁺,Mg)₂(Mg,Fe³⁺)₄Fe³⁺₂Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4₁/acd
7.CC.25	Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite	(NH₄)₂Mg²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3c
7.CC.30	Kröhnkite	Na₂Cu(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.35	Ferrinatrite	Na₃Fe(SO₄)₃ · 3H₂O	Trig. 3 : P3
7.CC.40	Goldichite	KFe(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.45	Löweite	Na₁₂Mg₇(SO₄)₁₃ · 15H₂O	Trig. 3 : R3
7.CC.50	Nickelblödite	Na₂Ni(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.50	Blödite	Na₂Mg(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.50	Changoite	Na₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.55	Leonite	K₂Mg(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
7.CC.55	Mereiterite	K₂Fe(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
7.CC.60	Nickelpicromerite	K₂Ni(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.60	Nickelboussingaultite	(NH₄)₂Ni(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.60	Katerinopoulosite	(NH₄)₂Zn(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.60	Picromerite	K₂Mg(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
7.CC.60	Cyanochroite	K₂Cu(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.60	Mohrite	(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.60	Boussingaultite	(NH₄)₂Mg(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.65	Polyhalite	K₂Ca₂Mg(SO₄)₄ · 2H₂O	Tric. 1
7.CC.70	Leightonite	K₂Ca₂Cu(SO₄)₄ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CC.75	Amarillite	NaFe(SO₄)₂ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CC.80	Konyaite	Na₂Mg(SO₄)₂ · 5H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CC.85	Wattevilleite	Na₂Ca(SO₄)₂ · 4H₂O (?)	Orth.
7.CC.85	Xocolatlite	Ca₂Mn⁴⁺₂(Te⁶⁺O₆)₂ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CC.90	Eckhardite	(Ca,Pb)Cu²⁺Te⁶⁺O₅(H₂O)	Mon. 2/m

RadioactivityHide

Radioactivity:

Element	% Content	Activity (Bq/kg)	Radiation Type
Uranium (U)	0.0000%	0	α, β, γ
Thorium (Th)	0.0000%	0	α, β, γ
Potassium (K)	3.8540%	1,195	β, γ

For comparison:

Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg

Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.

Interactive Simulator:

Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!

Mass of radioactive mineral:

Shielding material:

Activity: –

Distance	Dose rate	Risk
1 cm
10 cm
1 m

The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μ_shield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).

D = ((A_U × Γ_U) + (A_Th × Γ_Th) + (A_K × Γ_K)) / r² × μ_shield

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for VoltaiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-4203.html
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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for VoltaiteHide

Reference List:

Breislak, S. (1792) Sulfate d' alumine & de fer. in Essais Mineralogiques sur la Solfatare de Pouzzole, Chez Janvier Giaccio (Naples): 148-158 (155).

Memorie Mineralogische e Geologiche - Napoli (1840) 17.

Scacchi (1841): 17.

Scacchi, A. (1841) Della Voltaite, nouva specie di minerale trovata nella solfatara di Pozzuoli. 1, in Antologia di Scienze Naturali, R. Piria (Napoli): 67-71.

Scacchi (1843) Journal für praktische Chemie, Leipzig: 28: 487.

Scacchi (1852) Zeitschrift der Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft, Berlin: 4: 164.

Paulinyi (1867) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: 457.

Blaas (1881) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 3: 499.

Blaas, J. (1883) Beiträge zur Kenntniss natürlicher wasserhaltiger Doppelsulfate. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 87: 141-163 (143).

Collins, Henry F. (1923) On some crystallized sulphates from the province of Huelva, Spain. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 20 (100). 32-38 doi:10.1180/minmag.1923.020.100.05(Serrano analysis)

Ulrich (1923) Casopis pro min. a geol.

Anderson, Charles A. (1927) Voltaite from Jerome, Arizona. American Mineralogist, 12 (7). 287-289

Ulrich (1927) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: I: 330.

Goßner, B., Arm, M. (1930) VIII. Chemische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Stoffen und Kristallen von komplexer Bauart. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 72 (1) 202-236 doi:10.1524/zkri.1930.72.1.202pp.208-218

Gossner, B., Fell, E. (1932) Sulfates of the voltaite type. Ber Deutsch Chem Ges B: 65: 393-395.

Gossner and Besslein (1934) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 358.

Mélon and Donnay (1936) Société géologique de Belgique, Liége, Bulletin: 59: B162.

Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760 p.749

Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pp.464-465

Sakurai, K., Kato, A., Fujiyama, I., Imayoshi, T. (1958) Voltaite from Konomai mine, Hokkaido. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan: 3: 777–781.

Mereiter, K. (1970) Der Strukturtyp der Voltaite. Naturwissenschaften: 57(12): 670-671.

Mereiter, K. (1972) Die Kristallstruktur des Voltaits, K₂Fe²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al[SO₄]₁₂·18H₂O. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 18 (3) 185-202 doi:10.1007/bf01134207

Hermon, E., Haddad, R., Simkin, D., Brandão, D.E., Muir, W.B. (1976) Magnetic properties and the distribution of iron ions in voltaites. Canadian Journal of Physics: 54(11): 1149-1156.

Beveridge, D. (1977) Spectroscopic Properties of the Mixed-Valence Mineral Voltaite. Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford.

Bariand, P., Cesbron, F., Berthelon, J.-P. (1977) Les sulfates de fer de Saghand près de Yazd (Iran). Mémoire Hors-Série de la Société Géologique de France: 8: 77-85.

Long, G.J., Longworth, G., Day, P., Beveridge, D. (1980) A Mössbauer-effect study of the electronic and magnetic properties of voltaite, a mixed-valence mineral. Inorganic Chemistry: 19(4): 821-829.

(2005) Voltaite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Majzlan, Juraj, Schlicht, Hannes, Wierzbicka-Wieczorek, Maria, Giester, Gerald, Pöllmann, Herbert, Brömme, Beatrix, Doyle, Stephen, Buth, Gernot, Bender Koch, Christian (2013) A contribution to the crystal chemistry of the voltaite group: solid solutions, Mössbauer and infrared spectra, and anomalous anisotropy. Mineralogy and Petrology, 107 (2) 221-233 doi:10.1007/s00710-012-0254-2

Sabron, P., Alpers, C.N. (2013) Raman spectroscopy of efflorescent sulfate salts from Iron Mountain Mine Superfund Site, California. Astrobiology, 13, 270-278.

Košek, F., Edwards, H.G.M., Jehlička, J. (2020) Raman spectroscopic vibrational analysis of the complex iron sulfates clairite, metavoltine, and voltaite from the burning coal dump Anna I, Alsdorf, Germany. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 51 (9) 1454-1461 doi:10.1002/jrs.5625

Biagioni, Cristian, Mauro, Daniela, Pasero, Marco, Bonaccorsi, Elena, Lepore, Giovanni Orazio, Zaccarini, Federica, Skogby, Henrik (2020) Crystal-chemistry of sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). VI. Tl-bearing alum-(K) and voltaite from the Fornovolasco mining complex. American Mineralogist, 105 (7). 1088-1098 doi:10.2138/am-2020-7320

Zhao, Fengqi, Gu, Shangyi (2021) Secondary Sulfate Minerals from Thallium Mineralized Areas: Their Formation and Environmental Significance. Minerals, 11 (8) 855 doi:10.3390/min11080855

Zhitova, Elena S., Sheveleva, Rezeda M., Kupchinenko, Anastasia N., Zolotarev, Andrey A., Pekov, Igor V., Nuzhdaev, Anton A., Davydova, Vesta O., Vlasenko, Natalia S., Plutakhina, Ekaterina Y., Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O., Schweigert, Peter E., Semenova, Tatiana F. (2023) The Crystal Chemistry of Voltaite-Group Minerals from Post-Volcanic and Anthropogenic Occurrences. Symmetry, 15 (12) 2126 doi:10.3390/sym15122126

Localities for VoltaiteHide

Showing 152 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Argentina
Catamarca Province Andalgalá Department Andalgalá ⓘ Capillitas mining district	Brodtkorb (2002)
ⓘ Bordón vein	MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA +1 other reference
Jujuy Province Santa Bárbara Department Cerros de Santa Bárbara El Palmar hot springs ⓘ Santa Bárbara sulphur mine	Márquez-Zavalía et al. (1995) +1 other reference

Australia
Queensland City of Mount Isa Mount Isa ⓘ Mount Isa Mines	Sielecki (1988)
ⓘ MIM underground - Upper lead-zinc levels (orebodies 4; 5; 6; 7; 8)	Sielecki (1985)
ⓘ Cloncurry Shire

Austria
Styria Leibnitz District Leutschach an der Weinstraße ⓘ Spitzmühle quarry	Taucher (1997)
Voitsberg District Köflach Köflach - Voitsberg lignite deposit ⓘ Zangtal	Exel (1993)
ⓘ Muttlkogel	Walter et al. (1983)

Belgium
Wallonia Hainaut Fleurus Soleilmont ⓘ Gilly North colliery ?	Richard de Nul communication

Bolivia
Potosí Tomás Frías Province Potosí (Potosí Municipality) ⓘ Cerro de Potosí (Cerro Rico)	Lindgren et al. (1928) +2 other references

Bulgaria
Montana Province Chiprovtsi Municipality ⓘ Chiprovtsi deposit	Dimitrova +3 other references

Canada
Nova Scotia Cape Breton Co. ⓘ Sydney coalfield	Zodrow (1989)
Ontario Algoma District Nicolet Township ⓘ Tribag Mine	Sabina (1991)
ⓘ Breton Breccia zone	Sabina (1991)
ⓘ East Breccia zone	Sabina (1991)
ⓘ South Breccia zone	Sabina (1991)
Thunder Bay District Bomby Township Hemlo gold deposit ⓘ Williams Mine (Page Williams Mine)	Barrick Gold Corporation

Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Mejillones Mejillones peninsula ⓘ Unnamed Cu mine [1]	identified by Gerhard Möhn
Sierra Gorda ⓘ Alcaparrosa Mine	Kampf +4 other references
ⓘ La Vendida Mine	Malcherek et al. (2010)
Lomas Bayas mining district ⓘ Fortuna de Cobre porphyry copper mine	Werthessen (2016)
ⓘ Lomas Bayas Mine	Singer et al. (2008)
El Loa Province Calama Chuquicamata District ⓘ Chuquicamata Mine	Anthony et al. (2003)
Toki Cu deposit (Toki Cluster) ⓘ Queténa Mine (Queténa Prospect)	Natural History Museum Vienna collection (Uwe Kolitsch SXRD on Arturo Molina material)
Atacama Huasco Province Alto del Carmen ⓘ Pascua Lama project	Chouinard et al. (2005) +1 other reference

China
Inner Mongolia Wuhai (Wuhai Prefecture) Wuda District ⓘ Wuda Coal mining area	Geological Society of America Abstracts ...
ⓘ Huangbaici coal field	Stracher et al. (2005)
Xinjiang Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture) Yizhou District ⓘ Hongshan Au-Cu deposit	Yingxia Xu et al. (2007) +1 other reference
Yunnan Baoshan Tengchong County Tengchong Volcanic Geothermal National Geological Park ⓘ Zhenzhu Spring	Wen et al. (2020) +1 other reference

Costa Rica
Alajuela Province Sarchí Canton ⓘ Poás Volcano	Rodríguez et al. (2017)
Cartago Province Oreamuno Canton Irazú Volcano ⓘ Cueva Los Minerales	Ulloa et al. (2018)

Cyprus
Nicosia District Skouriotissa ⓘ Skouriotissa Mine	Dana 7:II: 465

Czech Republic
South Moravian Region Brno-Country District Zastávka ⓘ Zastávka coal dumps	David Parfitt collection

France
Occitanie Gard Le Vigan Montdardier ⓘ Les Vieux Travaux mine	Chollet Pascal Collection +1 other reference
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Hautes-Alpes Gap La Chapelle-en-Valgaudemar ⓘ Jas Roux	Bourgoin et al. (2011)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Ortenaukreis Oberwolfach ⓘ Clara Mine	Walenta (1992)
Bavaria Upper Palatinate Tirschenreuth District Leonberg Pfaffenreuth ⓘ Bayerland mine	Rank (1985)
Lower Saxony Goslar District Goslar Rammelsberg ⓘ Rammelsberg Mine	Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Herne Baukau ⓘ Julia coal mine
Olpe Lennestadt ⓘ Meggen Mine	Collection Elmar Lackner
Soest Rüthen Kallenhardt ⓘ Weiken quarry	Rösler (1984)
Cologne Aachen Alsdorf ⓘ Anna mine	XRD analysis (T. Witzke) +3 other references
ⓘ Anna I dump	Košek (2018)
Münster Recklinghausen Marl Hüls ⓘ Auguste Victoria coal mine	Weiß (1990)
Saxony-Anhalt Harz Oberharz am Brocken Elbingerode ⓘ Einheit Mine	Schaarschmidt (2003)
Saxony Dresden ⓘ Willi Agatz mine	Thalheim +1 other reference
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Freital Döhlen ⓘ Carola Mine	Thalheim +1 other reference
Thuringia Greiz District Kauern ⓘ Lichtenberg Absetzer dump	Witzke et al. (1998)
Ronneburg ⓘ Lichtenberg open cast	Witzke et al. (1998)

Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki Elaiochori Dipseliza mines ⓘ Dipseliza Sulfate Locality	Rieck (n.d.)
Plaka ⓘ Plaka mines	Katerinopoulos et al. (1994)
ⓘ Plaka Sulfate Locality	Hanke et al. (1994) +2 other references
ⓘ Plaka Sulfate Locality II	Rieck (n.d.)
ⓘ Voltaite outcrop	Rieck et al. (2018)
Sounion Cato Sounio mines ⓘ Sounion Sulfate Locality	Rieck (n.d.)
South Aegean Milos Milos Island ⓘ Thiorichia	Markus J. Stark Collection

Hungary
Baranya County Pécs District ⓘ Pécs-Vasas	Szakáll et al. (2008)
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Kazincbarcika District Rudabánya ⓘ Vilmos Mine	Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya
Miskolc District Miskolc ⓘ Lyukóbánya	Szakáll et al. (1997)
Heves County Gyöngyös District Mátraszentimre ⓘ Szent Imre Mine	collector: Gábor Koller +1 other reference
Pest County Szob District ⓘ Nagybörzsöny	Szakáll et al. (1997)
ⓘ Alsó-Rózsa adit	Szakáll et al. (1997)
ⓘ Altáró	Szakáll et al. (1997)
Veszprém County Tapolca District Lesenceistvánd ⓘ Scree Mine	Szakáll et al. (1997)
Zala County Keszthely district Rezi ⓘ Kotyor brook	Szakáll et al. (1997)

Iran
Hormozgan Province Hajjiabad County Hajjiabad ⓘ Zagh Mine	Palache et al. (1951)
Yazd Province Ardakan County Kharanaq District Rabatat Rural District Saghand ⓘ Kavir-e-Sagand	Bariand et al. (1977)

Italy
Campania Metropolitan City of Naples Bacoli Miseno ⓘ Grotta dello Zolfo (Grotta di Allume)	Francesco Civero collection +1 other reference
Ercolano ⓘ Atrio del Cavallo	Russo et al. (2004)
ⓘ Mount Vesuvius	Russo
Pozzuoli ⓘ Antiniana (Scarfoglio)	Russo et al. (2017)
ⓘ Pisciarelli di Agnano	Russo et al. (2017)
ⓘ Solfatara di Pozzuoli (TL)	De Michele (1974)
ⓘ Vesuvius fumaroles	Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference
Sicily Metropolitan City of Messina Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands) Lipari Vulcano Island Porto Levante Faraglioni di Levante ⓘ Faraglione Nico	I. Campostrini et al. (1924)
ⓘ Grotta dell'Allume	PANICHI U. (1924)
ⓘ Vulcanello	PANICHI U. (1924)
Tuscany Grosseto Province Montieri ⓘ Campiano Mine	Brizzi G.
Scansano ⓘ Pereta Mine	Brizzi G. & Meli R. (1995)
Livorno Province Capoliveri ⓘ Cape Calamita Mine	Göske et al. (1997)
Lucca Province Fabbriche di Vergemoli ⓘ Fornovolasco	[var: Thallian Voltaite] Mauro (2020)
ⓘ Cava del Ferro (Bùgie mines; Trimpello)	Biagioni et al. (2008) +2 other references
Stazzema Sant'Anna di Stazzema ⓘ Monte Arsiccio Mine	Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference

Japan
Hokkaidō Prefecture Okhotsk Subprefecture Monbetsu City ⓘ Kōnomai mines	- (n.d.) +1 other reference
Sorachi Subprefecture Mikasa City ⓘ Ikushunbetsu	SHIMOBAYASHI et al. (2011)
Kagoshima Prefecture Kagoshima District Tokara Archipelago ⓘ Akuseki Island (Akusekijima)	Petrov (n.d.)

Lebanon
South Governorate Jezzine District ⓘ Bhanine Valley	Kruszewski (2019)

Mexico
Durango Cuencamé Municipality Velardeña District Velardeña ⓘ Santa María Mine	Foshag (1931) +2 other references

Peru
Arequipa Caylloma Province Chivay District ⓘ Pinchollo geyser	Ciesielczuk et al. (2013)

Poland
Silesian Voivodeship Rybnik County Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny ⓘ Dębieńsko Mine heap	Parafiniuk et al. (2009)
Wodzisław County Radlin ⓘ Marcel mine heap	Kruszewski et al. (2020)

Portugal
Beja Aljustrel Aljustrel e Rio de Moinhos Aljustrel Mine ⓘ Algares deposit	Miguel Rocha's mineral collection
ⓘ Moinho deposit	Alves (n.d.)
Setúbal Grândola Azinheira dos Barros ⓘ Lousal Mine	Oliveira et al. (2024)

Romania
Maramureș County Baia Sprie Baia Sprie mine ⓘ Minei Hill open pit	Buzatu et al. (2012)

Russia
Kamchatka Krai Ust-Bolsheretsky District ⓘ Verkhne–Koshelevsky geothermal field	Zhitova et al. (2023)

Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Banská Štiavnica District ⓘ Banská Štiavnica
Žiar nad Hronom District Kremnica ⓘ Kremnica Au-Ag deposit	Ďuďa (1993)
Košice Region Gelnica District ⓘ Smolník	Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
ⓘ Smolník Cu-Fe-S deposit	Koděra (1990)

Spain
Andalusia Huelva Minas de Riotinto Rio Tinto Mines ⓘ Alfredo pit	Calvo (1999)
Catalonia Barcelona Vallès Occidental Montcada i Reixac ⓘ Montcada Hill Quarry	Joan Garcia (2013)
Tarragona Priorat La Vilella Alta ⓘ Alum mines	Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com)

Switzerland
Grisons Albula Region Schmitten ⓘ Tieftobel	Zanelli et al. (2026)
Valais Martigny Mont Chemin mining district ⓘ Les Valettes	Perroud et al. (1987) +2 other references
Saint-Maurice Salvan Les Marécottes La Creusaz ⓘ La Creusaz U prospect	Meisser (2012)

Tajikistan
Sughd Ayni District Fan-Jagnob coal deposit ⓘ Kukhi-Malik tract	PXRD (Lukasz Kruszewski)

UK
Scotland City of Edinburgh ⓘ Slateford	Livingstone et al. (1983)
Renfrewshire ⓘ Paisley	Livingstone et al. (1983)

USA
Arizona Cochise County ⓘ Bisbee	Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference
ⓘ Campbell Mine	Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference
ⓘ Cole Mine	Anthony et al. (1995)
Queen Hill ⓘ Copper Queen Mine	Merwin et al. (1937) +3 other references
Coconino County San Franciscan volcanic field (San Francisco Peaks; San Francisco Mts) ⓘ Sunset Crater (Sunset Peak)	Hanson et al. (2008)
Pinal County Superior ⓘ Magma Mine	Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference
Yavapai County Black Hills (Black Hill Range) Verde Mining District Jerome ⓘ United Verde Mine	Anderson (1927) +3 other references
California Alpine County Monitor - Mogul Mining District Leviathan Peak ⓘ Leviathan Mine	Dan Weinrich / Ralph Merrill Collection
Contra Costa County Clayton Mount Diablo (Mt Diablo) ⓘ Mount Diablo Mine	Murdoch (1966) +2 other references
Imperial County Niland ⓘ Davis–Schrimpf Fumarole Field (Mud Volcanoes area; Mud Pots area)	Adams et al. (2014)
Salton Sea ⓘ Niland Fumarole Field	Adams et al. (2014)
Inyo County Coso Hot Springs ⓘ Coso Hot Springs deposit
ⓘ Coso Mine (Devil's Kitchen; Atlas; Lynch & Lynch; Nicol; Walley-Mickey & Wheeler)	www.mineralsocal.org (1999)
Napa County Knoxville Mining District Knoxville ⓘ Redington Mine (Boston Mine; Knoxville Mine; Excellsior Mine)	Melville et al. (1890) +2 other references
San Benito County Idria (New Idria) ⓘ New Idria Mine (New Idria group; New Hope vein)	Pemberton (1983) +2 other references
San Bernardino County Calico Mts (Calico Hills) Calico District (Daggett District; Calico-Daggett area) Calico ⓘ Sulphur Hole (Sulfur Hole; Sulphur pit)	part 2 +6 other references
Shasta County Klamath Mountains West Shasta Copper - Zinc Mining District Iron Mountain [town] Iron Mountain ⓘ Iron Mountain Mine (Number 8; Confidence; Old Mine)	King et al. (1991) +2 other references
ⓘ Richmond ore body	Jamieson et al. (2005)
Lassen Volcanic National Park Lassen Peak ⓘ Lassen Peak area	…Volcano Letter o. 293: 1-3 1930: 118 +3 other references
Sonoma County West Mayacmas Mining District ⓘ The Geysers	Allen (1927) +2 other references
Geyser Canyon (Geyser Creek Canyon) ⓘ Witches Cauldron	Vonsen (1941) +3 other references
Kentucky Lincoln County ⓘ Halls Gap	MinRec 28 (5)
ⓘ US highway 27 roadcut	Goldstein (2006)
Missouri Wayne County ⓘ Granite Knob (Granite Bend)	Sherwood et al. (1998)
Montana Silver Bow County Butte Mining District (Summit Valley Mining District) ⓘ Berkeley Pit	Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference
Nevada Clark County ⓘ Alunite Mining District	Castor et al. (2004)
Elko County Bootstrap Mining District ⓘ Meikle Mine	Barrick Gold Corporation
Nye County Lodi Hills Lodi Mining District Quartz Mountain camp ⓘ ~~San Rafael Mine~~	Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference
New Mexico Santa Fe County La Bajada Mining District ⓘ Lone Star Mine	Northrop et al. (1996)
Ohio Huron County Huron River ⓘ Huron Shale burn site	Richards et al. (2017)
Pennsylvania Columbia County ⓘ Centralia	STRACHER et al. (2007)
Tennessee Monroe County Tellico Plains ⓘ Unnamed sulphate locality	Paris (2011)
Utah Beaver County San Francisco Mining District Frisco ⓘ Horn Silver Mine	Mike Scott S101981 fm Cureton #FUO
Emery County Calf Mesa Mining District ⓘ Dexter group	Bullock (1981)
ⓘ Dexter No. 7 Mine	Rosenzweig et al. (1955) +1 other reference
Juab County East Tintic Mountains ⓘ Tintic Mining District	Bullock (1981)
San Juan County Red Canyon Mining District ⓘ Blue Lizard Mine	In the collection of Alex Earl +1 other reference
ⓘ Markey Mine
Utah County East Tintic Mountains ⓘ East Tintic Mining District	Bullock (1981)
Virginia Wise County Big Stone Gap ⓘ Roadcut	Dietrich (1990)
ⓘ Roadcut (2)	Dietrich (1990)

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Voltaite

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