Kalinite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Kalinite
Formula:
KAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O
Colour:
White to pale blue
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
1.75
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For its potassium content (kalium).
Currently approved, but non-existent species (Uwe Kolitsch, discreditation proposal to be submitted to IMA).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2137
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2137:7
Similar Names
| Callainite | ||
| Galenite | A synonym of Galena | |
| Glinite | A synonym of Clay minerals | |
| K-Alunite | A synonym of Alunite | |
| Kainite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | KMg(SO4)Cl · 3H2O |
| Kalininite | A valid IMA mineral species | ZnCr2S4 |
| Kaolinite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Killinite | A synonym of 'Illite' | |
| Kleinite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | (Hg2N)(Cl,SO4) · nH2O |
| Kulanite | A valid IMA mineral species | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Malinite | A variety of |
IMA Classification of Kalinite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
KAl(S6+O4)2·11H2O
Classification of Kalinite
7.CC.15
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
29.5.4.2
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
5 : AB(XO4)2·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
5 : AB(XO4)2·xH2O
25.6.16
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kli | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kalinite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
White to pale blue
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Density:
1.75 g/cm3 (Measured) 2 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kalinite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.43 nβ = 1.452 nγ = 1.485
2V:
Measured: 52° , Calculated: 82°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.055
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Kalinite
Mindat Formula:
KAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Kalinite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 19.92(16) Å, b = 9.27(3) Å, c = 8.304(13) Å
β = 98.79(19)°
β = 98.79(19)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.149 : 1 : 0.896
Unit Cell V:
1,515.39 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] |
Synonyms of Kalinite
Other Language Names for Kalinite
Dutch:Kaliniet
German:Kalinit
Alumotrichit
Kalinischer Alumsulphat (in part)
Kalialaun (in part)
Alumotrichit
Kalinischer Alumsulphat (in part)
Kalialaun (in part)
Spanish:Alumotrichita
Kalinita
Kalinita
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 1 photo of Kalinite associated with 'Opal-A' | SiO2 · nH2O |
| 1 photo of Kalinite associated with Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 1 photo of Kalinite associated with Akaganeite | (Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25 · nH2O |
| 1 photo of Kalinite associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CC. | Cobaltoblödite | Na2Co(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CC. | Andychristyite | PbCu2+Te6+O5(H2O) |
| 7.CC. | Ammoniovoltaite | (NH4)2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12(H2O)18 |
| 7.CC.05 | Krausite | KFe(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CC.10 | Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.15 | Mendozite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O |
| 7.CC.20 | Alum-(Na) | NaAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.CC.20 | Lonecreekite | (NH4)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.CC.20 | Alum-(K) | KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.CC.20 | Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.CC.20 | Lanmuchangite | Tl+Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.CC.25 | Zincovoltaite | K2Zn5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 7.CC.25 | Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 7.CC.25 | Magnesiovoltaite | K2Mg5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 7.CC.25 | Pertlikite | K2(Fe2+,Mg)2(Mg,Fe3+)4Fe3+2Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 7.CC.25 | Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite | (NH4)2Mg2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 7.CC.30 | Kröhnkite | Na2Cu(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CC.35 | Ferrinatrite | Na3Fe(SO4)3 · 3H2O |
| 7.CC.40 | Goldichite | KFe(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CC.45 | Löweite | Na12Mg7(SO4)13 · 15H2O |
| 7.CC.50 | Nickelblödite | Na2Ni(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CC.50 | Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CC.50 | Changoite | Na2Zn(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CC.55 | Leonite | K2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CC.55 | Mereiterite | K2Fe(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CC.60 | Nickelpicromerite | K2Ni(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.60 | Nickelboussingaultite | (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.60 | Katerinopoulosite | (NH4)2Zn(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.60 | Picromerite | K2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.60 | Cyanochroite | K2Cu(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.60 | Mohrite | (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.60 | Boussingaultite | (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.65 | Polyhalite | K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CC.70 | Leightonite | K2Ca2Cu(SO4)4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CC.75 | Amarillite | NaFe(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.CC.80 | Konyaite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 5H2O |
| 7.CC.85 | Wattevilleite | Na2Ca(SO4)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 7.CC.85 | Xocolatlite | Ca2Mn4+2(Te6+O6)2 · H2O |
| 7.CC.90 | Eckhardite | (Ca,Pb)Cu2+Te6+O5(H2O) |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 8.5672% | 2,656 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kalinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2137.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Kalinite
Reference List:
Localities for Kalinite
Showing 62 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Morello et al. (2016) |
| Bengochea +1 other reference |
| Jovic et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (2009) |
Brazil | |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Bandy (1938) +1 other reference |
Costa Rica | |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
France | |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| membres.lycos.fr (2005) |
| www.pangeaminerals.com (2005) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
Iran | |
| Khorasanipour (2015) |
Italy | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
| Fadda (1989) |
| PANICHI U. (1924) |
| Panichi (1914) +2 other references | |
New Zealand | |
| Martin et al. (1999) |
| Rod Martin et al. (NZ) |
Portugal | |
| Caubel (1995) |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Crespo et al. (2017) |
USA | |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| Williams et al. (1883) +1 other reference |
| Silliman et al. (1867a) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Rogers (1912) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Williams et al. (1885) +1 other reference |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Whiting (1888) +1 other reference |
| Woodhouse (1936) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1883) +1 other reference |
| Silliman et al. (1867a) +1 other reference |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Larsen (1921) +1 other reference | |
| Martinez (1938) +1 other reference |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1869) +1 other reference |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Holmwood (2023) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Morrill |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History spec. ... |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
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Vulcanello, Vulcano Island, Lipari, Eolie Islands, Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, Italy